1
|
Banskota AH, Hui JPM, Jones A, McGinn PJ. Characterization of Neutral Lipids of the Oleaginous Alga Micractinum inermum. Molecules 2024; 29:359. [PMID: 38257272 PMCID: PMC10819927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
An oleaginous microalga Micractinum inermum isolated from Mariana Lake, AB, Canada was cultured in a 1000 L photobioreactor with an f/2 medium to study its lipid content and neutral lipid profile. Algal biomass was collected at the stationary phase contained a significant amount of lipids (44.2%), as determined by Folch's method. The lipid was fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions. The neutral lipid constitutes almost 77.3% of the total lipid species and is mainly composed of triacylglycerols (TAGs) determined by a proton NMR study. UHPLC-HRMS analysis allows us for the first time to identify 81 TAGs in the neutral lipid fraction of M. inermum. The fatty acid acyl side chains were identified based on fragment ions observed in MSMS analysis. TAGs with fatty acid acyl chains 18:1/18:1/18:1, 18:1/18:1/16:0, 18:2/18:1/16:0, and 18:2/18:2/18:0 were the major ones among the identified TAGs. Fatty acid analysis further supports the fact that oleic acid was the major fatty acid present in the neutral lipid fraction of M. inermum constituting 41.7%, followed by linoleic acid at 21.5%, and palmitic acid at 21.2%. The saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were 67.8% or higher in the lipid fraction. Long-chain fatty acids were only present in a minor quantity. The results clearly demonstrate that M. inermum is an excellent source for TAGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun H. Banskota
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.P.M.H.); (A.J.); (P.J.M.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ilmi M, Badrani A, Fauziyah A. Increasing lipid production from Zygosaccharomyces siamensis AP1 in molasses substrate using sequencing batch method. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:288-296. [PMID: 35670649 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2081859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts are considered potential lipid producers to substitute oil-producing plants. Previous study succeeded in isolating Zygosaccharomyces siamensis AP1 from Indonesia which was able to accumulate 19% lipid. The strain, however, was not optimized for high cell density growth which is required for industry-level. In this study, efforts were made to increase cell density and lipid production of Z. siamensis AP1 using molasses as carbon source and implementing sequencing batch method. The yeast was grown in various combinations of carbon and nitrogen sources. The C:N ratio of the best substrate combination is then optimized. Afterwards, batch and sequencing batch methods were applied in fermentation with various concentrations (20-480 g/L) of molasses. The results show that lipid produced using molasses was slightly higher compared to using glucose, 0.21 g/L and 0.19 g/L respectively, with the same nitrogen source. Combination of molasses and ammonium sulfate with C:N ratio 70:1 gave the highest lipid (0.28 g/L). Sequencing batch able to increase cell density 2.4-fold compared to batch method. This study was the first to report that sequencing batch application with molasses as carbon source can increase lipid production from Z. siamensis. Further study to optimize medium composition for sequencing batch is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miftahul Ilmi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anugrah Badrani
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Fauziyah
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen CY, Kuan SP, Nagarajan D, Chen JH, Ariyadasa TU, Chang JS. A novel two-stage process for the effective treatment of swine wastewater using Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 based algal-bacterial consortium under semi-continuous operation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 365:128119. [PMID: 36252751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at developing an eco-friendly and effective treatment for swine wastewater (SWW) using a designer microalgae-bacteria consortium. A functional algal bacterial consortium was developed with SWW-derived bacteria and Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1. Light intensity (300 µmol/m2/s) and inoculum size (0.15 and 0.2 g/L for microalgae and bacteria) were optimized. Semi-batch operation treating 50 % SWW resulted in a COD, BOD, TN, and TP removal efficiency of 81.1 ± 0.9 %, 97.0 ± 0.7 %, 90.6 ± 1.6 % and 91.3 ± 1.1 %, respectively. A novel two-stage process with an initial bacterial start-up stage followed by microalgal inoculation was applied for attaining stable organic carbon removal, in addition to satisfactory TN and TP removal. Full strength SWW was treated with this strategy with COD, BOD, TN, and TP removal efficiencies of 72.1 %, 94.9 %, 88 %, and 94.6 %, respectively. The biomass consisted of 36 % carbohydrates, indicating a potential feedstock for biochar production. In addition, the effluent met the standards for effluent discharge in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Kuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Heng Chen
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Thilini U Ariyadasa
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh V, Mishra V. Evaluation of the effects of input variables on the growth of two microalgae classes during wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118165. [PMID: 35183015 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment carried out by microalgae is usually affected by the type of algal strain and the combination of cultivation parameters provided during the process. Every microalga strain has a different tolerance level towards cultivation parameters, including temperature, pH, light intensity, CO2 content, initial inoculum level, pretreatment method, reactor type and nutrient concentration in wastewater. Therefore, it is vital to supply the right combination of cultivation parameters to increase the wastewater treatment efficiency and biomass productivity of different microalgae classes. In the current investigation, the decision tree was used to analyse the dataset of class Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Various combinations of cultivation parameters were determined to enhance their performance in wastewater treatment. Nine combinations of cultivation parameters leading to high biomass production and eleven combinations each for high nitrogen removal efficiency and high phosphorus removal efficiency for class Trebouxiophyceae were detected by decision tree models. Similarly, eleven combinations for high biomass production, nine for high nitrogen removal efficiency, and eight for high phosphorus removal efficiency were detected for class Chlorophyceae. The results obtained through decision tree analysis can provide the optimum conditions of cultivation parameters, saving time in designing new experiments for treating wastewater at a large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh V, Mishra V. Exploring the effects of different combinations of predictor variables for the treatment of wastewater by microalgae and biomass production. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Carvalhido V, Bessa da Silva M, Santos M, Tamagnini P, Melo P, Pereira R. Development of an ecotoxicological test procedure for soil microalgae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147006. [PMID: 33872898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the 80s, ISO and OECD organizations have been developing guidelines for assessing the toxicity of new and existing chemical substances to soil biota. Up to now, any of these guidelines had soil algae as test organisms. Nevertheless, microalgae are relevant components of soil microbial communities and soil biological crusts (BSC) with a great contribution to different soil functions and ecosystem services. In an attempt to bridge the gap, the present work aimed to develop, describe and validate a standard operating procedure for an ecotoxicological test with soil microalgae. Three phases were performed, each one with specific objectives. First, soil microalgae and cyanobacteria were isolated from BSC and then genetically and morphologically characterized. The green microalga Micractinium inermum was selected because it is a species with a wide geographic distribution. Secondly, M. inermum growth curves were obtained in liquid (BG11 and Woods-Hole MBL) and solid media (OECD artificial soil) to determine test duration. The growth curves were also used to analyze the reproducibility of the test's endpoint and to propose a validation criterion. Ultimately, a range of concentrations of two reference substances (glyphosate and copper) were tested, both in soil and liquid media, to assess procedure's reproducibility. The tests made in liquid medium followed the standard guideline for ecotoxicological tests with freshwater microalgae and cyanobacteria (OECD 201:2011). The results obtained prove that when the artificial soil is used, as a test substrate, the sensitivity of M. inermum increases. The tests performed with both reference substances demonstrate that the procedure described for testing in soil was reproducible. Additionally, it will be relevant to test with other reference substances and adjust the procedure for natural soils. It will be also interesting to validate the test procedure with soil cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Carvalhido
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Bessa da Silva
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde & IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Tamagnini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde & IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Melo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ruth Pereira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen CY, Kuo EW, Nagarajan D, Dong CD, Lee DJ, Varjani S, Lam SS, Chang JS. Semi-batch cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 with dual carriers for the effective treatment of full strength piggery wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124773. [PMID: 33548816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, process optimization for the microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment was carried out by growing Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 on untreated piggery wastewater with efficient COD/BOD/TN/TP removal and high biomass/protein productivities. Integration of the immobilization carriers (sponge, activated carbon) and semi-batch cultivation resulted in the effective treatment of raw untreated piggery wastewater. With 100% wastewater, 0.2% sponge and 2% activated carbon, the semi-batch cultivation (90% media replacement every 6 days) exhibited a COD, BOD, TN and TP removal efficiency of 95.7%, 99.0%, 94.1% and 96.9%, respectively. The maximal protein content, protein productivity, lutein content, and lutein productivity of the obtained microalgal biomass was 61.1%, 0.48 g/L/d, 4.56 mg/g, and 3.56 mg/L/d, respectively. The characteristics of the treated effluent satisfied Taiwan Piggery Wastewater Discharge Standards (COD < 600 mg/L, BOD < 80 mg/L). This innovative approach demonstrated excellent performance for simultaneous piggery wastewater treatment and microalgal biomass production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - En-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar PK, Vijaya Krishna S, Verma K, Pooja K, Bhagawan D, Himabindu V. Phycoremediation of sewage wastewater and industrial flue gases for biomass generation from microalgae. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|