InCl3-catalyzed conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in biphasic system

5-HMF production from glucose using ion exchange resin and alumina as a dual catalyst in a biphasic system

5-HMF is a platform chemical that can be used in many applications such as biofuels, monomers, industrial feed stocks, etc. In this work 5-HMF was synthesized from glucose in a biphasic system using a batch reactor. Aluminium oxide and ion exchange resin were used as catalysts in this system. The organic solvent and aqueous solvent were methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The effect of operating conditions for synthesis of 5-HMF on the yield and selectivity of 5-HMF was studied including aqueous-to-organic phase ratio, NMP-to-water ratio, catalyst dosage, ratio of catalyst, and reaction time. The optimal conditions were at the reaction temperature of 120 °C and reaction time of 480 min, aqueous-to-organic phase ratio of 7 : 3, NMP-to-water ratio of 4 : 1, 0.3 g of catalyst, and the catalyst ratio of 1 : 2. The conversion of glucose, yield of 5-HMF, and selectivity of 5-HMF were 94.036%, 84.92%, and 90.48%, respectively.

5-HMF, a platform chemical, can be produced efficiently using dual catalyst (ion exchange resin and aluminium oxide).

Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from starch-rich food waste catalyzed by sulfonated biochar

Sulfonated biochar derived from forestry wood waste was employed for the catalytic conversion of starch-rich food waste (e.g., bread) into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Chemical and physical properties of catalyst were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and elemental analysis. The conversion of HMF was investigated via controlling the reaction parameters such as catalyst loading, temperature, and reaction time. Under the optimum reaction conditions the HMF yield of 30.4 Cmol% (i.e., 22 wt% of bread waste) was achieved in the mixture of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/deionized-water (DIW) at 180 °C in 20 min. The effectiveness of sulfonated biochar catalyst was positively correlated to the density of strong/weak Brønsted acidity (SO₃H, COOH, and OH groups) and inversely correlated to humins content on the surface. With regeneration process, sulfonated biochar catalyst displayed excellent recyclability for comparable HMF yield from bread waste over five cycles.

Synergy of Lewis and Brønsted acids on catalytic hydrothermal decomposition of carbohydrates and corncob acid hydrolysis residues to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important platform molecule in the synthesis of various chemicals and materials. Herein, we reported a simple and effective dehydration of glucose-based carbohydrates to HMF in a biphasic system containing cyclopentyl methyl ether as the organic phase and AlCl₃ with minute amounts of HCl as co-catalysts. The results showed that the mixed catalysts had a positive synergistic catalytic effect on glucose conversion to HMF compared with single AlCl₃ or HCl catalyst. For glucose, the highest HMF yield of 54.5% was achieved at 175 °C for 20 min. More importantly, the optimal catalytic system was so efficient that it achieved one of the highest reported yields of HMF (30.5%) directly from corncob acid hydrolysis residues. Thus, the catalytic system can become a promising route for effective utilization of biomass in future biorefineries.

High conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst and sodium chloride as a promoter in a water/γ-valerolactone system

HCl as a catalyst and NaCl as a promoter result in impressive selectivity and HMF yield in a water/γ-valerolactone system.

Synthesis of different structured FePO4 for the enhanced conversion of methyl cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Catalytic mechanism of FePO₄ for the conversion of methyl cellulose into 5-HMF.

Phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole as an heterogeneous catalyst for selective and efficient dehydration of saccharides to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

PA–PBI was used as an heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydration of high fructose concentration to produce HMF with high selectivity.

Bifunctional Brønsted–Lewis solid acid as a recyclable catalyst for conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its hydrophobicity effect

A novel polydivinylbenzene polymeric material containing water-tolerant SO₂NHSO₂C₄F₉ with 2 equivalents of Cr(iii) was explored as a catalyst of the one-pot conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in a biphasic system.

Conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in an advanced single-phase reaction system consisting of water and 1,2-dimethoxyethane

An advanced single-phase reaction system consisting of water–DMOE solvent and AlCl₃ could be used efficiently and economically in HMF production.