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Kubar AA, Kumar S, Liu W, Cui Y, Zhu F, Xu X, Shao C, Hu X, Prempeh NYA, Huo S. Numerical simulation of vortex flow field generated in a novel nested-bottled photobioreactor to improve Arthrospira platensis growth. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128710. [PMID: 36754237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, computational fluid dynamics were employed to examined clockwise and anticlockwise vortexes in the rising and down coming sections of novel nested-bottle photobioreactor. The radial velocity was increased by four times which significantly reduced dead zones compared to traditional PBR. The (NB-PBR) comprised of integrated bottles connected by curved tubes (d = 4 cm) that generated dominant vortices as the microalgae solution flows through each section (h = 10 cm). The (NB-PBR) was independent of the inner and outer sections which increased the mixing time and mass-transfer coefficient by 13.33 % and 42.9 %, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the (NB-PBR) showed higher photosynthesis efficiency preventing self-shading and photo-inhibition, resulting in an increase in biomass yield and carbon dioxide fixation by 35 % and 35.9 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Ali Kubar
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Santosh Kumar
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Xiangru Xu
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Cong Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Xinjuan Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | | | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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2
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Sun Y, Hu D, Chang H, Li S, Ho SH. Recent progress on converting CO 2 into microalgal biomass using suspended photobioreactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127991. [PMID: 36262000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhomogeneous light distribution and poor CO2 transfer capacity are two critical concerns impeding microalgal photosynthesis in practical suspended photobioreactors (PBRs). To provide valuable guidance on designing high-performance PBRs, recent progress on enhancing light and CO2 availabilities is systematically summarized in this review. Particularly, for the first time, the strategies on elevating light availability are classified and discussed from the perspectives of increasing incident light intensity, introducing internal illumination, optimizing flow field, regulating biomass concentrations, and enlarging illumination surface areas. Meanwhile, the strategies on enhancing CO2 light availability are outlined from the aspects of generating smaller bubbles, extending bubbles residence time, and facilitating CO2 dissolution using extra additives. Given the microalgal biomass production using current PBRs are still suffering from low productivity and economic feasibility, the possible future directions for PBRs implementation and development are presented. Altogether, this review is beneficial to furthering development of PBRs as a practical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Sun
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Hebei Provincial Lab of Water Environmental Sciences, Hebei Provincial Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050037, China
| | - Deshen Hu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haixing Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Tan FHP, Nadir N, Sudesh K. Microalgal Biomass as Feedstock for Bacterial Production of PHA: Advances and Future Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:879476. [PMID: 35646848 PMCID: PMC9133917 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.879476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for biodegradable plastics has become the focus in combating the global plastic pollution crisis. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are renewable substitutes to petroleum-based plastics with the ability to completely mineralize in soil, compost, and marine environments. The preferred choice of PHA synthesis is from bacteria or archaea. However, microbial production of PHAs faces a major drawback due to high production costs attributed to the high price of organic substrates as compared to synthetic plastics. As such, microalgal biomass presents a low-cost solution as feedstock for PHA synthesis. Photoautotrophic microalgae are ubiquitous in our ecosystem and thrive from utilizing easily accessible light, carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients. Biomass production from microalgae offers advantages that include high yields, effective carbon dioxide capture, efficient treatment of effluents and the usage of infertile land. Nevertheless, the success of large-scale PHA synthesis using microalgal biomass faces constraints that encompass the entire flow of the microalgal biomass production, i.e., from molecular aspects of the microalgae to cultivation conditions to harvesting and drying microalgal biomass along with the conversion of the biomass into PHA. This review discusses approaches such as optimization of growth conditions, improvement of the microalgal biomass manufacturing technologies as well as the genetic engineering of both microalgae and PHA-producing bacteria with the purpose of refining PHA production from microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Fu J, Huang Y, Liao Q, Zhu X, Xia A, Zhu X, Chang JS. Boosting photo-biochemical conversion and carbon dioxide bio-fixation of Chlorella vulgaris in an optimized photobioreactor with airfoil-shaped deflectors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125355. [PMID: 34120064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at ameliorating the poor hydrodynamic regimes and uneven light distribution in the conventional airlift flat-plate photobioreactor (AFP-PBR), a novel PBR with static airfoil-shaped deflectors (ASD-PBR) is proposed in this study to boost the microalgal biomass manipulation and hence the photo-biochemical conversion. The ASD module accelerated the circulation of microalgal suspension from the center to two sides with the help of bubbling so that the microalgal cells got more opportunities to access the light source. Compared with the control PBR, the solution velocity along the incident light direction increased by 114.8% in the newly-proposed ASD-PBR. Furthermore, the ASD module also served as a static mixer, which resulted in an increment of 11.5% in mass transfer coefficient and a decrement of 21.4% in mixing time. The amended hydrodynamic characteristics eventually contributed to an improvement of 18.3% and 10.9% in the maximum algal biomass yield and CO2 fixation rate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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5
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Kubar AA, Cheng J, Kumar S, Liu S, Chen S, Tian J. Strengthening mass transfer with the Tesla-valve baffles to increase the biomass yield of Arthrospira platensis in a column photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124337. [PMID: 33157436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Tesla-valve (TV) baffles were used to optimize the flow field in a column photobioreactor (PBR) in order to promote mass transfer of CO2 gas in the solution. The TV baffles were composed of many tilted plates with central holes and curved arcs facing downwards, installed along inner rising section of the column PBR. Many clockwise and anti-clockwise vortices were generated during the rising flow while passing through proposed TV baffles. An optimum TV baffle structure (30° plate angle, 8 cm arc width) decreased mixing time by 36.4% and increased the mass transfer coefficient by 50%. The TV baffles supported the movement of the A.platensis cells between light and dark regions to enhance their photochemical efficiency ϕPSII by 24.6% and Fv/Fm by 12.7%. Therefore, the biomass yield increased by 28.1% and exhibited an increased helix pitch and trichome length in comparison with traditional column PBR without baffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Ali Kubar
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Santosh Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianglei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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6
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Xu J, Cheng J, Xin K, Xu J, Yang W. Strengthening flash light effect with a pond-tubular hybrid photobioreactor to improve microalgal biomass yield. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124079. [PMID: 32911369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poor light utilization efficiency and large occupied area of traditional raceway pond photobioreactors result in low areal microalgal biomass yield in industrial applications. In this study, a pond-tubular hybrid photobioreactor (PTH-PBR) comprising raceway ponds and horizontal tubes was developed to strengthen flash light effect and improve areal microalgal biomass yield. The highest flash cycle frequency (0.63 Hz) of microalgae cells along flow pathway was obtained in the raceway pond of PTH-PBR when shaded area percentage was 20% and ratio of adjacent tube interval to tube diameter was 1, which enhanced microalgal biomass yield by 31.2% than traditional raceway pond. Meanwhile, intracellular chlorophyll content increased by 33.6% and PSII maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) increased by 8.1% due to decreased photoinhibition stress. The areal microalgal biomass yield of PTH-PBR was 54.7% higher than that of traditional raceway pond without horizontal tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Kai Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- China Energy Penglai Generation Company Ltd., Penglai 265601, China
| | - Weijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Cheng J, Lai X, Ye Q, Guo W, Zhou J. Numerical simulation on optimizing flow field and flashing-light effect in jet-aerated tangential swirling-flow plate photobioreactor to improve microalgal growth. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cheng J, Lai X, Ye Q, Guo W, Xu J, Ren W, Zhou J. A novel jet-aerated tangential swirling-flow plate photobioreactor generates microbubbles that enhance mass transfer and improve microalgal growth. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121531. [PMID: 31150969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To reduce bubble diameter and enhance mass transfer, a novel jet-aerated tangential swirling-flow plate photobioreactor was developed that improves the growth rate of microalgae. In this system, the circulating microalgal solution enters a jet aerator that takes up 15% CO2 by vacuum suction and then injects into a plate photobioreactor through four centrally symmetric nozzles. Each jetflow is tangent to a tangential circle, driving vertical vortex movement of the surrounding microalgal solution, which markedly reduced the bubble diameter and enhanced mass transfer. The mass transfer coefficient was enhanced by decreasing the nozzle number (n) and increasing the ratio of tangential circle diameter to plate photobioreactor equivalent diameter (d/D). The average bubble diameter decreased by 80.2% to 0.37 mm and the mass transfer coefficient increased 4.6 times to 48.9 h-1 when n was 4 and d/D was 0.34. Finally, the optimized system increased the biomass dry weight of microalgae by 49.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenbin Ren
- Penglai Power Generation Company Ltd. of China Energy Investment Corporation, Penglai 265601, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Dong X, Han B, Zhao Y, Ding W, Yu X. Enhancing biomass, lipid production, and nutrient utilization of the microalga Monoraphidium sp. QLZ-3 in walnut shell extracts supplemented with carbon dioxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121419. [PMID: 31078811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising biofuel resource, but their high cost and low productivity hinder their commercial applications. In the present study, Monoraphidium sp. QLZ-3 was cultivated in walnut shell extracts (WSE) supplemented with carbon dioxide (CO2). Biomass was enhanced from 0.40 g L-1 to 1.18 g L-1, and lipid content reached 49.54% in WSE-12% CO2 media. Biomass and lipid productivity reached 196.88 and 97.52 mg L-1 d-1, which were 1.33- and 1.57-fold higher than those of the control, respectively. The amount of carbohydrates increased, but the protein contents decreased. Furthermore, the application of CO2 promoted nutrient and polyphenol absorption and upregulated the expression levels of lipid biosynthetic genes of this WSE-cultivated alga. These results indicated that coupling WSE and CO2 could be an efficient strategy to enhance biofuel production by microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunzan Dong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Benyong Han
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yongteng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
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Cheng J, Xu J, Ye Q, Lai X, Zhang X, Zhou J. Strengthening mass transfer of carbon dioxide microbubbles dissolver in a horizontal tubular photo-bioreactor for improving microalgae growth. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 277:11-17. [PMID: 30654103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A CO2 microbubbles dissolver (CMD) was developed to facilitate dissolving inorganic carbon and strengthening mass transfer in a horizontal tubular photo-bioreactor system (HTPBRS), which enhanced microalgae biomass productivity with flue gas containing 15% CO2. The influence of pump power on the bubble formation and mixing effect was found to be more obvious than that of gas flow rate. Ceramic shell aerator was more favorable for reducing bubble diameter and enhancing mass transfer than traditional rubber strip aerator. Bubble formation time decreased by 53.4% and mixing time decreased by 68.9% in response to the increased pump power. When the base area ratio of ceramic shell aerator to dissolver in the HTPBRS increased, bubble formation time decreased by 19.6% and mass transfer coefficient increased by 80.9%. The biomass yield of microalgae Chlorella PY-ZU1 with ceramic shell aerator was 30% higher than that with rubber strip aerator in the HTPBRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Junchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Guo W, Cheng J, Song Y, Kumar S, Ali KA, Guo C, Qiao Z. Developing a CO2 bicarbonation absorber for promoting microalgal growth rates with an improved photosynthesis pathway. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2746-2755. [PMID: 35520536 PMCID: PMC9059880 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09538h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of the short residence time and low utilization efficiency of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas added directly to a raceway pond, a CO2 bicarbonation absorber (CBA) was proposed to efficiently convert CO2 gas and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution to sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), which was dissolved easily in the culture medium and left to promote the microalgal growth rate. The CO2 gas reacted with the Na2CO3 solution (initial concentration = 200 mM L−1 and volume ratio in CBA = 60%) for 90 min at 0.3 MPa to give the optimized molar proportion (92%) of NaHCO3 product in total inorganic carbon and increase the microalgal growth rate by 5.0 times. Quantitative label-free protein analysis showed that the expression levels of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre protein (PsbH) and PSII cytochrome (PsbV2) in the photosynthesis pathway increased by 4.8 and 3.4 times, respectively, while that of the RuBisCO enzyme (rbcL) in the carbon fixation pathway increased by 3.5 times in Arthrospira platensis cells cultivated with the NaHCO3 product in the CBA at 0.3 MPa. To increase the residence time of CO2 gas added directly to the raceway pond, a CO2 bicarbonation absorber was proposed to convert CO2 gas and Na2CO3 to NaHCO3, which was dissolved easily in the solution and left to promote the biomass growth rate.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yanmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Santosh Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Kubar Ameer Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Caifeng Guo
- Ordos Jiali Spirulina Co., Ltd
- Ordos 016199
- China
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12
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Comparison of different photobioreactor configurations and empirical computational fluid dynamics simulation for fucoxanthin production. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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