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Wang X, Wang T, Meng H, Xing F, Yun H. Anammox process in anaerobic baffled biofilm reactors with columnar packings: Characteristics of flow field and microbial community. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141774. [PMID: 38522670 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The enrichment of anammox bacteria is a key issue in the application of anammox processes. A new type of reactor - anaerobic baffle biofilm reactor (ABBR) developed from anaerobic baffle reactor (ABR) was filled with columnar packings and established for effective enrichment of anammox bacteria. The flow field analysis showed that, compared with ABR, ABBR narrowed the dead zone so as to improve the substrate transferring performances. Two ABBRs with different types of columnar packings (Packings 1 and Packings 2) were constructed to culture anammox biofilms. Packings 1 consisted of the single-form honeycomb carriers while Packings 2 was modular composite packings consisting of non-woven fabric and honeycomb carriers. The effects of different types of columnar packings on microbial community and nitrogen removal were studied. The ABBR filled with Packings 2 had a higher retention rate of biomass than the ABBR filled with Packings 1, making the anammox start-up period be shortened by 21.28%. The enrichment of anammox bacteria were achieved and the dominant anammox bacteria were Candidatus Brocadia in both R1 and R2. However, there were four genera of anammox bacteria in R2 and one genus of anammox bacteria in R1, and the cell density of anammox bacteria in R2 was 95% higher than that in R1. R2 has the advantage of maintaining excellent and stable nitrogen removal performance at high nitrogen loading rate. The results revealed that the packings composed of two types of carriers may have a better enrichment effect on anammox bacteria. This study is of great significance for the rapid enrichment of anammox bacteria and the technical promotion of anammox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China.
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Fanghua Xing
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
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Hu X, Yang H, Fang X, Liu X, Bai Y, Su B, Chang J. High efficiency and stable partial nitration achieved via gel immobilization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130262. [PMID: 38184090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Long-term high efficiency and stable partial nitrification (PN) performance was achieved using gel-immobilized partial nitrifying bacteria. The PN characteristics of the filler under high and low ammonia nitrogen concentrations and low temperature were comprehensively studied and the rapid reactivation was achieved after reactor breakdown or long stagnation period. The results showed that the maximum ammonia oxidation rate was 66.8 mg•(L•h)-1 and the nitrite accumulation rate was above 95 % for the filler. Efficient and stable PN performance depends on the high abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) inside the filler and dynamically microbial community. In addition, the oxygen-limited zone and competition between the microorganisms inside the filler effectively inhibited the growth of nitrite oxidizing bacteria, and the sludge outside the filler assisted in this process, which supported the dominant position of AOB in fillers. This study provides a reliable technology for the practical application of the PN nitrogen removal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Fang
- Beijing General Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xuyan Liu
- Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Yongsheng Bai
- Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bojun Su
- Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd, Beijing 100022, China
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3
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Bootrak D, Rongsayamanont W, Jaidumrong T, Rongsayamanont C. Effect of phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol matrix size of cell entrapment on partial nitrification of ammonia in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:4033-4045. [PMID: 35549830 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2078231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Partial nitrification is known as first and critical step for autotrophic nitrogen removal in high strength nitrogenous wastewater. Phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol gel entrapment was used for suppressing oxygen to nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the gel matrix. The study investigated the effect of the size of gel matrix on partial nitrification. Results show that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) proportion in the inoculum rather than the size of gel matrix governed ammonia oxidation. Nitrite oxidation depended on the size of gel matrix not the relative proportions of NOB and AOB in the inoculum. Larger size of gel matrix lead to less in situ oxygen penetration and available for NOB resulting in higher nitrite accumulation. This finding gains a better understanding of using suitable inoculum to control partial nitrification that is beneficial for the preparation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation-suited effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darak Bootrak
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Tunyakamon Jaidumrong
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Rongsayamanont
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Behrendt F, Deng Y, Pretzel D, Stumpf S, Fritz N, Gottschaldt M, Pohnert G, Schubert US. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate decorated cryogels as synthetic spatially structured habitats of marine bacterial communities. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 36928054 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01383e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In microbial consortia bacteria often settle on other organisms that provide nutrients and organic material for their growth. This is true for the plankton where microalgae perform photosynthesis and exude metabolites that feed associated bacteria. The investigation of such processes is difficult since algae provide bacteria with a spatially structured environment with a gradient of released organic material that is hard to mimic. Here we introduce the design and synthesis of a cryogel-based microstructured habitat for bacteria that provides dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) as a carbon and sulfur source for growth. DMSP, a widely distributed metabolite released by algae, is thereby made available for bacteria in a biomimetic manner. Based on a novel DMSP derived building block (DMSP-HEMA), we synthesized cryogels providing structured surfaces for settlement and delivering the organic material fueling bacterial growth. By monitoring bacterial settlement and performance we show that the cryogels represent microbial arenas mimicking the ecological situation in the plankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Behrendt
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Yun Deng
- Bioorganic Analytics, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - David Pretzel
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Stumpf
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Fritz
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Bioorganic Analytics, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Wang X, Yang H, Wang J. Gel-immobilized partial nitritation/anammox achieves reliable nitrogen removal at different concentrations of nitrogen and reactivation processes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128561. [PMID: 36587771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage partial nitritation/anammox process based on microbial encapsulation (PN/A-E) was established. The nitrogen removal characteristics of PN/A-E under high and low ammonia nitrogen and after reactivation following a long-term shutdown were comprehensively investigated and compared with anammox granular sludge (AnGS). The stable PN process did not depend on high ammonia nitrogen, and the nitrite accumulation rate reached 95.2 ± 0.7 %. The overall nitrogen removal rate of encapsulated anammox bacteria was twice that of the AnGS, and it was more tolerant to external interference. Moreover, PN/A-E showed good reactivation performance, and the total nitrogen in the effluent was 10.0 ± 1.4 mg·L-1 when the final hydraulic retention time was 2.18 h. The immobilized fillers support an increase in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under restricted conditions and were more conducive to the dominance of functional bacteria and the stability of microbial community under low ammonia nitrogen. This study provides a positive method to achieve a reliable PN/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoTong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, College of Architectural Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, College of Architectural Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - JiaWei Wang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
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Kunapongkiti P, Rongsayamanont C, Mhuantong W, Pornkulwat P, Charanaipayuk N, Limpiyakorn T. Substrate loading rates conducive to nitritation in entrapped cell reactors: performance and microbial community structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37722-37736. [PMID: 35072882 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the boundaries of ammonia and organic loading rates that allow for nitritation in continuous flow phosphorylated-polyvinyl alcohol entrapped cell reactors and to clarify the community structure of microorganisms involving nitrogen transformation in the gel bead matrices. At operating bulk dissolved oxygen concentration of 2 mg/L, nitritation was accomplished when the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) loading rate was ≥ 0.3 kgN/m3/d. At TAN loading rates of ≤ 0.2 kgN/m3 /d, complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate took place. Nitritation performance dropped with increased chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rates indicating limitation of nitritation reactor operation at some COD loading conditions. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that the uncultured Cytophagaceae bacterium, Arenimonas, Truepera, Nitrosomonas, Comamonas, unclassified Soil Crenarchaeotic Group, and uncultured Chitinophagaceae bacterium were highly abundant taxa in the reactors' gel bead matrices. qPCR with specific primers targeting amoA genes demonstrated the coexistence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea, and Comammox in the gel bead matrices. AOB was likely the main functioning ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms due to the amoA gene being of highest abundance in most of the studied conditions. Nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms presented in less relative abundance than ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, with Nitrobacter rather than Nitrospira dominating in the group. Results obtained from this study are expected to further the application of nitritation entrapped cell reactors to real wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaraporn Kunapongkiti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Rongsayamanont
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Pornkulwat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nampetch Charanaipayuk
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawan Limpiyakorn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Research Unit Control of Emerging Micropollutants in Environment, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Research Network of NANOTEC-CU on Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Chowdhury MMI, Nakhla G. Enhanced mainstream nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater using gel-immobilized anammox in fluidized bed bioreactors: Process performance and disintegration mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151373. [PMID: 34748847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anammox retention, which is crucial for successful nitrogen removal because of slow growth, is still a major challenge. Fixed film processes or gel-immobilization techniques can minimize biomass washout. However, the detachment mechanisms from gel-immobilized beads are still unclear. Despite the widely known advantages of fluidized bed reactor (FBR) with respect to biomass retention, the technology has not been investigated for anammox processes, and thus, the current study evaluated the feasibility of using immobilized anammox gel beads as a carrier media in anammox fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), with a particular focus on understanding detachment mechanisms. The study optimized the packing ratio in AFBR and compared holed and non-holed beads. The optimum packing ratio (on a volumetric basis) was 30% (v/v) with a nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.40 kg N/m3-d at a volumetric nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.51 kg N/m3-d. Biomass detachment rates increased linearly with specific anammox activity (SAA). The fluidized bed reactor employing holed (more porous) anammox gel beads (HFBR) exhibited 20% lower biomass detachment rates than the non-holed fluidized bed reactor (NHFBR). Moreover, the HFBR achieved a maximum NRR of 0.81 kg N/m3-d at NLR of 1.01 kg N/m3-d after 35 days without operational problems, whereas the NHFBR with non-holed anammox gel beads failed after 30 days. The hindrance to diffusion of the generated nitrogen gas was the main mechanism of beads breakup and biomass washout, and thus, the sustainability of the beads hinges on increased external porosity. Therefore, developing microporous gel beads is critical for achieving a high rate stable anammox process that overcomes the limitations of the current technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Nakhla
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Deore R, Kumar R, Waqqas Mirza M, Ali Khan A. Selecting suitable seed sludge for anammox enrichment: Role of influent characteristics and reactor operational conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126719. [PMID: 35041923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the suitability of three different sludge collected from diverse environments for anammox process establishment. Sludge was collected from SBR (S1) treating municipal wastewater, nitrification tank (S2), denitrification tank (S3) treating fertilizer industrial wastewater. The microbial community in the seed sludge was studied. The presence of anammox bacteria was detected only in seed sludge S2 treating high NH4+-N wastewater. Seed sludge S3 showed high abundance of denitrifiers due to NO3--N and organic carbon rich environments in denitrification tank. The anammox start-up performances of sludge were assessed. S2 achieved start-up within 65 days whereas S1 and S3 showed longer start-up period of 79 and 93 days, respectively. S1, S2, S3 achieved nitrogen removal rate of 148.84 gN m-3day-1, 159.70 gNm-3day-1 and 120.90 gNm-3day-1, respectively. Influent NH4+-N, NO3--N and organic carbon concentrations governed the abundance of anammox and denitrifying bacteria in seed sludge thereby impacting the anammox start-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Deore
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Mumbai Research & Innovation Centre. 89-B Dr. A.B. Road Worli, Mumbai 400 018, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), 2 Rafi Marg Anusandhan Bhavan, Delhi 110001, India.
| | - Mohammad Waqqas Mirza
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110 025, India
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110 025, India
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9
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Berillo D, Al-Jwaid A, Caplin J. Polymeric Materials Used for Immobilisation of Bacteria for the Bioremediation of Contaminants in Water. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1073. [PMID: 33805360 PMCID: PMC8037671 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation is a key process for reclaiming polluted soil and water by the use of biological agents. A commonly used approach aims to neutralise or remove harmful pollutants from contaminated areas using live microorganisms. Generally, immobilised microorganisms rather than planktonic cells have been used in bioremediation methods. Activated carbon, inorganic minerals (clays, metal oxides, zeolites), and agricultural waste products are acceptable substrates for the immobilisation of bacteria, although there are limitations with biomass loading and the issue with leaching of bacteria during the process. Various synthetic and natural polymers with different functional groups have been used successfully for the efficient immobilisation of microorganisms and cells. Promise has been shown using macroporous materials including cryogels with entrapped bacteria or cells in applications for water treatment and biotechnology. A cryogel is a macroporous polymeric gel formed at sub-zero temperatures through a process known as cryogelation. Macroporous hydrogels have been used to make scaffolds or supports for immobilising bacterial, viral, and other cells. The production of composite materials with immobilised cells possessing suitable mechanical and chemical stability, porosity, elasticity, and biocompatibility suggests that these materials are potential candidates for a range of applications within applied microbiology, biotechnology, and research. This review evaluates applications of macroporous cryogels as tools for the bioremediation of contaminants in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Berillo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Areej Al-Jwaid
- School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.A.-J.); (J.C.)
- Environment and Pollution Engineering Technical Department, Basrah Engineering Technical College, Southern Technical University, Basra 61003, Iraq
| | - Jonathan Caplin
- School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.A.-J.); (J.C.)
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Ahmad HA, Ni SQ, Ahmad S, Zhang J, Ali M, Ngo HH, Guo W, Tan Z, Wang Q. Gel immobilization: A strategy to improve the performance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria for nitrogen-rich wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123642. [PMID: 32536456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process appears a suitable substitute to nitrification-denitrification at a lower C/N ratios. Anammox is a chemolithoautotrophic process, belong to phylum Planctomycetes, and they are slow growing bacteria. Different strategies, e.g., biofilm formation, granulation and gel immobilization, have been applied to maintain a critical mass of bacterial cells in the system by avoiding washout from the bioreactor. Gel immobilization of anammox appears the best alternative to the natural process of biofilm formation and granulation. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, and waterborne polyurethane are the most reported materials used for the entrapment of anammox bacteria. However, dissolution of the gel beads refrains its application for long term bioprocess. Magnetic powder could coat on the surface of the beads which may increase the mechanical strength and durability of pellets. Application and problem of immobilization technology for the commercialization of this technology also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Adeel Ahmad
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shou-Qing Ni
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zuwan Tan
- China Gezhouba Group Co., Ltd. & China Gezhouba Group Three Gorges Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Yichang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shandong Hongda Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
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