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Ideris F, Zamri MFMA, Shamsuddin AH, Nomanbhay S, Kusumo F, Fattah IMR, Mahlia TMI. Progress on Conventional and Advanced Techniques of In Situ Transesterification of Microalgae Lipids for Biodiesel Production. ENERGIES 2022; 15:7190. [DOI: 10.3390/en15197190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels have spurred many efforts in the quest for finding renewable, alternative sources of fuels, such as biodiesel. Due to its auxiliary functions in areas such as carbon dioxide sequestration and wastewater treatment, the potential of microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production has attracted a lot of attention from researchers all over the world. Major improvements have been made from the upstream to the downstream aspects related to microalgae processing. One of the main concerns is the high cost associated with the production of biodiesel from microalgae, which includes drying of the biomass and the subsequent lipid extraction. These two processes can be circumvented by applying direct or in situ transesterification of the wet microalgae biomass, hence substantially reducing the cost. In situ transesterification is considered as a significant improvement to commercially produce biodiesel from microalgae. This review covers the methods used to extract lipids from microalgae and various in situ transesterification methods, focusing on recent developments related to the process. Nevertheless, more studies need to be conducted to further enhance the discussed in situ transesterification methods before implementing them on a commercial scale.
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Gufrana T, Islam H, Khare S, Pandey A, P R. In-situ transesterification of single-cell oil for biodiesel production: a review. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:120-135. [PMID: 35499507 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2065684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, biodiesel synthesis and production demands have increased because of its high degradability, cleaner emissions, non-toxicity, and an alternative to petroleum diesel. In this context, Single Cell Oil (SCO) has been identified as an alternative feedstock, having the advantage of accumulating high intracellular lipid. SCO/microbial lipids are potential alternatives for sustainable biodiesel production. The traditional technique for biodiesel production from the oils obtained from microbes generally requires two steps: lipid extraction and transesterification. In-situ transesterification is an innovative and renewable process for biodiesel production. It rules out the need to isolate and refine the feedstock lipid, as it directly uses biomass in a single step, i.e., the pretreated biomass will be subjected to in-situ transesterification in the presence of catalysts. Hence, the production cost can be reduced by eliminating the lipid extraction procedure. The current review focuses on the basic features and advantages of in-situ transesterification of SCO for biodiesel production with the aid of short-chain alcohols along with different acid, base, and enzyme catalysts. In addition, a comparative study was carried out to highlight the merits of in-situ transesterification over conventional transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gufrana
- Bioprocess and Bioseparation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hasibul Islam
- Bioprocess and Bioseparation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivani Khare
- Bioprocess and Bioseparation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ankita Pandey
- Bioprocess and Bioseparation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Radha P
- Bioprocess and Bioseparation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chen SJ, Kuan IC, Tu YF, Lee SL, Yu CY. Surfactant-assisted in situ transesterification of wet Rhodotorula glutinis biomass. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:397-401. [PMID: 32586661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ transesterification of oleaginous microbes with short chain alcohol has been developed as a renewable process for the production of biodiesel. Dry biomass is often a requisite for the process to avoid the adverse effect of water on the productivity. As a consequence, large amount of energy consumption is required for prior biomass drying. In this study, the wet biomass of Rhodotorula glutinis, an oleaginous yeast, was used directly in in situ transesterification without biomass drying. The reaction conditions were optimized for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and the effects of adding different surfactants were also studied. The highest FAME yield of 110% was achieved with a methanol loading of 1:100 at 90°C for 8 h as catalyzed by 0.36 M H2SO4, and the FAME content was 97%, which meets the 96.5% specified in both European biodiesel standards and Taiwanese biodiesel standards. The addition of 50 mM 3-(N,N-dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonate (3-DMAPS, a zwitterionic surfactant) improved the FAME yield from 69% to 83%, which was obtained with a low methanol loading of 1:10 at 90°C for 10 h. Hence, the production of FAME with wet biomass under optimized reaction conditions was as effective as that with the dry form. This clearly indicates that using wet R. glutinis as the feedstock is feasible for the production of biodiesel by in situ transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan N. Rd. Sec. 3, Taipei 10452, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Kuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan N. Rd. Sec. 3, Taipei 10452, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan N. Rd. Sec. 3, Taipei 10452, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan N. Rd. Sec. 3, Taipei 10452, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yang Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan N. Rd. Sec. 3, Taipei 10452, Taiwan.
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Kumar LR, Yellapu SK, Tyagi RD, Drogui P. Cost, energy and GHG emission assessment for microbial biodiesel production through valorization of municipal sludge and crude glycerol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122404. [PMID: 31757613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cost simulations were made based on 20 million L blended biodiesel B-10 production per year using INRS and conventional process. In case of INRS process, microbial lipid was produced by T. oleaginosus using washed municipal secondary sludge fortified with crude glycerol while lipid was extracted from wet biomass using biodegradable surfactant and petroleum-diesel (PD). The conventional process uses commercial substrates for lipid production and organic solvents for lipid extraction from dry biomass. The unit B-10 production cost of INRS process was estimated to be $ 0.72/L for an annual capacity of 20 million L, which is 9.5 times more economical than conventional biodiesel production process. For INRS process, the unit B-10 biodiesel production cost was sensitive to plant capacity and lipid productivity during the fermentation. INRS process exhibited positive net energy gain and positive GHG capture, which proves to be energetically and environmentally viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit R Kumar
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Sravan K Yellapu
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Patrick Drogui
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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Kumar LR, Yellapu SK, Tyagi RD, Zhang X. A review on variation in crude glycerol composition, bio-valorization of crude and purified glycerol as carbon source for lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122155. [PMID: 31561979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol (CG) is a by-product formed during the trans-esterification reaction for biodiesel production. Although crude glycerol is considered a waste stream of the biodiesel industry, it can replace expensive carbon substrates required for lipid production by oleaginous micro-organisms. However, crude glycerol has several impurities, such as methanol, soap, triglycerides, fatty acids, salts and metals, which are created during the trans-esterification process and may affect the cellular metabolism involved in lipid synthesis. This review aims to critically present a variation in crude glycerol composition depending on trans-esterification process and impact of impurities present in the crude glycerol on the cell growth and lipid accumulation by oleaginous microbes. This study also draws comparison between purified and crude glycerol for lipid production. Several techniques for crude glycerol purification (chemical treatment, thermal treatment, membrane technology, ion-exchange chromatography and adsorption) have been presented and discussed with reference to cost and environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit R Kumar
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Sravan Kumar Yellapu
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, GuangDong 518055, China
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Sitepu EK, Jones DB, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Leterme SC, Heimann K, Raston CL, Zhang W. Turbo thin film continuous flow production of biodiesel from fungal biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:431-438. [PMID: 30466021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct biodiesel production from wet fungal biomass may significantly reduce production costs, but there is a lack of fast and cost-effective processing technology. A novel thin film continuous flow process has been applied to study the effects of its operational parameters on fatty acid (FA) extraction and FA to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion efficiencies. Single factor experiments evaluated the effects of catalyst concentration and water content of biomass, while factorial experimental designs determined the interactions between catalyst concentration and biomass to methanol ratio, flow rate, and rotational speed. Direct transesterification (DT) of wet Mucor plumbeus biomass at ambient temperature and pressure achieved a FA to FAME conversion efficiency of >90% using 3 wt/v % NaOH concentration, if the water content was ≤50% (w/w). In comparison to existing DT methods, this continuous flow processing technology has an estimated 90-94% reduction in energy consumption, showing promise for up-scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko K Sitepu
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia; Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Darryl B Jones
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Youhong Tang
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Sophie C Leterme
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia; Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia; Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Howlader MS, Rai N, Todd French W. Improving the lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microorganisms using different pretreatment techniques. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:743-755. [PMID: 30064900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extraction directly from the wet oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production is preferred as it reduces the energy input for traditional processes which require extensive drying of the biomass prior to the extraction. The high water content (≥80% on cell dry weight) in the wet biomass hinders the extraction efficiency due to the mass transfer limitation. This limitation can be overcome by pretreating wet biomass prior to the lipid extraction using pressurized gas that can be used alone or combined with other pretreatments to disrupt the cell wall. In this review, an extensive discussion on different pretreatments and the subsequent lipid extraction using these pretreatments is presented. Furthermore, a detailed account of the cell disruption using pressurized gas (e.g., CO2) treatment for microbial cell lysing is also presented. Finally, a new technique on lipid extraction directly from wet biomass using the combination of pressurized CO2 and microwave pretreatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Howlader
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - William Todd French
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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Torres NH, Lima ÁS, Ferreira LFR, Oliveira JDA, Cavalcanti EB. TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FROM BIODIESEL GENERATION AND ITS TOXICITY EVALUATION BY Raphidocelis subcapitata. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Silva Lima
- Tiradentes University, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research, Brazil
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9
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Microbial Biodiesel Production by Direct Transesterification of Rhodotorula glutinis Biomass. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Direct transesterification of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for biodiesel production. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen J, Li J, Zhang X, Tyagi RD, Dong W. Ultra-sonication application in biodiesel production from heterotrophic oleaginous microorganisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:902-917. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1418733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Eau, Terre et Environnement, INRS, Québec, Canada
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | | | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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