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Acharya S, Kishore N. Citrus limetta fruit waste management by liquefaction using hydrogen-donor solvent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32708-32721. [PMID: 36425707 PMCID: PMC9664456 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06085j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liquefaction of Citrus limetta fruit waste (both pulp and peel) in a hydrogen-donor solvent has not been reported in the literature and authors considered the same as the objective of this work. Thus, results on waste management of this potential fruit wastes by liquefaction in hydrogen-donor methanol solvent at 260 °C temperature, residence time of 30 min, and 1 : 2, 1 : 3 and 1 : 4 biomass-to-solvent ratios were reported in this work. The aim was to achieve biofuels of high quantity and quality from this waste, which would otherwise be disposed of without any value addition. A maximum of 12.5 wt% of biocrude yield was found from Citrus limetta peel biomass, which was higher than that from the thermochemical conversion of other citrus fruit waste biomasses. Biocrude having higher heating value (HHV) of 26.76 MJ kg-1 from Citrus limetta pulp, when the feed biomass pulp-to-solvent ratio was 1 : 4, found to be the best outcome of this study. Biocrude and biochar have also been extremely characterized using several advanced techniques such as Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), etc. Finally, the novelty of this work is not only obtaining higher yield of biocrude but also better HHV compared to other similar studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Acharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Nanda Kishore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
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Katongtung T, Onsree T, Tippayawong N. Machine learning prediction of biocrude yields and higher heating values from hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biomass and wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126278. [PMID: 34752893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) approach was applied for the prediction of biocrude yields (BY) and higher heating values (HHV) from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wet biomass and wastes using 17 input features from feedstock characteristics (biological and elemental properties) and operating conditions. Several novel ML algorithms were evaluated, based on 10-fold cross-validation, with 3 different sets of input features. An extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model proved to give the best prediction accuracy at nearly 0.9 R2 with normal root mean square error (NRMSE) of 0.16 for BY and about 0.87 R2 with NRMSE of about 0.04 for HHV. Temperature was found to be the most influential feature on the predictions for both BY and HHV. Meanwhile, feedstock characteristics contributed to the XGB model for more than 55%. Individual effects and interactions of most important features on the predictions were also exposed, leading to better understanding of the HTL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tossapon Katongtung
- Graduate Master's Degree Program in Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thossaporn Onsree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Tippayawong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Biocrude Oil Production by Integrating Microalgae Polyculture and Wastewater Treatment: Novel Proposal on the Use of Deep Water-Depth Polyculture of Mixotrophic Microalgae. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14216992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have attracted significant attention worldwide as one of the most promising feedstock fossil fuel alternatives. However, there are a few challenges for algal fuels to compete with fossil fuels that need to be addressed. Therefore, this study reviews the R&D status of microalgae-based polyculture and biocrude oil production, along with wastewater treatment. Mixotrophic algae are free to some extent from light restrictions using organic matter and have the ability to grow well even in deep water-depth cultivation. It is proposed that integrating the mixotrophic microalgae polyculture and wastewater treatment process is the most promising and harmonizing means to simultaneously increase capacities of microalgae biomass production and wastewater treatment with a low land footprint and high robustness to perturbations. A large amount of mixotrophic algae biomass is harvested, concentrated, and dewatered by combining highly efficient sedimentation through flocculation and energy efficient filtration, which reduce the carbon footprint for algae fuel production and coincide with the subsequent hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conversion. HTL products are obtained with a relatively low carbon footprint and separated into biocrude oil, solid, aqueous, and gas fractions. Algae biomass feedstock-based HTL conversion has a high biocrude oil yield and quality available for existing oil refineries; it also has a bioavailability of the recycled nitrogen and phosphorus from the aqueous phase of algae community HTL. The HTL biocrude oil represents higher sustainability than conventional liquid fuels and other biofuels for the combination of greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy return on investment (EROI). Deep water-depth polyculture of mixotrophic microalgae using sewage has a high potential to produce sustainable biocrude oil within the land area of existing sewage treatment plants in Japan to fulfill imported crude oil.
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Choudhary P, Assemany PP, Naaz F, Bhattacharya A, Castro JDS, Couto EDADC, Calijuri ML, Pant KK, Malik A. A review of biochemical and thermochemical energy conversion routes of wastewater grown algal biomass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:137961. [PMID: 32334349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are recognized as a potential source of biomass for obtaining bioenergy. However, the lack of studies towards economic viability and environmental sustainability of the entire production chain limits its large-scale application. The use of wastewaters economizes natural resources used for algal biomass cultivation. However, desirable biomass characteristics for a good fuel may be impaired when wastewaters are used, namely low lipid content and high ash and protein contents. Thus, the choice of wastewaters with more favorable characteristics may be one way of obtaining a more balanced macromolecular composition of the algal biomass and therefore, a more suitable feedstock for the desired energetic route. The exploration of biorefinery concept and the use of wastewaters as culture medium are considered as the main strategic tools in the search of this viability. Considering the economics of overall process, direct utilization of wet biomass using hydrothermal liquefaction or hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic digestion is recommended. Among the explored routes, anaerobic digestion is the most studied process. However, some main challenges remain as little explored, such as a low energy pretreatment and suitable and large-scale reactors for algal biomass digestion. On the other hand, thermochemical conversion routes offer better valorization of the algal biomass but have higher costs. A biorefinery combining anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal carbonization and hydrothermal liquefaction processes would provide the maximum possible output from the biomass depending on its characteristics. Therefore, the choice must be made in an integrated way, aiming at optimizing the quality of the final product to be obtained. Life cycle assessment studies are critical for scaling up of any algal biomass valorization technique for sustainability. Although there are limitations, suitable integrations of these processes would enable to make an economically feasible process which require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Choudhary
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Paula Peixoto Assemany
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Farah Naaz
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Arghya Bhattacharya
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de Aguiar do Couto Couto
- Universidade Federal de Itajubá/Itabira campus, Instituto de Ciências Puras e Aplicadas, Rua Irmã Ivone Drummond, 200, 35903-087 Itabira, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
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Laubscher RK, Cowan AK. Elaboration of an algae-to-energy system and recovery of water and nutrients from municipal sewage. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:305-315. [PMID: 32647509 PMCID: PMC7336153 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing pressure is being exerted on the peri-urban space that has elevated the demand for electricity, affects the global water resource, and impacts the potential to produce food, fiber, and commodity products. Algae-based technologies and in particular algae-based sewage treatment provides an opportunity for recovery of water for recycle and re-use, sequestration of greenhouse gases, and generation of biomass. Successful coupling of municipal sewage treatment to an algae-to-energy facility depends largely on location, solar irradiance, and temperature to achieve meaningful value recovery. In this paper, an algae-to-energy sewage treatment system for implementation in southern Africa is elaborated. Using results from the continued operation of an integrated algal pond system (IAPS), it is shown that this 500-person equivalent system generates 75 kL per day water for recycle and re-use and, ∼9 kg per day biomass that can be converted to methane with a net energy yield of ∼150 MJ per day, and ∼0.5 kL per day of high nitrogen-containing liquid effluent (>1 g/L) with potential for use as organic fertilizer. It is this opportunity that IAPS-based algae-to-energy sewage treatment provides for meaningful energy and co-product recovery within the peri-urban space and, which can alleviate pressure on an already strained water-energy-food nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. Laubscher
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology (EBRU)Rhodes UniversityMakhandaSouth Africa
| | - A. Keith Cowan
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology (EBRU)Rhodes UniversityMakhandaSouth Africa
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Irfan M, Bai Y, Zhou L, Kazmi M, Yuan S, Maurice Mbadinga S, Yang SZ, Liu JF, Sand W, Gu JD, Mu BZ. Direct microbial transformation of carbon dioxide to value-added chemicals: A comprehensive analysis and application potentials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121401. [PMID: 31151767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide storage in petroleum and other geological reservoirs is an economical option for long-term separation of this gas from the atmosphere. Other options include applications through conversion to valuable chemicals. Microalgae and plants perform direct fixation of carbon dioxide to biomass, which is then used as raw material for further microbial transformation (MT). The approach by microbial transformation can achieve reduction of carbon dioxide and production of biofuels. This review addresses the research and technological processes related to direct MT of carbon dioxide, factors affecting their efficiency in operation and the review of economic feasibility. Additionally, some commercial plants making utilization of CO2 around the globe are also summarized along with different value-added chemicals (methane, acetate, fatty acids and alcohols) as reported in literature. Further information is also provided for a better understanding of direct CO2 MT and its future prospects leading to a sustainable and clean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mohsin Kazmi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Shan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Serge Maurice Mbadinga
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wolfgang Sand
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Biofilm Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo-Zhong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Engineering Research Center of MEOR, East China University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Simultaneous solid and biocrude product transformations from the hydrothermal treatment of high pH-induced flocculated algae at varying Ca concentrations. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Behera B, Acharya A, Gargey IA, Aly N, P B. Bioprocess engineering principles of microalgal cultivation for sustainable biofuel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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