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Tanis MH, Wallberg O, Galbe M, Al-Rudainy B. Lignin Extraction by Using Two-Step Fractionation: A Review. Molecules 2023; 29:98. [PMID: 38202680 PMCID: PMC10779531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents the most abundant renewable carbon source on earth and is already used for energy and biofuel production. The pivotal step in the conversion process involving lignocellulosic biomass is pretreatment, which aims to disrupt the lignocellulose matrix. For effective pretreatment, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate structure of lignocellulose and its compositional properties during component disintegration and subsequent conversion is essential. The presence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes and covalent interactions between them within the lignocellulosic matrix confers a distinctively labile nature to hemicellulose. Meanwhile, the recalcitrant characteristics of lignin pose challenges in the fractionation process, particularly during delignification. Delignification is a critical step that directly impacts the purity of lignin and facilitates the breakdown of bonds involving lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes surrounding cellulose. This article discusses a two-step fractionation approach for efficient lignin extraction, providing viable paths for lignin-based valorization described in the literature. This approach allows for the creation of individual process streams for each component, tailored to extract their corresponding compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Basel Al-Rudainy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.H.T.); (O.W.); (M.G.)
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2
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Shukla A, Kumar D, Girdhar M, Kumar A, Goyal A, Malik T, Mohan A. Strategies of pretreatment of feedstocks for optimized bioethanol production: distinct and integrated approaches. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 36915167 PMCID: PMC10012730 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol is recognized as a valuable substitute for renewable energy sources to meet the fuel and energy demand of the nation, considered an environmentally friendly resource obtained from agricultural residues such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, husk, wheat straw and corn stover. The energy demand is sustained using lignocellulosic biomass to produce bioethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCBs) is the point of attention in replacing the dependence on fossil fuels. The recalcitrant structure of the lignocellulosic biomass is disrupted using effective pretreatment techniques that separate complex interlinked structures among cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Pretreatment of biomass involves various physical, chemical, biological, and physiochemical protocols which are of importance, dependent upon their individual or combined dissolution effect. Physical pretreatment involves a reduction in the size of the biomass using mechanical, extrusion, irradiation, and sonification methods while chemical pretreatment involves the breaking of various bonds present in the LCB structure. This can be obtained by using an acidic, alkaline, ionic liquid, and organosolvent methods. Biological pretreatment is considered an environment-friendly and safe process involving various bacterial and fungal microorganisms. Distinct pretreatment methods, when combined and utilized in synchronization lead to more effective disruption of LCB, making biomass more accessible for further processing. These could be utilized in terms of their effectiveness for a particular type of cellulosic fiber and are namely steam explosion, liquid hot water, ammonia fibre explosion, CO2 explosion, and wet air oxidation methods. The present review encircles various distinct and integrated pretreatment processes developed till now and their advancement according to the current trend and future aspects to make lignocellulosic biomass available for further hydrolysis and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Shukla
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Madhuri Girdhar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhineet Goyal
- SAGE School of Science, SAGE University Bhopal, Sahara Bypass Road Katara Hills, Extension, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Anand Mohan
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India.
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3
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Qin Y, Qin B, Zhang J, Fu Y, Li Q, Luo F, Luo Y, He H. Purification and enzymatic properties of a new thermostable endoglucanase from Aspergillus oryzae HML366. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00322-8. [PMID: 36705789 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae HML366 is a newly screened cellulase-producing strain. The endoglucanase HML ED1 from A. oryzae HML366 was quickly purified by a two-step method that combines ammonium sulfate precipitation and strong anion exchange column. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis indicated that the molecular weight of the enzyme was 68 kDa. The optimum temperature of the purified endoglucanase was 60 ℃ and the enzyme activity was stable below 70 ℃. The optimum pH was 6.5, and the enzyme activity was stable at pH between 4.5 and 9.0. The analysis indicated that additional Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ reduced the catalytic ability of enzyme to the substrate, but Mn2+ enhanced its catalytic ability to the substrate.The Km and Vmax of the purified endoglucanase were 8.75 mg/mL and 60.24 μmol/min·mg, respectively. In this study, we report for the first time that A. oryzae HML366 can produce a heat-resistant and wide pH tolerant endoglucanase HML ED1, which has potential industrial application value in bioethanol, paper, food, textile, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Qin
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.
| | - Baoshan Qin
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Yue Fu
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Qiqian Li
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Fengfeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Yanmei Luo
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Haiyan He
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.
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Cellulosic Ethanol Production Using Waste Wheat Stillage after Microwave-Assisted Hydrotropic Pretreatment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186097. [PMID: 36144825 PMCID: PMC9506164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the key elements influencing the efficiency of cellulosic ethanol production is the effective pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of microwave-assisted pretreatment of wheat stillage in the presence of sodium cumene sulphonate (NaCS) hydrotrope used for the production of second-generation bioethanol. As a result of microwave pretreatment, the composition of the wheat stillage biomass changed significantly when compared with the raw material used, before treatment. Microwave-assisted pretreatment with NaCS effectively reduced the lignin content and hemicellulose, making cellulose the dominant component of biomass, which accounted for 42.91 ± 0.10%. In post pretreatment, changes in biomass composition were also visible on FTIR spectra. The peaks of functional groups and bonds characteristic of lignins (C-O vibration in the syringyl ring, asymmetric bending in CH3, and aromatic skeleton C-C stretching) decreased. The pretreatment of the analyzed lignocellulosic raw material with NaCS resulted in the complete conversion of glucose to ethanol after 48 h of the process, with yield (in relation to the theoretical one) of above 91%. The highest observed concentration of ethanol, 23.57 ± 0.10 g/L, indicated the high effectiveness of the method used for the pretreatment of wheat stillage that did not require additional nutrient supplementation.
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Qiao J, Cui H, Wang M, Fu X, Wang X, Li X, Huang H. Integrated biorefinery approaches for the industrialization of cellulosic ethanol fuel. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127516. [PMID: 35764282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and sustainable raw material, but its conversion into ethanol fuel has not yet achieved large-scale industrialization and economic benefits. Integrated biorefineries have been widely identified as the key to achieving this goal. Here, four promising routes were summarized to assemble the new industrial plants for cellulose-based fuels and chemicals, including 1) integration of cellulase production systems into current cellulosic ethanol processes; 2) combination of processes and facilities between cellulosic ethanol and first-generation ethanol; 3) application of enzyme-free saccharification processes and computational approaches to increase the bioethanol yield and optimize the integration process; 4) production of multiple products to maximize the value derived from the lignocellulosic biomass. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives of this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Haiyang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Minghui Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Xianshen Fu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210097, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210097, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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Raj T, Chandrasekhar K, Naresh Kumar A, Rajesh Banu J, Yoon JJ, Kant Bhatia S, Yang YH, Varjani S, Kim SH. Recent advances in commercial biorefineries for lignocellulosic ethanol production: Current status, challenges and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126292. [PMID: 34748984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic ethanol production has received global attention to use as transportation fuels with gasoline blending virtue of carbon benefits and decarbonization. However, due to changing feedstock composition, natural resistance, and a lack of cost-effective pretreatment and downstream processing, contemporary cellulosic ethanol biorefineries are facing major sustainability issues. As a result, we've outlined the global status of present cellulosic ethanol facilities, as well as main roadblocks and technical challenges for sustainable and commercial cellulosic ethanol production. Additionally, the article highlights the technical and non-technical barriers, various R&D advancements in biomass pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation strategies that have been deliberated for low-cost sustainable fuel ethanol. Moreover, selection of a low-cost efficient pretreatment method, process simulation, unit integration, state-of-the-art in one pot saccharification and fermentation, system microbiology/ genetic engineering for robust strain development, and comprehensive techno-economic analysis are all major bottlenecks that must be considered for long-term ethanol production in the transportation sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - K Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Jeong-Jun Yoon
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
In alcohol distilleries, the amount of distillery stillage generated can be up to 15 times larger than the amount of alcohol produced. The stillage has high concentrations of organics and nitrogen, a low pH, and a dark brown color. Currently, stillage is mainly used for soil fertilization. For this purpose, it requires thickening and is used seasonally, which creates storage problems and transport costs. To reduce environmental pollution, physicochemical and biological processes have been employed for the treatment of distillery stillage. However, according to bioeconomy principles, the stillage should be transformed into value-added products. Therefore, this review paper focuses on methods of stillage processing that enable energy recovery. Due to its high content of organic compounds, stillage is often used as a raw material for biogas production. Accordingly, anaerobic digestion of stillage is discussed, including an overview of the bioreactors used and the effects of operational parameters on organics removal and biogas production. The necessity of integrating anaerobic stillage treatment with other treatment processes is presented. As complex compounds that are present in the stillage (mainly polyphenols and melanoidin) are difficult to biodegrade and have antibacterial activities, the effect of their recovery on biogas production is described. Next, the possibility of converting distillery stillage to bioethanol and biohydrogen is presented. In addition, bioelectrochemical treatment of distillery stillage using microbial fuel cells is discussed. For all these treatment methods, current challenges and opportunities are given.
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Dawid M, Grzegorz K. Microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment as a new and highly efficient way to cellulosic ethanol production from maize distillery stillage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3381-3392. [PMID: 33835200 PMCID: PMC8053166 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Aim of the study was to assess the suitability of the combined use of microwave radiation and sodium cumene sulfonate under optimized process conditions for the preparation of maize stillage biomass as a raw material for the production of cellulosic ethanol. The key parameter guaranteeing a high level of lignin removal from biomass (ca. 44%) was concentration of hydrotrope. Even at high biomass concentration (16% w/v) and a cellulase enzyme dose of about 4 filter-paper units/g, maize stillage biomass subjected to microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment was highly susceptible to enzymatic degradation, which resulted in 80% hydrolysis yield. It is possible to obtain a fermentation medium with a very high glucose concentration (up to 80 g/L), without fermentation inhibitors and, as a consequence, to reach a very high level of sugar conversion to ethanol (concentration above 40 g/L), even as much as 95% of theoretical yield. Microwave hydrotropic treatment with sodium cumene sulfonate is a very effective way to prepare waste maize stillage biomass for the production of cellulosic ethanol. The degradation of the lignocellulose structure by the simultaneous use of microwaves and hydrotropes ensured a high degree of conversion of structural polysaccharides to bioethanol. The method provides a high level of enzymatic degradation of cellulose, leading to a medium with high content of released sugars suitable for bioconversion, which is in line with assumptions of the second-generation ethanol production technology. Key points • Microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment is a new way to cellulosic ethanol production. • Microwave-assisted hydrotropic delignification removes 44% of lignin from biomass. • No fermentation inhibitors are obtained after microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment. • High ethanol concentration (above 40 g/L) and fermentation yield (95% of theoretical yield) from biomass after microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikulski Dawid
- Department of Biotechnology, Kazimierz Wielki University, ul. K. J. Poniatowskiego 12, 85-671, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kłosowski Grzegorz
- Department of Biotechnology, Kazimierz Wielki University, ul. K. J. Poniatowskiego 12, 85-671, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Kłosowski G, Mikulski D. Impact of Lignocellulose Pretreatment By-Products on S. cerevisiae Strain Ethanol Red Metabolism during Aerobic and An-aerobic Growth. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040806. [PMID: 33557207 PMCID: PMC7913964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the specific response of yeast cells to environmental stress factors is the starting point for selecting the conditions of adaptive culture in order to obtain a yeast line with increased resistance to a given stress factor. The aim of the study was to evaluate the specific cellular response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Ethanol Red to stress caused by toxic by-products generated during the pretreatment of lignocellulose, such as levulinic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, ferulic acid, syringaldehyde and vanillin. The presence of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural at the highest analyzed concentration (5704.8 ± 249.3 mg/L) under aerobic conditions induced the overproduction of ergosterol and trehalose. On the other hand, under anaerobic conditions (during the alcoholic fermentation), a decrease in the biosynthesis of these environmental stress indicators was observed. The tested yeast strain was able to completely metabolize 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, syringaldehyde and vanillin, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Yeast cells reacted to the presence of furan aldehydes by overproducing Hsp60 involved in the control of intracellular protein folding. The results may be helpful in optimizing the process parameters of second-generation ethanol production, in order to reduce the formation and toxic effects of fermentation inhibitors.
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