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Lin MW, Lin CS, Chen YT, Huang SQ, Yang YC, Zhang WX, Chiu WH, Lin CH, Kuo CM. Continuous microalgal culture module and method of culturing microalgae containing macular pigment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 401:130714. [PMID: 38641299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
This study established and investigated continuous macular pigment (MP) production with a lutein (L):zeaxanthin (Z) ratio of 4-5:1 by an MP-rich Chlorella sp. CN6 mutant strain in a continuous microalgal culture module. Chlorella sp. CN6 was cultured in a four-stage module for 10 days. The microalgal culture volume increased to 200 L in the first stage (6 days). Biomass productivity increased to 0.931 g/L/day with continuous indoor white light irradiation during the second stage (3 days). MP content effectively increased to 8.29 mg/g upon continuous, indoor white light and blue light-emitting diode irradiation in the third stage (1 day), and the microalgal biomass and MP concentrations were 8.88 g/L and 73.6 mg/L in the fourth stage, respectively. Using a two-step MP extraction process, 80 % of the MP was recovered with a high purity of 93 %, and its L:Z ratio was 4-5:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-systems (IDS(2)B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tso Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Qian Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hong Chiu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan.
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Kuo CM, Yang YC, Zhang WX, Wu JX, Chen YT, Lin CH, Lin MW, Lin CS. A Low-Cost Fertilizer Medium Supplemented with Urea for the Lutein Production of Chlorella sp. and the Ability of the Lutein to Protect Cells against Blue Light Irradiation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050594. [PMID: 37237664 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the use of organic fertilizers instead of modified f/2 medium for Chlorella sp. cultivation, and the extracted lutein of the microalga to protect mammal cells against blue-light irradiation. The biomass productivity and lutein content of Chlorella sp. cultured in 20 g/L fertilizer medium for 6 days were 1.04 g/L/d and 4.41 mg/g, respectively. These values are approximately 1.3- and 1.4-fold higher than those achieved with the modified f/2 medium, respectively. The cost of medium per gram of microalgal biomass reduced by about 97%. The microalgal lutein content was further increased to 6.03 mg/g in 20 g/L fertilizer medium when supplemented with 20 mM urea, and the cost of medium per gram lutein reduced by about 96%. When doses of ≥1 μM microalgal lutein were used to protect mammal NIH/3T3 cells, there was a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the cells in the following blue-light irradiation treatments. The results show that microalgal lutein produced by fertilizers with urea supplements has the potential to develop anti-blue-light oxidation products and reduce the economic challenges of microalgal biomass applied to carbon biofixation and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Xun Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tso Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
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Sinha A, Kumar R, Goswami G, Das D. Process engineering strategy for large scale outdoor cultivation of Tetradesmus obliquus CT02 coupled with pH guided CO 2 feeding. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115539. [PMID: 35728376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel CO2 tolerant microalga Tetradesmus obliquus CT02, was previously evaluated to be a suitable bio refinery platform for synthesis of bioactive molecules, biodiesel, and biofertilizer. In the present study, a process engineering strategy was developed targeting improved growth performance of the strain at large scale under fluctuating outdoor environmental conditions. The strategy relies on maintaining pH of the culture at its optimal value via cascade control with CO2 feeding. The strategy was developed at laboratory scale bubble column photobioreactor under diurnal variation of simulated sunlight intensity and was further validated through growth performance of the strain under outdoor conditions in a 100 L airlift bioreactor. Under laboratory condition, 53.3% and 85.16% improvement in biomass concentration (1.87 g L-1) and productivity (114.8 mg L-1 day-1) was achieved as compared to the uncontrolled pH, respectively. The strategy demonstrated a significant improvement in biomass concentration and productivity by 225.7% and 121.6% respectively, compared to the pH uncontrolled batch, even under outdoor fluctuating environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankan Sinha
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ratan Kumar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Gargi Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
| | - Debasish Das
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Cultivation and Biorefinery of Microalgae (Chlorella sp.) for Producing Biofuels and Other Byproducts: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae-based carbon dioxide (CO2) biofixation and biorefinery are the most efficient methods of biological CO2 reduction and reutilization. The diversification and high-value byproducts of microalgal biomass, known as microalgae-based biorefinery, are considered the most promising platforms for the sustainable development of energy and the environment, in addition to the improvement and integration of microalgal cultivation, scale-up, harvest, and extraction technologies. In this review, the factors influencing CO2 biofixation by microalgae, including microalgal strains, flue gas, wastewater, light, pH, temperature, and microalgae cultivation systems are summarized. Moreover, the biorefinery of Chlorella biomass for producing biofuels and its byproducts, such as fine chemicals, feed additives, and high-value products, are also discussed. The technical and economic assessments (TEAs) and life cycle assessments (LCAs) are introduced to evaluate the sustainability of microalgae CO2 fixation technology. This review provides detailed insights on the adjusted factors of microalgal cultivation to establish sustainable biological CO2 fixation technology, and the diversified applications of microalgal biomass in biorefinery. The economic and environmental sustainability, and the limitations and needs of microalgal CO2 fixation, are discussed. Finally, future research directions are provided for CO2 reduction by microalgae.
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López-Pacheco IY, Rodas-Zuluaga LI, Fuentes-Tristan S, Castillo-Zacarías C, Sosa-Hernández JE, Barceló D, Iqbal HM, Parra-Saldívar R. Phycocapture of CO2 as an option to reduce greenhouse gases in cities: Carbon sinks in urban spaces. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Recent Advances in Carbon Dioxide Conversion: A Circular Bioeconomy Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Managing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 requires a multifaceted engineering strategy, which remains a highly challenging task. Reducing atmospheric CO2 (CO2R) by converting it to value-added chemicals in a carbon neutral footprint manner must be the ultimate goal. The latest progress in CO2R through either abiotic (artificial catalysts) or biotic (natural enzymes) processes is reviewed herein. Abiotic CO2R can be conducted in the aqueous phase that usually leads to the formation of a mixture of CO, formic acid, and hydrogen. By contrast, a wide spectrum of hydrocarbon species is often observed by abiotic CO2R in the gaseous phase. On the other hand, biotic CO2R is often conducted in the aqueous phase and a wide spectrum of value-added chemicals are obtained. Key to the success of the abiotic process is understanding the surface chemistry of catalysts, which significantly governs the reactivity and selectivity of CO2R. However, in biotic CO2R, operation conditions and reactor design are crucial to reaching a neutral carbon footprint. Future research needs to look toward neutral or even negative carbon footprint CO2R processes. Having a deep insight into the scientific and technological aspect of both abiotic and biotic CO2R would advance in designing efficient catalysts and microalgae farming systems. Integrating the abiotic and biotic CO2R such as microbial fuel cells further diversifies the spectrum of CO2R.
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Nayak M, Suh WI, Cho JM, Kim HS, Lee B, Chang YK. Strategic implementation of phosphorus repletion strategy in continuous two-stage cultivation of Chlorella sp. HS2: Evaluation for biofuel applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:111041. [PMID: 32778320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid production in microalgae under nitrogen (N) starved condition can be enhanced by excess phosphorus (P) supply in the second stage of two-stage cultivation strategy. However, implementing two-stage cultivation is difficult in large-scale cultivation system as it requires high energy of transferring large algal biomass from first stage to second stage. To address this problem, we have optimized a continuous two-stage (CTS) cultivation strategy using Chlorella sp. HS2, where nitrogen in the growth environment is depleted naturally via consumption. To enhance both biomass and lipid productivity this strategy explored supplementation of additional P from 50% to 2500% of the initial concentration at the start of N-limited second stage of growth. The results of the optimization study in photobioreactor (PBR) showed that supplementing 500% of initial P and 100% of initial other nutrients (O) (N0-P500-O100) on 5th day showed the maximum biomass productivity of 774.4 mg L-1 d-1. It was observed that Chlorella sp. HS2 grown in PBR yielded higher biomass (3.8 times), lipid (6.1 times) and carbohydrate (5.5 times) productivity in comparison to the open raceway ponds (ORP) study, under optimum nutrient and carbon supply condition. The maximum lipid (289.6 mg L-1 d-1) and carbohydrate (219.2 mg L-1 d-1) productivities were obtained in TPBR-3, which were 1.9 and 1.3 times higher than that of TPBR-2 (+ve control) and 9.6 and 3.7 times higher than that of TPBR-1 (-ve control), respectively. Fatty acid mainly composed of C16/C18 (84.5%-85.7%), which makes the microalgal oil suitable for biofuel production. This study concluded that feeding excess amount of P is an effective and scalable strategy to improve the biomass and lipid productivity of CTS cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Nayak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - William I Suh
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Muk Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Su Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongsoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbial and Nano Materials, College of Science and Technology, Mokwon University, 88 Doanbuk-ro, Seo-Gu, Daejeon, 35349, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu C, Zhai X, Xi Y, Wang J, Kong F, Zhao Y, Chi Z. Efficient CO2 capture from the air for high microalgal biomass production by a bicarbonate Pool. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhu B, Shen H, Li Y, Liu Q, Jin G, Han J, Zhao Y, Pan K. Large-Scale Cultivation of Spirulina for Biological CO 2 Mitigation in Open Raceway Ponds Using Purified CO 2 From a Coal Chemical Flue Gas. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:441. [PMID: 31998706 PMCID: PMC6962114 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to select excellent strains with high CO2 fixation capability on a large scale, nine Spirulina species were cultivated in columnar photobioreactors with the addition of 10% CO2. The two species selected (208 and 220) were optimized for pH value, total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and phosphorus content with intermittent CO2 addition in 4 m2 indoor raceway ponds. On the basis of biomass accumulation and CO2 fixation rate in the present study, the optimum pH, DIC, and phosphate concentration were 9.5, 0.1 mol L-1, and 200 mg L-1 for both strains, respectively. Lastly, the two strains selected were semi-continuously cultivated successfully for CO2 mitigation in 605 m2 raceway ponds aerated with food-grade CO2 purified from a coal chemical flue gas on a large scale. The daily average biomass dry weight of the two stains reached up to 18.7 and 13.2 g m-2 d-1, respectively, suggesting the two Spirulina strains can be utilized for mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Han Shen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiuke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiyong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Jichang Han
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kehou Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Petre E, Selişteanu D, Roman M. Control schemes for a complex biorefinery plant for bioenergy and biobased products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 295:122245. [PMID: 31630001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes innovative feedback control schemes for a complex biorefinery plant which contains two continuous bioreactors: an anaerobic digester and a photobioreactor. The anaerobic digester is used to decompose organic matter inside a wastewater treatment process, the most useful final product being biogas/methane. The photobioreactor is used for a microalgae photosynthetic growth process where some components with added value are produced, and bio-mitigation of the carbon dioxide emissions is achieved. By using realistic models of the anaerobic digester and of the photobioreactor, novel adaptive and robust control schemes are designed. These proposed structures contain linearizing controllers, state observers and parameter estimators for the bioprocess unknown kinetics. The control designs are validated via numerical simulations that consider several realistic restrictions and disturbances which act on the process: unavailability of some biological variables, unknown and time-varying reaction kinetics, uncertain and time-varying influent flow rates, noisy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Petre
- Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585, Romania.
| | - Dan Selişteanu
- Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585, Romania.
| | - Monica Roman
- Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585, Romania.
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Petre E, Roman M, Selişteanu D. Nonlinear estimation and control schemes for a complex anaerobic digestion of microalgae with unknown kinetics and inputs. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121429. [PMID: 31103939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses estimation and advanced control schemes for a complex microalgae anaerobic digestion process, used for wastewater treatment as well as for converting organic waste and biomass into biogas. The control goal is to keep the inhibitory compounds at imposed low levels despite the influent pollutant concentration and load variations. The proposed innovative control schemes work in accurate operating conditions and can cope with harsh assumptions: unknown kinetic rates, unknown feed-in pollutant concentration, unmeasurable state variables. The adaptive and robust-adaptive control laws are based on nonlinear algorithms: a sliding mode observer for the unknown inputs, kinetics parameter estimators, asymptotic and interval state observers. The tests performed under realistic conditions showed that the closed-loop bioprocess is preserved at specific operating points such that the control goal is fulfilled. The state and parameter estimators provide enough on-line information such that the control schemes can handle all the input and kinetic uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Petre
- Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585, Romania.
| | - Monica Roman
- Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585, Romania.
| | - Dan Selişteanu
- Department of Automatic Control and Electronics, University of Craiova, Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585, Romania.
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