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Khounani Z, Abdul Razak NN, Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Madadi M, Sun F, Mohammadi P, Mahlia TMI, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M. Biphasic pretreatment excels over conventional sulfuric acid in pinewood biorefinery: An environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118286. [PMID: 38280524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the environmental impact of pine chip-based biorefinery processes, focusing on bioethanol, xylonic acid, and lignin production. A cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is employed, comparing a novel biphasic pretreatment method (p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH)/pentanol, Sc-1) with conventional sulfuric acid pretreatment (H2SO4, Sc-2). The analysis spans biomass handling, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, yeast fermentation, and distillation. Sc-1 yielded an environmental impact of 1.45E+01 kPt, predominantly affecting human health (96.55%), followed by ecosystems (3.07%) and resources (0.38%). Bioethanol, xylonic acid, and lignin contributed 32.61%, 29.28%, and 38.11% to the total environmental burdens, respectively. Sc-2 resulted in an environmental burden of 1.64E+01 kPt, with a primary impact on human health (96.56%) and smaller roles for ecosystems (3.07%) and resources (0.38%). Bioethanol, xylonic acid, and lignin contributed differently at 22.59%, 12.5%, and 64.91%, respectively. Electricity generation was predominant in both scenarios, accounting for 99.05% of the environmental impact, primarily driven by its extensive usage in biomass handling and pretreatment processes. Sc-1 demonstrated a 13.05% lower environmental impact than Sc-2 due to decreased electricity consumption and increased bioethanol and xylonic acid outputs. This study highlights the pivotal role of pretreatment methods in wood-based biorefineries and underscores the urgency of sustainable alternatives like TsOH/pentanol. Additionally, adopting greener electricity generation, advanced technologies, and process optimization are crucial for reducing the environmental footprint of waste-based biorefineries while preserving valuable bioproduct production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khounani
- Department Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering (CoE), Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenega Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normy Norfiza Abdul Razak
- Department Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering (CoE), Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenega Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Meysam Madadi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Pouya Mohammadi
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - T M Indra Mahlia
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2220, Australia
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India.
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Di Fidio N, Tozzi F, Martinelli M, Licursi D, Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Sustainable valorisation and efficient downstream processing of giant reed by high‐pressure carbon dioxide pretreatment. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200189. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa ITALY
| | - Federico Tozzi
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Marco Martinelli
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Domenico Licursi
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Sara Fulignati
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
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Zeolite immobilized ionic liquid as an effective catalyst for conversion of biomass derivatives to levulinic acid. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Di Fidio N, Ragaglini G, Dragoni F, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Integrated cascade biorefinery processes for the production of single cell oil by Lipomyces starkeyi from Arundo donax L. hydrolysates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 325:124635. [PMID: 33461125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a promising source of carbohydrates that can be converted into single cell oil (SCO) by oleaginous yeasts. Microbial conversion of both hemicellulose and cellulose fractions represents the key step for increasing the economic sustainability for SCO production. Lipomyces starkeyi DSM 70,296 was cultivated in two xylose-rich hydrolysates, obtained by the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of hemicellulose catalysed by FeCl3 or Amberlyst-70, and in two glucose-rich hydrolysates obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. L. starkeyi grew on both undetoxified and partially-detoxified hydrolysates, achieving the lipid content of 30 wt% and yield values in the range 15-24 wt%. For both integrated cascade processes the final production of about 8 g SCO from 100 g biomass was achieved. SCO production through integrated hydrolysis cascade processes represents a promising solution for the effective exploitation of lignocellulosic feedstock from perennial grasses towards new generation biodiesel and other valuable bio-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Ragaglini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Study, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Dragoni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Study, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Potsdam-Bornim e.V. Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Biomass-derived sugars are platform molecules that can be converted into a variety of final products. Non-food, lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as agroforest residues and low inputs, high yield crops, are attractive bioresources for the production of second-generation sugars. Biorefining schemes based on the use of versatile technologies that operate at mild conditions contribute to the sustainability of the bio-based products. The present work describes the conversion of giant reed (Arundo donax), a non-food crop, to ethanol and furfural (FA). A sulphuric-acid-catalyzed steam explosion was used for the biomass pretreatment and fractionation. A hybrid process was optimized for the hydrolysis and fermentation (HSSF) of C6 sugars at high gravity conditions consisting of a biomass pre-liquefaction followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with a step-wise temperature program and multiple inoculations. Hemicellulose derived xylose was dehydrated to furfural on the solid acid catalyst in biphasic media irradiated by microwave energy. The results indicate that the optimized HSSF process produced ethanol titers in the range 43–51 g/L depending on the enzymatic dosage, about 13–21 g/L higher than unoptimized conditions. An optimal liquefaction time before saccharification and fermentation tests (SSF) was 10 h by using 34 filter paper unit (FPU)/g glucan of Cellic® CTec3. C5 streams yielded 33.5% FA of the theoretical value after 10 min of microwave heating at 157 °C and a catalyst concentration of 14 meq per g of xylose.
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Ma Y, Cao J. Preparation of mechanically robust Fe 3O 4/porous carbon/diatomite composite monolith for solar steam generation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45775-45786. [PMID: 32803601 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically robust Fe3O4/porous carbon/diatomite composite monolith was prepared from waste corrugated cardboard box and diatomite via slurrying in FeCl3 solution, dewatering, molding, and carbonization at 600 °C. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2-adsorption/desorption, Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. The water wettability, photothermal conversion property, and solar steam generation performance of the products were also evaluated. Results showed that the presence of FeCl3 led to the formation of more pores and magnetic Fe3O4 crystallites, while diatomite provided good hydrophilicity for the composite. The product exhibited light absorption above 65% within the wavelength ranging from 200 to1974 nm, and its surface temperature eventually increased by 30 °C under 0.25 sun irradiation due to photothermal effect. Moreover, solar steam yield under 0.25 sun irradiation for 3600 s was improved by 67% with the presence of the monolithic composite because of the occurrence of interfacial solar steam generation and heat transfer from the composite acted as a heat island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ma
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Junrui Cao
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin, 300192, China
- Tianjin Haiyue Water Treatment High-tech Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300192, China
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Di Fidio N, Dragoni F, Antonetti C, De Bari I, Raspolli Galletti AM, Ragaglini G. From paper mill waste to single cell oil: Enzymatic hydrolysis to sugars and their fermentation into microbial oil by the yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123790. [PMID: 32707500 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single cell oil (SCO) represents an outstanding alternative to both fossil sources and vegetable oils from food crops waste. In this work, an innovative two-step process for the conversion of cellulosic paper mill waste into SCO was proposed and optimised. Hydrolysates containing glucose and xylose were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the untreated waste. Under the optimised reaction conditions (Cellic® CTec2 25 FPU/g glucan, 48 h, biomass loading 20 g/L), glucose and xylose yields of 95 mol% were reached. The undetoxified hydrolysate was adopted as substrate for a batch-mode fermentation by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. Lipid yield, content for single cell, production and maximum oil productivity were 20.2 wt%, 37 wt%, 3.7 g/L and 2.0 g/L/d respectively. This new generation oil, obtained from a negative value industrial waste, represents a promising platform chemical for the production of biodiesel, biosurfactants, animal feed and biobased plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Dragoni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Potsdam-Bornim e.V. Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella De Bari
- Laboratory for Processes and Technologies for Biorefineries and Green Chemistry, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Trisaia, S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Ragaglini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Di Fidio N, Fulignati S, De Bari I, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Optimisation of glucose and levulinic acid production from the cellulose fraction of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) performed in the presence of ferric chloride under microwave heating. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123650. [PMID: 32585455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A two-step exploitation of the giant reed cellulose to glucose and levulinic acid, after the complete removal of the hemicellulose fraction, was investigated using FeCl3 as catalyst. In the first step, the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose was optimised by response surface methodology analysis, considering the effect of temperature, reaction time and catalyst amount. Under the optimised reaction conditions, the glucose yield was 39.9 mol%. The cellulose-rich residue was also converted by enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving the glucose yield of 39.8 mol%. The exhausted residue deriving from the chemical hydrolysis was further converted to levulinic acid by microwave treatment at harsher reaction conditions. The maximum levulinic acid yield was 64.3 mol%. On the whole, this cascade approach ensured an extensive and sustainable exploitation of the C6 carbohydrates to glucose and levulinic acid, corresponding to about 70 mol% of glucan converted to these valuable bioproducts in the two steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella De Bari
- Laboratory for Processes and Technologies for Biorefineries and Green Chemistry, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Trisaia, S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ma Y, Cao J. Facile preparation of magnetic porous carbon monolith from waste corrugated cardboard box for solar steam generation and adsorption. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2020; 12:2185-2202. [PMID: 32395400 PMCID: PMC7209767 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-020-00739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porous carbon monoliths (PCMs) were prepared from waste corrugated cardboard box (WCCB) via slurrying in FeCl3 solution followed by molding and thermal treatment. The thermal process was analyzed by a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The evolution of physicochemical characteristics of PCMs was studied. The photothermal conversion and solar steam generation performances of the optimal sample (PCMFe/600) were evaluated. The adsorption properties of PCMFe/600 for methylene blue (MB) were investigated. Results showed that Fe3+ promoted the breaking of cellulose chains in WCCB, leading to the occurrence of pyrolysis of WCCB at lower temperatures and the reduction of activation energy by 76.63 kJ mol-1. Char yield raised because volatile radicals were captured by FeCl3-derived amorphous Fe(III) species, then involved in char formation. Amorphous Fe(III) continuously converted into Fe3O4 crystallites with carbonization temperature increasing from 400 to 700 °C, then α-Fe was formed at 800 °C via the carbothermal reduction of Fe3O4. FeCl3 was favorable to the formation of a developed microporous structure. Surface area significantly increased with carbonization temperature increasing from 400 to 600 °C due to the removal of volatiles. The etching of carbon by Fe3O4 above 700 °C also led to the increase of surface area. PCMFe/600 exhibited higher optical absorption than other samples due to its high graphite degree and porosity. It also had excellent photothermal performance; thus, solar steam yield was 1.46 times that of the pure water with the assistance of PCMFe/600. PCMFe/600 in floating state was effective in adsorption of MB from water. Besides, the adsorption behavior fitted Langmuir model with a monolayer adsorption capacity reached up to 70.9 mg g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ma
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Junrui Cao
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Tianjin, 300192 China
- Tianjin Haiyue Water Treatment High-tech Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300192 China
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Multi-Step Exploitation of Raw Arundo donax L. for the Selective Synthesis of Second-Generation Sugars by Chemical and Biological Route. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents one of the most important feedstocks for future biorefineries, being a precursor of valuable bio-products, obtainable through both chemical and biological conversion routes. Lignocellulosic biomass has a complex matrix, which requires the careful development of multi-step approaches for its complete exploitation to value-added compounds. Based on this perspective, the present work focuses on the valorization of hemicellulose and cellulose fractionsof giant reed (Arundo donax L.) to give second-generation sugars, minimizing the formation of reaction by-products. The conversion of hemicellulose to xylose was undertaken in the presence of the heterogeneous acid catalyst Amberlyst-70 under microwave irradiation. The effect of the main reaction parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, catalyst, and biomass loadings on sugars yield was studied, developing a high gravity approach. Under the optimised reaction conditions (17 wt% Arundo donax L. loading, 160 °C, Amberlyst-70/Arundo donax L. weight ratio 0.2 wt/wt), the xylose yield was 96.3 mol%. In the second step, the cellulose-rich solid residue was exploited through the chemical or enzymatic route, obtaining glucose yields of 32.5 and 56.2 mol%, respectively. This work proves the efficiency of this innovative combination of chemical and biological catalytic approaches, for the selective conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of Arundo donax L. to versatile platform products.
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