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Xi D, Xie W, Qi F, Huang Z, Wen S, Fan B, Yin P, Zhang X, Fang Z, Ye L, Yang S. Sustainable treatment of sewage sludge via plasma-electrolytic liquefaction for bio-friendly production of polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117072. [PMID: 36584516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Safe and green disposal or utilization of sewage sludge (SS) has attracted significant attention as SS is increasingly produced worldwide and emerges as an environmental burden if without proper treatment. In this study, efficient and sustainable treatment of SS was achieved using plasma-electrolytic liquefaction (PEL) with alkaline catalysts including sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and sodium acetate (NaAc) and renewable solvents including polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 and glycerol. Furthermore, the obtained bio-oil with abundant hydroxyl groups could partially replace polyols derived from fossil energy to synthesize bio-based polyurethane foams (BPUFs) for oil adsorption. The results showed that the Na2CO3 catalyst exhibited better performance and yielded bio-oil with a higher heating value (HHV) of 26.26 MJ/kg, very low nitrogen content (0.14%) and metal ions, and a nearly neutral pH of 7.41, under the optimized conditions. Compared with conventional oil bath liquefaction, PEL can significantly improve the liquefaction efficiency, promote the transfer of metal ions in SS to the solid residue (SR), and facilitate the transfer of nitrogen to the gas phase and SR, thereby upgrading the bio-oil to a certain extent. The BPUFs showed excellent oil adsorption capacity, reusability, and desorption and can play an important role in combating oil spills. The PEL method may provide a green avenue for SS valorization and the comprehensive utilization of the obtained products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Xi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenquan Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shangxin Wen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bangxu Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Pengfei Yin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zhi Fang
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Liyi Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Size Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Fujian Engineering Research Center for EDA, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Multiphysics Electronic Information, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Power-to-chemicals: sustainable liquefaction of food waste with plasma-electrolysis. Front Chem Sci Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wang S, Liu S, Mei D, Zhou R, Jiang C, Zhang X, Fang Z, Ostrikov KK. Liquid discharge plasma for fast biomass liquefaction at mild conditions: The effects of homogeneous catalysts. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kuo PC, Illathukandy B, Wu W, Chang JS. Plasma gasification performances of various raw and torrefied biomass materials using different gasifying agents. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123740. [PMID: 32622281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasma gasification of raw and torrefied woody, non-woody, and algal biomass using three different gasifying agents (air, steam, and CO2) is conducted through a thermodynamic analysis. The impacts of feedstock and reaction atmosphere on various performance indices such as syngas yield, pollutant emissions, plasma energy to syngas production ratio (PSR), and plasma gasification efficiency (PGE) are studied. Results show that CO2 plasma gasification gives the lowest PSR, thereby leading to the highest PGE among the three reaction atmospheres. Torrefied biomass displays increased syngas yield and PGE, but is more likely to have a negative environmental impact of N/S pollutants in comparison with raw one, especially for rice straw. However, the exception is for torrefied grape marc and macroalgae which produce lower amounts of S-species under steam and CO2 atmospheres. Overall, torrefied pine wood has the best performance for producing high quality syngas containing low impurities among the investigated feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Kuo
- Process and Energy Department, Faculty of 3mE, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628, CB, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Biju Illathukandy
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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Du X, Zhang H, Sullivan KP, Gogoi P, Deng Y. Electrochemical Lignin Conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4318-4343. [PMID: 33448690 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest source of renewable aromatic compounds, making the recovery of aromatic compounds from this material a significant scientific goal. Recently, many studies have reported on lignin depolymerization and upgrading strategies. Electrochemical approaches are considered to be low cost, reagent free, and environmentally friendly, and can be carried out under mild reaction conditions. In this Review, different electrochemical lignin conversion strategies, including electrooxidation, electroreduction, hybrid electro-oxidation and reduction, and combinations of electrochemical and other processes (e. g., biological, solar) for lignin depolymerization and upgrading are discussed in detail. In addition to lignin conversion, electrochemical lignin fractionation from biomass and black liquor is also briefly discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges for electrochemical lignin conversion are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Du
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kevin P Sullivan
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Parikshit Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Nowgong College, Nagaon, 782001, Assam, India
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
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Kim JY, Lee HW, Lee SM, Jae J, Park YK. Overview of the recent advances in lignocellulose liquefaction for producing biofuels, bio-based materials and chemicals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:373-384. [PMID: 30685133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The concerns over the increasing energy demand and cost as well as environmental problems derived from fossil fuel use are the main driving forces of research into renewable energy. Lignocellulosic biomass comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin is an abundant, carbon neutral, and alternative resource for replacing fossil fuels in the future. Solvent liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising route to obtain biofuels, bio-based materials, and chemicals using a range of solvents as reaction media under moderate reaction conditions. Recently, several researchers have considered novel approaches for enhancing the process efficiency and economics. This review article reports the state-of-the-art knowledge of lignocellulose liquefaction in the recent three years with the main focus on the feedstock, liquefaction technology, target products, and degradation mechanism of each biomass component. This review is expected to provide an important reference for research into the solvent liquefaction of lignocellulose in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Kim
- Wood Chemistry Division, Forest Products Department, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Lee
- Wood Chemistry Division, Forest Products Department, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Lee
- Wood Chemistry Division, Forest Products Department, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Jae
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Xi D, Jiang C, Zhou R, Fang Z, Zhang X, Liu Y, Luan B, Feng Z, Chen G, Chen Z, Liu Q, Yang SZ. The universality of lignocellulosic biomass liquefaction by plasma electrolysis under acidic conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:531-538. [PMID: 30121026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we compared the discharge characteristics and catalytic efficiency of sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and their respective sodium salts (sodium sulfate and sodium p-toluenesulfonate) in sawdust liquefaction and found that sulfuric acid was the optimal catalyst when glycerol was used as solvent during the plasma electrolytic liquefaction (PEL) process. When sodium p-toluenesulfonate was used as the only catalyst, the liquefaction yield reached 83.51% after 25 min. This yield was higher than that obtained using sodium sulfate as the catalyst (60.63%) because different concentrations of H ions were produced in PEL. Cellulose, lignin, and holocellulose were extracted from sawdust and successfully liquefied in PEL, illustrating the universality of PEL. The optical emission spectra of the different biomass during the PEL process were similar, indicating that the kinds of free radicals produced were similar, which can accelerate the liquefaction of sawdust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Xi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Congcong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Renwu Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Zhi Fang
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Bingyu Luan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guangliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qinghuo Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Si-Ze Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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