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Paul M, Mohapatra S, Kumar Das Mohapatra P, Thatoi H. Microbial cellulases - An update towards its surface chemistry, genetic engineering and recovery for its biotechnological potential. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125710. [PMID: 34365301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inherent resistance of lignocellulosic biomass makes it impervious for industrially important enzymes such as cellulases to hydrolyze cellulose. Further, the competitive absorption behavior of lignin and hemicellulose for cellulases, due to their electron-rich surfaces augments the inappropriate utilization of these enzymes. Hence, modification of the surface charge of the cellulases to reduce its non-specific binding to lignin and enhance its affinity for cellulose is an urgent necessity. Further, maintaining the stability of cellulases by the preservation of their secondary structures using immobilization techniques will also play an integral role in its industrial production. In silico approaches for increasing the catalytic activity of cellulase enzymes is also significant along with a range of substrate specificity. In addition, enhanced productivity of cellulases by tailoring the related genes through the process of genetic engineering and higher cellulase recovery after saccharification seems to be promising areas for efficient and large-scale enzyme production concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Takatpur, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India
| | - Sonali Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering & Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Das Mohapatra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj - 733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India; PAKB Environment Conservation Centre, Raiganj University, Raiganj - 733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Takatpur, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India.
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You S, Xie C, Ma R, Huang HQ, Herman RA, Su XY, Ge Y, Cai HY, Yao B, Wang J, Luo HY. Improvement in catalytic activity and thermostability of a GH10 xylanase and its synergistic degradation of biomass with cellulase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:278. [PMID: 31827606 PMCID: PMC6892236 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylanase is one of the most extensively used biocatalysts for biomass degradation. However, its low catalytic efficiency and poor thermostability limit its applications. Therefore, improving the properties of xylanases to enable synergistic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass with cellulase is of considerable significance in the field of bioenergy. RESULTS Using fragment replacement, we improved the catalytic performance and thermostability of a GH10 xylanase, XylE. Of the ten hybrid enzymes obtained, seven showed xylanase activity. Substitution of fragments, M3, M6, M9, and their combinations enhanced the catalytic efficiency (by 2.4- to fourfold) as well as the specific activity (by 1.2- to 3.3-fold) of XylE. The hybrids, XylE-M3, XylE-M3/M6, XylE-M3/M9, and XylE-M3/M6/M9, showed enhanced thermostability, as observed by the increase in the T 50 (3-4.7 °C) and T m (1.1-4.7 °C), and extended t 1/2 (by 1.8-2.3 h). In addition, the synergistic effect of the mutant xylanase and cellulase on the degradation of mulberry bark showed that treatment with both XylE-M3/M6 and cellulase exhibited the highest synergistic effect. In this case, the degree of synergy reached 1.3, and the reducing sugar production and dry matter reduction increased by 148% and 185%, respectively, compared to treatment with only cellulase. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a successful strategy to improve the catalytic properties and thermostability of enzymes. We identified several xylanase candidates for applications in bioenergy and biorefinery. Synergistic degradation experiments elucidated a possible mechanism of cellulase inhibition by xylan and xylo-oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai You
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Xie
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Huo-qing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Richard Ansah Herman
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-yun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yan Ge
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-yi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-ying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
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Zheng F, Vermaas JV, Zheng J, Wang Y, Tu T, Wang X, Xie X, Yao B, Beckham GT, Luo H. Activity and Thermostability of GH5 Endoglucanase Chimeras from Mesophilic and Thermophilic Parents. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02079-18. [PMID: 30552196 PMCID: PMC6384118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02079-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases from glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) are key endoglucanase enzymes in the degradation of diverse polysaccharide substrates and are used in industrial enzyme cocktails to break down biomass. The GH5 family shares a canonical (βα)8-barrel structure, where each (βα) module is essential for the enzyme's stability and activity. Despite their shared topology, the thermostability of GH5 endoglucanase enzymes can vary significantly, and highly thermostable variants are often sought for industrial applications. Based on the previously characterized thermophilic GH5 endoglucanase Egl5A from Talaromyces emersonii (TeEgl5A), which has an optimal temperature of 90°C, we created 10 hybrid enzymes with elements of the mesophilic endoglucanase Cel5 from Stegonsporium opalus (SoCel5) to determine which elements are responsible for enhanced thermostability. Five of the expressed hybrid enzymes exhibit enzyme activity. Two of these hybrids exhibited pronounced increases in the temperature optimum (10 and 20°C), the temperature at which the protein lost 50% of its activity (T50) (15 and 19°C), and the melting temperature (Tm ) (16.5 and 22.9°C) and extended half-lives (t1/2) (∼240- and 650-fold at 55°C) relative to the values for the mesophilic parent enzyme and demonstrated improved catalytic efficiency on selected substrates. The successful hybridization strategies were validated experimentally in another GH5 endoglucanase, Cel5 from Aspergillus niger (AnCel5), which demonstrated a similar increase in thermostability. Based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of both the SoCel5 and TeEgl5A parent enzymes and their hybrids, we hypothesize that improved hydrophobic packing of the interface between α2 and α3 is the primary mechanism by which the hybrid enzymes increase their thermostability relative to that of the mesophilic parent SoCel5.IMPORTANCE Thermal stability is an essential property of enzymes in many industrial biotechnological applications, as high temperatures improve bioreactor throughput. Many protein engineering approaches, such as rational design and directed evolution, have been employed to improve the thermal properties of mesophilic enzymes. Structure-based recombination has also been used to fuse TIM barrel fragments, and even fragments from unrelated folds, to generate new structures. However, little research has been done on GH5 endoglucanases. In this study, two GH5 endoglucanases exhibiting TIM barrel structure, SoCel5 and TeEgl5A, with different thermal properties, were hybridized to study the roles of different (βα) motifs. This work illustrates the role that structure-guided recombination can play in helping to identify sequence function relationships within GH5 enzymes by supplementing natural diversity with synthetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Madhavan A, Sindhu R, Binod P, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A. Strategies for design of improved biocatalysts for industrial applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1304-1313. [PMID: 28533064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts are creating increased interest among researchers due to their unique properties. Several enzymes are efficiently produced by microorganisms. However, the use of natural enzymes as biocatalysts is hindered by low catalytic efficiency and stability during various industrial processes. Many advanced enzyme technologies have been developed to reshape the existing natural enzymes to reduce these limitations and prospecting of novel enzymes. Frequently used enzyme technologies include protein engineering by directed evolution, immobilisation techniques, metagenomics etc. This review summarizes recent and emerging advancements in the area of enzyme technologies for the development of novel biocatalysts and further discusses the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India; Rajiv Gandhi Centre For Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India.
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India; Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
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