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Yin H, Zhao M, Yang R, Sun J, Yu Z, Bai C, Xue Y. Effect of Regulation of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis Regarding the Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Communities on Aerobic Stability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1471. [PMID: 38891280 PMCID: PMC11174963 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage is essential for producing high-quality silage. Our research assessed the effect of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis and its modulation of the bacterial and fungal microbial community structure in an aerobic stage of whole-plant corn silage. Following treatment with a distilled sterile water control, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Bacillus licheniformis (2 × 105 cfu/g), whole-plant corn was ensiled for 60 days. Samples were taken on days 0, 3, and 7 of aerobic exposure, and the results showed that inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis improved the aerobic stability of silage when compared to the effect of the control (p < 0.05). Inoculation with Bacillus licheniformis attenuated the increase in pH value and the decrease in lactic acid in the aerobic stage (p < 0.05), reducing the filamentous fungal counts. On the other hand, inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis increased the diversity of the fungal communities (p < 0.05), complicating the correlation between bacteria or fungi, reducing the relative abundance of Acetobacter and Paenibacillus in bacterial communities, and inhibiting the tendency of Monascus to replace Issatchenkia in fungal communities, thus delaying the aerobic spoilage process. Due to the prevention of the development of aerobic spoilage microorganisms, the silage injected with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis exhibited improved aerobic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunsheng Bai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot 010031, China
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2
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Ma D, Li J, Liu J, Wang R, Meng Q, Li J, Zhang S, Shan A. The gain effect of microbial consortia induced by adaptive domestication for efficient conversion of Chinese cabbage waste by anaerobic fermentation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171313. [PMID: 38417508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The resource-based treatment of Chinese cabbage waste by anaerobic fermentation can effectively mitigate air, soil, and groundwater pollution. However, the compatibility between fermentative microorganisms and the environment might be a crucial limiting factor for the resource recycling of Chinese cabbage waste. Therefore, the gain effect of microbial consortia (JMRS, JMRST, JMRSZ, JCCW, JCCWT and JCCWZ) induced by adaptive domestication for efficient conversion of Chinese cabbage waste by anaerobic fermentation were explored in this study. A total of 42 single subsamples with same weights were randomly divided into seven treatments: sterile deionized water (Control); anaerobic fermentation inoculated with JMRS (MRS); anaerobic fermentation inoculated with JMRST (MRST); anaerobic fermentation inoculated with JMRSZ (MRSZ); anaerobic fermentation inoculated with JCCW (CCW); anaerobic fermentation inoculated with JCCWT (CCWT); anaerobic fermentation inoculated with JCCWZ (CCWZ) and samples were taken on days 30 and 60 after anaerobic fermentation. The results exhibited that all the treatments contributed to high levels of lactic acid (178.77-201.79 g/kg dry matter) and low levels of ammonia-N (12.99-21.03 g/kg total nitrogen). Meanwhile, MRSZ enhanced (p < 0.05) acetic acid levels (1.53 g/kg dry matter) and resulted in the lowest yeast counts. Microbiologically, the addition of microbial consortia decreased the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores of Massilia and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Moreover, MRSZ enriched (p < 0.05) Lactobacillus hilgardii, and decreased (p < 0.05) the abundance of bacteria containing mobile elements and potentially pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, JMRSZ improved the efficient conversion of Chinese cabbage waste for resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Ma
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingkai Liu
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sujiang Zhang
- Tarim Key Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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Zhao S, Li H, Sumpradit T, Khan A. Enhancing biomass conservation and enzymatic hydrolysis of sweet sorghum bagasse by combining pretreatment with ensiling and NaOH. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1370686. [PMID: 38572245 PMCID: PMC10989060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic pretreatment is an important stage in biomass utilization, which usually requires high input. In this study, a low-cost method using combined ensiling and NaOH was developed for lignocellulosic pretreatment. Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) was ensiled for 21 days and then treated with diluted NaOH (0%, 1%, and 2%) for fermentation. The results showed that the application of Lactobacillus plantarum (L) reduced fermentation losses of the silages, mainly low water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and ammonia nitrogen loss. Meanwhile, the application of Lactobacillus plantarum and ensiling enzyme (LE) promoted lignocellulosic degradation, as evidenced by low neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (ADL), and hemicellulosic (HC) contents. The dominant bacterial genera were Lactobacillus, uncultured_bacterium_f_Enterobacteriaceae, and Pantoea after silage, which corresponded to the higher lactic acid and acetic contents and lower pH. The reducing sugar yields of SSB increased after combined pretreatment of silage and NaOH and were further enhanced by the 2% NaOH application, as evidenced by the high reducing sugar yield and microstructure damage, especially in the L-2% NaOH group and the LE-2% NaOH group, in which the reducing sugar yields were 87.99 and 94.45%, respectively, compared with those of the no additive control (CK)-0 NaOH group. Therefore, this study provides an effective method for SSB pretreatment to enhance biomass conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hanyan Li
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tawatchai Sumpradit
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Aman Khan
- Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wang Z, Tan Z, Wu G, Wang L, Qin G, Wang Y, Pang H. Investigation on Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Communities of Wheat Straw Silage with Different Proportion Artemisia argyi. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050330. [PMID: 37235364 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of fungi, are a major obstacle to the utilization of animal feed for various reasons. Wheat straw (WS) is hollow, and miscellaneous bacteria can easy attach to its surface; the secondary fermentation frequency after silage is high, and there is a risk of mycotoxin poisoning. In this study, a storage fermentation process was used to preserve and enhance fermentation quality in WS through the addition of Artemisia argyi (AA), which is an effective method to use WS resources and enhance aerobic stability. The storage fermentation of WS treated with AA had lower pH and mycotoxin (AFB1 and DON) values than the control due to rapid changes in microbial counts, especially in the 60% AA groups. Meanwhile, the addition of 60% AA improved anaerobic fermentation profiles, showing higher lactic acid contents, leading to increased efficiency of lactic acid fermentation. A background microbial dynamic study indicated that the addition of 60% AA improved the fermentation and aerobic exposure processes, decreased microbial richness, enriched Lactobacillus abundance, and reduced Enterobacter and Aspergillus abundances. In conclusion, 60% AA treatment could improve the quality by increase fermentation quality and improve the aerobic stability of WS silage by enhancing the dominance of desirable Lactobacillus, inhibiting the growth of undesirable microorganisms, especially fungi, and reducing the content of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhongfang Tan
- Henan Key Laboratory Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guofang Wu
- Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Guangyong Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huili Pang
- Henan Key Laboratory Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Okoye CO, Wu Y, Wang Y, Gao L, Li X, Jiang J. Fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and microbial community dynamics of corn straw ensiled with Lactobacillus buchneri PC-C1 and Lactobacillus plantarum PC1-1. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127329. [PMID: 36812838 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Corn straw is suitable for preservation as silage despite being neglected due to its varying chemical composition, yield, and pathogenic influence during ensiling. This study examined the effects of beneficial organic acid-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Lactobacillus buchneri (Lb), L. plantarum (Lp), or their combination (LpLb), on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and microbial community dynamics of corn straw harvested at late maturity stage after 7d, 14d, 30d, and 60d of ensiling. Higher levels of beneficial organic acids, LAB counts, and crude protein (CP), and lower levels of pH and ammonia nitrogen were detected in LpLb-treated silages after 60d. Lactobacillus, Candida, and Issatchenkia abundances were higher (P < 0.05) in Lb and LpLb-treated corn straw silages after 30d and 60d ensiling. Additionally, the positive correlation between Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Pediococcus, and the negative correlation with Acinetobacter in LpLb-treated silages after 60d emphasizes a potent interaction mechanism initiated by organic acid and composite metabolite production to reduce pathogenic microorganisms' growth. Also, a significant correlation between Lb and LpLb-treated silages with CP and neutral detergent fiber after 60d further highlights the synergistic effect of incorporating L. buchneri and L. plantarum for improved nutritional components of mature silages. The combination of L. buchneri and L. plantarum improved aerobic stability, fermentation quality, and bacterial community and reduced fungal population after 60d of ensiling, which are properties of well-preserved corn straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Zoology & Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Yanfang Wu
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xia Li
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Xia GH, Huang Y, Wu CR, Zhang MZ, Yin HY, Yang F, Chen C, Hao J. Characterization of mycotoxins and microbial community in whole-plant corn ensiled in different silo types during aerobic exposure. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1136022. [PMID: 37051520 PMCID: PMC10083429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1136022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Silage can be contaminated with mycotoxins and accidental fungi after aerobic exposure. The study assessed the effects of bunker silos (BS), round bales (RB), and silage bags (SB) on the nutritional characteristics, fermentation quality, aerobic stability, mycotoxin levels and microbial communities of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS). After 90 days of fermentation, silages were opened and sampled at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of exposure. SB group conserved higher lactic acid and dry matter contents and a lower pH value than other groups after 9 days of exposure (p < 0.05). The SB group showed the longest aerobic stability (202 h) among all silages (p < 0.05). The concentrations of aflatoxin B1, trichothecenes and fumonisin B1 were significantly lower in SB after 9 days of exposure (p < 0.05). Acetobacter became the dominant bacteria in BS and RB groups after 5 days of exposure. However, Lactobacillus still dominated the bacterial community in SB group. Acetobacter was positively correlated with pH, acetic acid content, and ammonia-N content (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus was positively correlated with Kazachstania and Candida abundances (p < 0.01) but negatively correlated with Fusarium abundance (p < 0.05). Considering the feed value and food safety of silage in the feeding process, silage bags are recommended for WPCS according to the observed nutritional quality, fermentation index and mycotoxin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-hao Xia
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang-rong Wu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-zhu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hai-yan Yin
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Guizhou Grassland Technology Extending Station, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Hao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Hao,
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Tahir M, Li J, Xin Y, Wang T, Chen C, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Liu H, He Y, Wen X, Yan Y. Response of fermentation quality and microbial community of oat silage to homofermentative lactic acid bacteria inoculation. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1091394. [PMID: 36741901 PMCID: PMC9895785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the important forage crops in the world. However, oat grown in Southwest China has higher moisture content and their preservation face significant challenges. In addition, existing commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have poor fermentation effects in hot and humid regions. Consequently, the current study investigated the response of oat fermentation quality and microbial community to self-selected LAB inoculation. The treatments were: CK, sterilized water; LP694, Lactobacillus plantarum 694; LR753, Lactobacillus rhamnosus 753; and LPLR, LP694 combined with LR753, followed by 1, 3, 7, 14, and 60 days (d) of fermentation. The results showed that LAB inoculation significantly raised the lactic acid content, and decreased the level of pH value, acetic acid, and ammonia-N in oat silage. The LR753 group had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) lactic acid content (60.95 g kg-1 DM), and lower pH value (3.95) and ammonia-N content (10.1 g kg-1 DM) followed by the LPLR group. The LR753 showed lower NDF (54.60% DM) and ADF (39.73% DM) contents than other groups. The Lactobacillus was a prevalent genus in LAB-treated groups, and its relative abundance reached maximum in LP694 (69%) on day 3, while in the LR753 group (72%) on 60 days. The Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus fermentum became the dominant species in LAB-treated groups with fermentation time. The Lactobacillus genus was positively correlated with WSC (R = 0.6, p < 0.05), while negatively correlated with pH (R = -0.5, p < 0.05), and BA (R = -0.5, p < 0.01). Overall, the LR753 group had better fermentation quality and preservation of nutritional components providing theoretical support and guidance for future oat silage production in Southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafen Xin
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihao Zhong
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaling He
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjin Wen
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhong Yan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yanhong Yan,
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Yin H, Zhao M, Pan G, Zhang H, Yang R, Sun J, Yu Z, Bai C, Xue Y. Effects of Bacillus subtilis or Lentilactobacillus buchneri on aerobic stability, and the microbial community in aerobic exposure of whole plant corn silage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177031. [PMID: 37138619 PMCID: PMC10149863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis or Lentilactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and bacterial and fungal communities of whole plant corn silage during aerobic exposure. Whole plant corn was harvested at the wax maturity stage, which chopped to a length of approximately 1 cm, and treated with the following: distilled sterile water control, 2.0 × 105 CFU/g of Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB) or 2.0 × 105 CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis (BS) for 42 days silage. Then, the samples were exposed to air (23-28°C) after opening and sampled at 0, 18 and 60 h, to investigate fermentation quality, bacterial and fungal communities, and aerobic stability. Inoculation with LB or BS increased the pH value, acetic acid, and ammonia nitrogen content of silage (P < 0.05), but it was still far below the threshold of inferior silage, the yield of ethanol was reduced (P < 0.05), and satisfactory fermentation quality was achieved. With the extension of the aerobic exposure time, inoculation with LB or BS prolonged the aerobic stabilization time of silage, attenuated the trend of pH increase during aerobic exposure, and increased the residues of lactic acid and acetic acid. The bacterial and fungal alpha diversity indices gradually declined, and the relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Kazachstania gradually increased. The relative abundance of Weissella and unclassified_f_Enterobacteria was higher and the relative abundance of Kazachstania was lower after inoculation with BS compared to the CK group. According to the correlation analysis, Bacillus and Kazachstania are bacteria and fungi that are more closely related to aerobic spoilage and inoculation with LB or BS could inhibit spoilage. The FUNGuild predictive analysis indicated that the higher relative abundance of fungal parasite-undefined saprotroph in the LB or BS groups at AS2, may account for its good aerobic stability. In conclusion, silage inoculated with LB or BS had better fermentation quality and improved aerobic stability by effectively inhibiting the microorganisms that induce aerobic spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Pan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Bai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunsheng Bai,
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Yanlin Xue,
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Huang F, Wang T, Zhang J, Tahir M, Sun J, Liu Y, Yun F, Xia T, Teng K, Wang J, Zhong J. Exploring the bacterial community succession and metabolic profiles of Lonicera japonica Thunb. residues during anaerobic fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128264. [PMID: 36343778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Discarding Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJT) residues containing many active metabolites create tremendous waste. This study aimed to effectively use LJT residues by anaerobic fermentation. Fermentation significantly decreased the pH values and reduced the abundance of undesirable bacteria (potential pathogenic and biofilm-forming) while increasing Lactobacillus abundance. Compound additive use further improved fermentation quality (significantly increased the lactic acid (LA) content and decreased the pH values and ammonia nitrogen (a-N) content) and nutrient quality (significantly decreased the acid detergent fiber (ADF) content and increased the water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content) and optimized the microbial community (increased the Lactobacillus abundance). Fermentation also altered the flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols contents in the residues with minor effects on the functional metabolites amounts. The LJT residues metabolic profile was mainly attributed to its epiphytic bacteria, with a small contribution from the compound additive. Thus, compound additives may improve anaerobic LJT residue fermentation without functionally impairing the metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yayong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fangfei Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kunling Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Institute of Biology Co., Ltd., Henan Academy of Science, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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Guo X, Xu D, Li F, Bai J, Su R. Current approaches on the roles of lactic acid bacteria in crop silage. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 16:67-87. [PMID: 36468295 PMCID: PMC9803335 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play pivotal roles in the preservation and fermentation of forage crops in spontaneous or inoculated silages. Highlights of silage LAB over the past decades include the discovery of the roles of LAB in silage bacterial communities and metabolism and the exploration of functional properties. The present article reviews published literature on the effects of LAB on the succession, structure, and functions of silage microbial communities involved in fermentation. Furthermore, the utility of functional LAB in silage preparation including feruloyl esterase-producing LAB, antimicrobial LAB, lactic acid bacteria with high antioxidant potential, pesticide-degrading LAB, lactic acid bacteria producing 1,2-propanediol, and low-temperature-tolerant LAB have been described. Compared with conventional LAB, functional LAB produce different effects; specifically, they positively affect animal performance, health, and product quality, among others. In addition, the metabolic profiles of ensiled forages show that plentiful probiotic metabolites with but not limited to antimicrobial, antioxidant, aromatic, and anti-inflammatory properties are observed in silage. Collectively, the current knowledge on the roles of LAB in crop silage indicates there are great opportunities to develop silage not only as a fermented feed but also as a vehicle of delivery of probiotic substances for animal health and welfare in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Guo
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Dongmei Xu
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Fuhou Li
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Rina Su
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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11
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Li H, Wang T, Tahir M, Zhang J, Sun J, Xia T, Huang F, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhong J. Influence of Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation on the silage quality of intercropped Lablab purpureus and sweet sorghum grown in saline-alkaline region. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1059551. [PMID: 36532470 PMCID: PMC9755603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1059551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensiling legume with cereal is an effective method to ensure the energy rich-feed, but no information is available on the microbial fermentation mechanism of intercropped Lablab purpureus (Lablab) and sweet sorghum in the saline-alkaline region. Therefore, the present study investigated the silage quality and microbial community of intercropped Lablab and sweet sorghum silages grown in the saline-alkaline region with or without inoculation of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP). The experimental treatments were prepared according to the Lablab and sweet sorghum planting patterns: Lablab and sweet sorghum sowing seed ratios were 1:1 (L), 5:1 (M), and 9:1 (H). After harvesting, each mixture was treated with LP or sterilized water (CK), followed by 60 days of fermentation. Results showed that both LP inoculation and intercropping significantly raised the lactic acid (LA) content and decreased the pH value, acetic acid (AA), and ammonia-N in intercropped silages. The LP addition and intercropping also improved the relative feed value by reducing structural carbohydrates. Moreover, LP silages had a greater relative abundance of Lactobacillus than CK silages, and its relative abundance increased with an increased seed-sowing ratio of Lablab in intercropping. LP was the prevalent species in LP silages compared to CK silages, and its relative abundance also increased with an increased seed-sowing ratio of Lablab in intercropping. The genus Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with ammonia-N (R = -0.6, p = 0.02) and AA (R = -0.7, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with LA (R = 0.7, p < 0.01) and crude protein (R = 0.6, p = 0.04). Overall, the intercropped seeding ratios of Lablab and sweet sorghum of ≥ 5:1 with LP inoculation resulted in better fermentation quality and preservation of nutritional components providing theoretical support and guidance for future intercropped protein-rich silage production in the saline-alkaline region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangkeyi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yayong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Wang Z, Tan Z, Wu G, Wang L, Qin G, Wang Y, Pang H. Microbial community and fermentation characteristic of whole-crop wheat silage treated by lactic acid bacteria and Artemisia argyi during ensiling and aerobic exposure. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004495. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-crop wheat silage (WCWS) is an excellent feed material for ruminants. However, microbial fermentation during silage production consumes valuable nutrients, decreasing the quality of silage. The main objective of this study was to assess how the addition of increasing amounts of Artemisia argyi (AA) affected fermentation quality, microbial composition, and mycotoxin production in whole-crop wheat at dough stage (WCWD) silage during ensiling to aerobic exposure compared with Lactiplantibacillus buchneri (LB). The addition of 20% AA, resulted in a lower pH and higher lactic acid content, was found in silage treated with 20% AA, and an obvious increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was detected in silages treated with LB and 20% AA, respectively. Meanwhile, inoculation with 20% AA decreased the abundance of harmful microorganisms, including Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Aspergillus. It also reduced the contents of mycotoxins, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) during ensiling and aerobic exposure. These results confirmed that WCWD treated with 20% AA could improve the fermentation quality and enhance the aerobic stability of silage.
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Sun H, Liao C, Lu G, Zheng Y, Cheng Q, Xie Y, Wang C, Chen C, Li P. Role of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum during anaerobic storage of ear-removed corn on biogas production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128061. [PMID: 36195220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the volatile fatty acid production for anaerobic fermentation, the ear-removed corn was ensiled without (control) or with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (LC) and L. paraplantarum (LpP). Inoculation of LpP increased acetic acid content by 40%, and decreased butyric acid content by 38% in relative to control. Moreover, inoculation of LpP decreased the bacterial alpha diversity indices, while inherent species of Lentilactobacillus buchneri and L. hilgardii dominated the anaerobic fermentation. In particular, inoculation of LpP restricted the growth of yeasts and production of propionic acid at the early stage of storage, but continuously stimulated anaerobic fermentation, resulting in a higher maximal cumulative gas emissions of methane (by about 20 %) than that of LP and LC. Therefore, inoculation of LpP during anaerobic storage was favorable to produce intermediate metabolites (acetic acid) for subsequent biogas production of ear-removed corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chaosheng Liao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guangrou Lu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yulong Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiming Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yixiao Xie
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
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14
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Dynamic Changes in Fermentation Quality and Structure and Function of the Microbiome during Mixed Silage of Sesbania cannabina and Sweet Sorghum Grown on Saline-Alkaline Land. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0248322. [PMID: 36190422 PMCID: PMC9604195 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02483-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-rich Sesbania cannabina and sugar-rich sweet sorghum [Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden] are characterized by their higher tolerance to saline-alkaline stresses and simultaneous harvests. They could be utilized for coensiling because of their nutritional advantages, which are crucial to compensate protein-rich forage in saline-alkaline regions. The current study investigated the fermentation quality, microbial community succession, and predicted microbial functions of Sesbania cannabina and sweet sorghum in mixed silage during the fermentation process. Before ensiling, the mixtures were treated with compound lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants followed by 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days of fermentation. The results revealed that the inoculated homofermentative species Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus farciminis dominated the early phase of fermentation, and these shifted to the heterofermentative species Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus hilgardii in the later phase of fermentation. As a result, the pH of the mixed silages decreased significantly, accompanied by the growth of acid-producing microorganisms, especially L. buchneri and L. hilgardii, which actively influenced the bacterial community structure and metabolic pathways. Moreover, the contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol, and water-soluble carbohydrates increased, while the contents of ammonia-N and fiber were decreased, with increasing ratios of sweet sorghum in the mixed silage. Overall, coensiling Sesbania cannabina with >30% sweet sorghum is feasible to attain high-quality silage, and the relay action between homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB species could enhance fermentation quality and conserve the nutrients of the mixed silage. IMPORTANCE The coensiling of Sesbania cannabina and sweet sorghum is of great practical importance in order to alleviate the protein-rich forage deficiency in saline-alkaline regions. Furthermore, understanding the microbial community's dynamic changes, interactions, and metabolic pathways during ensiling will provide the theoretical basis to effectively regulate silage fermentation. Here, we established that coensiling Sesbania cannabina with >30% sweet sorghum was effective at ensuring better fermentation quality and preservation of nutrients. Moreover, the different fermentation types of LAB strains played a relay role during the fermentation process. The homofermentative species L. plantarum and L. farciminis dominated in the early phase of fermentation, while the heterofermentative species L. buchneri and L. hilgardii dominated in the later phase of fermentation. Their relay action in Sesbania cannabina-sweet sorghum mixed silage may help to improve fermentation quality and nutrient preservation.
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15
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Teleky BE, Martău GA, Ranga F, Pop ID, Vodnar DC. Biofunctional soy-based sourdough for improved rheological properties during storage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17535. [PMID: 36266426 PMCID: PMC9584935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Frozen dough storage, along with its thawing process, negatively affects the quality of the final product. Thus, fermentation with selected cultures and the enrichment of wheat-based dough using a specific soy powder could optimize the viscoelastic quality of frozen dough and increase its nutritional characteristics. Based on these aspects, the present study's objective was to examine the effects of soy powder addition to wheat flour with single cultures of Fructilactobacillus florum DSM 22689 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae and coculture with these two microorganisms for 72 h of fermentation. Additionally, the fermentation process was monitored, and viscoelastic behavior and physical-chemical analyses of the fermented sourdough before and after frozen storage were assessed, as soy protein has been proposed to hinder water migration throughout frozen storage. As observed, soy powder, an essential functional ingredient, had a favorable impact on the water-starch-gluten system, and enhanced the viscoelastic behavior before and after 4 weeks of frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette-Emőke Teleky
- grid.413013.40000 0001 1012 5390Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Adrian Martău
- grid.413013.40000 0001 1012 5390Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania ,grid.413013.40000 0001 1012 5390Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Floricuța Ranga
- grid.413013.40000 0001 1012 5390Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Delia Pop
- grid.413013.40000 0001 1012 5390Department of Exact Sciences, Horticulture Faculty, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- grid.413013.40000 0001 1012 5390Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania ,grid.413013.40000 0001 1012 5390Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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16
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Xu H, Xue Y, Na N, Wu N, Zhao Y, Sun L, Qili M, Wang T, Zhong J. Fermentation quality, bacterial community, and aerobic stability of ensiling Leymus chinensis with lactic acid bacteria or/and water after long-term storage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:959018. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leymus chinensis is a major forage resource for herbivores on typical steppe and meadow steppes in Northern China. This study aimed to reveal the fermentation quality, bacterial community, and aerobic stability of L. chinensis silage treated with lactic acid bacteria or/and water after long-term storage. Leymus chinensis was harvested at the heading stage and ensiled with lactic acid bacteria [LAB, 2.00 ml/kg fresh weight (FW) of LAB, L], water (100 ml/kg FW of distilled water, W), or a combination of both [2.00 ml/kg fresh weight (FW) of LAB and 100 ml/kg FW of distilled water, LW] in polyethylene laboratory-scale silos (diameter, 20 cm; height, 30 cm) at a density of 650 kg/m3. As a control silage (CK), untreated L. chinensis silage was also assessed. The samples were taken at 0 day of opening after 300 days of ensiling (CK_0d, L_0d, W_0d, and LW_0d) and at 10 days of opening (CK_10d, L_10d, W_10d, and LW_10d). The fermentation quality, microbial counts, bacterial community, and aerobic stability of the silage were assessed. The CK_0d contained higher pH and aerobic bacteria count, and lower LA and BC concentrations than L_0d, W_0d, and LW_0d (p < 0.05), and the LAB and yeasts were only detected in CK at 0 day of opening. Lactobacillus had the most abundance among bacterial genera in all silages at 0 day of opening. Just CK had 2°C above the ambient temperature during aerobic exposure (at 224 h). During aerobic exposure, the pH and microbial counts in CK increased (p < 0.05), and Lactobacillus in L and LW had decreasing abundance (p < 0.05). The CK_10d had higher pH and microbial counts, and lower lactic acid and buffering capacity than L_10d, W_10d, and LW_10d (p < 0.05). At 10 days of opening, the coliforms and yeasts were just detected in CK, and Lactobacillus also had the most abundance among bacterial genera in all silages at 10 days of opening. Overall, inoculating LAB and adding water improved the fermentation quality and the aerobic exposure of L. chinensis silage after long-term storage. The activities of coliforms and yeasts during aerobic exposure contributed to the aerobic deterioration of L. chinensis silage without any treating. Lactobacillus dominated the bacterial communities of all silage at 0 and 10 days of opening. During aerobic exposure, the abundance of Lactobacillus reduced in L. chinensis silage treated with LAB or water.
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Liu Y, Li Y, Lu Q, Sun L, Du S, Liu T, Hou M, Ge G, Wang Z, Jia Y. Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Additives on the Quality, Volatile Chemicals and Microbial Community of Leymus chinensis Silage During Aerobic Exposure. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:938153. [PMID: 36118219 PMCID: PMC9478463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silage exposed to air is prone to deterioration and production of unpleasant volatile chemicals that can seriously affect livestock intake and health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), and a combination of LP and LB (PB) on the quality, microbial community and volatile chemicals of Leymus chinensis silage at 0, 4, and 8 days after aerobic exposure. During aerobic exposure, LP had higher WSC and LA contents but had the least aerobic stability, with more harmful microorganisms such as Penicillium and Monascus and produced more volatile chemicals such as Isospathulenol and 2-Furancarbinol. LB slowed down the rise in pH, produced more acetic acid and effectively improved aerobic stability, while the effect of these two additives combined was intermediate between that of each additive alone. Correlation analysis showed that Actinomyces, Sphingomonas, Penicillium, and Monascus were associated with aerobic deterioration, and Weissella, Pediococcus, Botryosphaeria, and Monascus were associated with volatile chemicals. In conclusion, LB preserved the quality of L. chinensis silage during aerobic exposure, while LP accelerated aerobic deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuai Du
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Meiling Hou
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Yushan Jia,
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The performance of lactic acid bacteria in silage production: a review of modern biotechnology for silage improvement. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang T, Yang J, Tang K, Zhi W, Chen R, Tan H. Antioxidative properties analysis of gastrointestinal lactic acid bacteria in Hainan black goat and its effect on the aerobic stability of total mixed ration. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974925. [PMID: 36110299 PMCID: PMC9468487 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, lactic acid bacteria strains (HCS-01, HCS-05, HCS-07, HCW-08, and HCW-09) derived from the gastrointestinal tract of Hainan black goat were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity in vitro, and the lactic acid bacteria with strong antioxidant capacity were screened for application to improve the aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR). The results showed that all the tested lactic acid bacteria had a certain tolerance to hydrogen peroxide. By comprehensively comparing the scavenging abilities of fermentation supernatants, whole cell bacterial suspensions and cell contents of five lactic acid bacteria strains to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, and their antioxidant enzyme activity, it was found that Lactobacillus fermentum HCS-05 and Lactobacillus plantarum HCW-08 have the strongest comprehensive antioxidant capacity, and their scavenging capacity for various free radicals has reached more than 60%. Using strains HCS-05, HCW-08 and laboratory-preserved Lactobacillus plantarum HDX1 fermented TMR, the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of the feed after 60 days of fermentation were significantly higher than those of the blank treatment group. The effect of mixed strains HCS-05 and HCS-08 for TMR fermentation was the best (P < 0.05). At the same time, the fermentation effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HDX1 on TMR was significantly lower than that of the selected lactic acid bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of Hainan black goats (P < 0.05). The results show that the test strain can significantly improve the aerobic stability of the fermented feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinsong Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinsong Yang,
| | - Kai Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Rong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Haisheng Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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20
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Cheng Q, Li M, Fan X, Chen Y, Sun H, Xie Y, Zheng Y, Chen C, Li P. Effects of epiphytic and exogenous lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and microbial community compositions of paper mulberry silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:973500. [PMID: 36090070 PMCID: PMC9453674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.973500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from various sources and evaluate their effects on the nutritional quality, fermentation characteristics, and microbial compositions of paper mulberry (PM) after 60 days of ensiling. Forty-nine LAB strains were isolated from Phalaris arundinacea silage, pickle, and fresh PM leaves; three of these strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, YC1; Levilactobacillus brevis, PC3; and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, BP17) and one commercial inoculant Gaofuji (GFJ) were subsequently used. Compared with other treatments, PC3 and BP17 increased (P < 0.05) the LAB count and crude protein content and decreased (P < 0.05) the molds and coliform bacteria counts, pH, and ammonia-N content of PM silages. BP17 and PC3 increased the relative Lactiplantibacillus abundance and decreased that of Lelliottia and Cladosporium, improving PM silage quality. Therefore, PC3 and BP17 can improve the fermentation quality of PM silage and could be used as silage starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Maoya Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yixiao Xie
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yulong Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Li,
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Wu B, Hu Z, Wei M, Yong M, Niu H. Effects of inoculation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri on fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and microbial community dynamics of wilted Leymus chinensis silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:928731. [PMID: 35966710 PMCID: PMC9372395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.928731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leymus chinensis is an important crop that can be fed to ruminants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri in fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and dynamics of wilted L. chinensis silage microorganisms. Wilted L. chinensis silages were ensiled with/without L. plantarum and L. buchneri. After 14 and 56 days of ensiling, the silos were opened and subjected to a 7-day aerobic deterioration test. This study looked at the composition of fermentation products as well as the microbial communities in silage. Silage inoculated with L. plantarum and L. buchneri had an increased lactic acid content as well as lactic acid bacterial (LAB) quantity, but a decrease in pH and levels of butyric acid, 2,3-butanediol, and ethanol was observed during ensiling. Non-treated and L. plantarum-treated silages deteriorated in the 7-day spoilage test after opening day-14 silos, whereas L. buchneri-inoculated silage showed no signs of deterioration. Lactobacillus abundance increased in the 7-day spoilage test after opening day-56 silos, while undesirable microorganisms such as Acetobacter, Bacillus, and molds, namely, Aspergillus and Penicillium were inhibited within L. plantarum- and L. buchneri-inoculated silages. The composition of fermentation products was related to the bacterial community, particularly Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Acetobacter. To summarize, L. plantarum- and L. buchneri-inoculated silage enhanced fermentation quality during ensiling and inhibited aerobic spoilage in a 7-day spoilage test of 56 days ensiling within wilted L. chinensis silage.
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22
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Effects of Konjac Flour and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability, and Microbial Community of High-Moisture Forage Rape Silages. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain high-quality silage and better understand the mechanism underlying silage fermentation, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of konjac flour (KF), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) and their combination on fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and microbial community of high-moisture forage rape after 60 days of ensiling. Results showed that the KF and LP treatments increased the lactic acid content, decreased the pH value, and inhibited the production of butyric acid in ensiled forage rape (p < 0.05). The additives also altered the bacterial community of forage rape silages, showing reduced Shannon and Simpson indexes (p < 0.05), while the abundance of desirable Lactobacillus was increased, and the abundance of undesirable bacteria, such as enterobacteria and clostridia, was decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, their combination significantly improved the aerobic stability (96 h vs. 28 h, p < 0.05) and exhibited notable influence on the bacterial community, with the highest abundance of Lactobacillus. These results indicated that KF and LP improved the silage quality of high-moisture forage rape, and their combination displayed a beneficial synergistic effect.
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23
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Unraveling the microbial community and succession during zha-chili fermentation and their relationships with flavor formation. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Variation of Microbial Community and Fermentation Quality in Corn Silage Treated with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Artemisia argyi during Aerobic Exposure. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050349. [PMID: 35622595 PMCID: PMC9145673 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silage, especially whole crop corn silage (WCCS), is an important part of ruminant diets, with its high moisture content and rich nutrient content, which can easily cause contamination by mold and their toxins, posing a great threat to ruminant production, food safety and human health. The objective of this study was to examine effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactiplantibacillus (L.) plantarum subsp. plantarum ZA3 and Artemisia argyi (AA) on the fermentation characteristics, microbial community and mycotoxin of WCCS during 60 days (d) ensiling and subsequent 7 d aerobic exposure. The results showed that WCCS treated with LAB and AA both had lower pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) contents, and higher lactic and acetic acids concentration compared with other groups after 60 d ensiling. In addition, for microbial communities, Acetobacter and Enterobacter were inhibited in all AA group, while higher abundance of Lactobacilli was maintained; besides, Candida, Pichia and Kazachstania abundances were decreased in both 6% and 12% AA groups. The content of five kinds of mycotoxins were all significantly lower after 7 d of aerobic exposure. As for the total flavonoid (TF), which is significantly higher in all AA treated groups, it was positively correlated with Paenibacillus, Weissella and Lactobacilli, and negatively with Acetobacter, Enterobacteria, Kazachstania and Pichia.
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25
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Xia T, Wang T, Sun J, Shi W, Liu Y, Huang F, Zhang J, Zhong J. Modulation of Fermentation Quality and Metabolome in Co-ensiling of Sesbania cannabina and Sweet Sorghum by Lactic Acid Bacterial Inoculants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:851271. [PMID: 35401441 PMCID: PMC8988063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.851271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesbania cannabina (SC) is a protein-rich roughage that thrives under moderate-severe saline-alkali (MSSA) soils with the potential to relieve the shortage of high nutritive forage. Sweet sorghum (SS) also tolerates MSSA soils and contains rich fermentable carbohydrates which could improve the fermentation quality in mixed silage. The present study investigated the silage quality, bacterial community, and metabolome in the mixed silage of SC and SS (SC-SS) with or without lactic acid bacterial (LAB) inoculants. Four ratios (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, and 3:7) of SC and SS were treated with sterile water or LAB inoculants (homofermentative Companilactobacillus farciminis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and heterofermentative Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii), which were analyzed after 60 days of ensiling. Results revealed that LAB inoculation improved the fermentation quality by increasing the lactic acid content and decreasing the ammonia nitrogen and butyric acid contents compared with the untreated group. LAB inoculation also raised the relative feed value by reducing indigestible fibers [e.g., neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose]. Microbial and metabolomic analysis indicated that LAB inoculants could modify the bacterial community and metabolome of SC-SS silage. In co-ensiling samples except for SC alone silage, L. buchneri and L. hilgardii were the dominant species. Metabolites with bioactivities like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-tumor were upregulated with LAB inoculation. Furthermore, correlation analysis demonstrated that active metabolites (e.g., glycitin, glabrene, alnustone, etc.) were positively correlated with L. buchneri, while tripeptides (e.g., SPK, LLK, LPH, etc.) were positively correlated with L. hilgardii. Adequately describing the SC-SS silage by multi-omics approach might deepen our understanding of complicated biological processes underlying feature silages fermentation. Moreover, it may also contribute to screening of targeted functional strains for MSSA-tolerating forage to improve silage quality and promote livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weixiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yayong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Dynamics Changes of Microorganisms Community and Fermentation Quality in Soybean Meal Prepared with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Artemisia argyi through Fermentation and Aerobic Exposure Processes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060795. [PMID: 35327218 PMCID: PMC8953985 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum ZA3, Artemisia argyi and their combination, on the fermentation characteristics, microbial community, mycotoxins and crude flavonoids content of fermented soybean meal during fermentation (under anaerobic conditions) and aerobic exposure (under aerobic conditions). The results showed that ZA3, Artemisia argyi and ZA3+ Artemisia argyi groups had lower pH values and higher lactic acid concentrations compared with controls, and additives increased the abundance of Lactiplantibacillus and decreased those of Acetobacter and Enterobacter; in particular, Artemisia argyi and ZA3+ Artemisia argyi reduced the abundance of fungi, such as Aspergillus, Pichia, Fusarium, Cladosporium and Xeromyces. Meanwhile, the contents of mycotoxins were lower in treated groups, and even mycotoxins in the control were significantly reduced after 30 d (p < 0.05). Crude flavonoids that were correlated positively with Lactococcus and negatively with Bacillus, Aspergillus, Enterobacter and Kazachstania were significantly higher in the Artemisia argyi and ZA3+ Artemisia argyi groups (p < 0.05).
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27
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Microbial Population Succession and Community Diversity and Its Correlation with Fermentation Quality in Soybean Meal Treated with Enterococcus faecalis during Fermentation and Aerobic Exposure. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030530. [PMID: 35336105 PMCID: PMC8953810 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in combination with protease on fermentation characteristics and microbial communities during ensiling and aerobic exposure phases of soybean meal (SBM). In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the optimal growth conditions of E. faecalis ZZUPF95, which produced protease, and fermented SBM under the optimal fermentation conditions. The fermentation test was divided into four groups as follows: CK (Control check), ZZUPF95, Protease and ZZUPF95+Protease groups. Results showed that the best medium ratio of ZZUPF95 was glucose 1%, peptone 2%, inorganic salt 1.47%; fermentation time 36 h, inoculation amount 10%, ratio of material to water 1:1 is the optimal fermentation scheme; after fermentation and aerobic exposure treatment, ZZUPF95 and ZZUPF95 + Protease group can reduce the pH of feed, improve the content of lactic acid in the fermentation system, and have the effect of inhibiting the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, increasing the content of crude protein and ether extract, and degrading crude fiber; the microbial community of SBM were changed after fermentation and aerobic exposure. This study explored the changes of fermentation quality of SBM, which has certain theoretical value to improve the fermentation mode and storage of SBM.
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Jung JS, Ravindran B, Soundharrajan I, Awasthi MK, Choi KC. Improved performance and microbial community dynamics in anaerobic fermentation of triticale silages at different stages. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126485. [PMID: 34871725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production of high-quality grass-based silages by microbial-mediated anaerobic fermentation is an effective strategy in livestock farms. In the present study, an ensiling process was used to preserve and enhance fermentative metabolites in triticale silages with novel inoculants of Lactobacillus rhamanosus -52 and, Lactobacillus rhamanosus-54. Triticale silages treated with LAB predominantly had lower pH values than control silages due to rapid changes of microbial counts. LAB addition improved anaerobic fermentation profiles showing higher lactic acid, but lower acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations. A background microbial dynamic study indicated that the addition of L. rhamanosus-52 and L. rhamanosus-54 improved silage fermentation, enriched Lactobacillus spp., and decreased microbial richness with diversity, leading to increased efficiency of lactic acid fermentation. In conclusion, LAB treatment can increase silage quality by enhancing the dominance of desirable Lactobacillus while inhibiting the growth of undesirable microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sung Jung
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilavenil Soundharrajan
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 31000, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Li P, Lu Y, Zhao M, Chen L, Zhang C, Cheng Q, Chen C. Effects of Phenyllactic Acid, Lactic Acid Bacteria, and Their Mixture on Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Community Composition of Timothy Silage. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743433. [PMID: 34975781 PMCID: PMC8716789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of phenyllactic acid (PL), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and their mixture on fermentation characteristics and microbial community composition of timothy silage. Timothy silages were treated without (CK) or with PL [10 mg/kg fresh matter (FM) basis], LAB inoculant (IN; a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and L.buchneri, 105 cfu/g FM), and their mixture (PI) and stored at ambient temperature (5°C∼15°C) in a dark room for 60 days. Compared with CK, all treated silages showed lower (P < 0.05) levels of butyric acid and ammonia-N. Treatment with PL enhanced (P < 0.05) the crude protein preservation of silage by favoring the growth of L. curvatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and inhibition of lactic acid-assimilating yeast belonging to Issatchenkia during ensiling. In particular, treatment with PL advanced (P < 0.05) the productions of lactic acid and volatile fatty acid in IN-treated silage. Therefore, PL used as a new additive exhibited potential for improving silage fermentation when it is combined with LAB IN during ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxiang Lu
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangyin Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Qiming Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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30
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Silage Fermentation: A Potential Microbial Approach for the Forage Utilization of Cyperus esculentus L. By-Product. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyperus esculentus L. leaves (CLL) are agricultural by-products produced from Cyperus esculentus L. harvesting, and can be used as livestock feed despite their low economic value for human consumption. This study aims to develop a favorable approach to processing Cyperus esculentus L. by-product as coarse fodder. The chopped CLL was pretreated by (1) mixing with canola straw at a 4:1 ratio, or (2) wilting it for 8 h, then it ensiling with or without compounded lactic acid bacteria (LAB) additives for 60 days. Our results demonstrated that compounded LAB additives: improved CLL silage fermentation quality by increasing acetic acid and lactic acid contents and decreasing ethanol and ammonia-N contents; preserved nutrients by raising the level of crude protein and water soluble carbohydrates; modified the bacterial community by increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus while decreasing the relative abundance of undesirable Enterococcus; and also might improve animal health by increasing the relative concentrations of antioxidant substances (such as 7-galloylcatechin) and antibacterial compounds (such as ferulic acid). This study provides strong evidence that Cyperus esculentus L. by-product can be a potential livestock feed after being ensiled with compounded LAB additives.
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31
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Xu H, Sun L, Na N, Wang C, Yin G, Liu S, Xue Y. Dynamics of Bacterial Community and Fermentation Quality in Leymus chinensis Silage Treated With Lactic Acid Bacteria and/or Water. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:717120. [PMID: 34803939 PMCID: PMC8595406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.717120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the bacterial community and fermentation quality of Leymus chinensis silage during the fermentation process. L. chinensis was harvested at the heading stage, and ensiled with lactic acid bacteria (LAB, L), water (W), or a combination of both (LW) in vacuum-sealed plastic bags. As a control silage, untreated L. chinensis silage was also assessed. The samples were taken at 0, 5, 15, 35, and 60 days after ensiling. The bacterial community structure was assessed by plate cultivation and Illumina sequencing, and the fermentation parameters were also analyzed. Fresh L. chinensis contained low moisture (509 g/kg) and LAB (3.64 log colony-forming units/g fresh weight). Control silage displayed higher pH and lower lactic acid (LA) than other treatments during ensilage (p < 0.05); moreover, LW-treatment had lower pH from 5 to 35 days and greater LA at 5 days than L- and W-treatments (p < 0.05). During the fermentation process, Lactobacillus in L- and LW-treatments was the most dominant bacterial genus (>97%), had higher abundance than that in control silage and W-treatment (p < 0.05), and correlated negatively with other main genera and pH, and positively with LA and acetic acid (p < 0.05). Moreover, Lactobacillus had considerable abundance in W-treatment from 5 to 15 days (81.38–85.86%). Enterobacteriaceae had the most abundance among bacteria in control silage during ensiling (49.31–69.34%), and in W-treatment from 35 to 60 days (47.49–54.15%). The L-, W-, and LW-treatments displayed the aggregated bacterial community at 5 and 15 days, with W-treatment diverging from L- and LW-treatments at 35 and 60 days. Overall, the low moisture and/or insufficient LAB in fresh L. chinensis led to Enterobacteriaceae dominating bacterial community and contributing to the high pH and low LA in control silage during the fermentation process. Applying L, W, or LW contributed to Lactobacillus succession, LA production, and pH reduction during early stage of fermentation; moreover, treating with L and LW displayed more efficiency. Lactobacillus dominated the entire ensilage process in L- and LW-treatments and the early stage of fermentation in W-treatment, and contributed to the satisfactory fermentation quality of L. chinensis silage. The L- and LW-treatments displayed a similar pattern of bacterial succession during ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Xu
- College of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Na Na
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Guomei Yin
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
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Mu L, Xie Z, Hu L, Chen G, Zhang Z. Lactobacillus plantarum and molasses alter dynamic chemical composition, microbial community, and aerobic stability of mixed (amaranth and rice straw) silage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5225-5235. [PMID: 33611793 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to determine how molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum affect chemical composition, fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and the microbial community of an ensiled mixture of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriaus, AF) and rice straw. Treatments were control (C, no addition), L. plantarum (L; 2 × 105 cfu g-1 fresh weight), molasses (M; 40 g kg-1 fresh matter), and their combination (LM). All treatments were ensiled for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 30 days. RESULTS All additives improved fermentation quality with greater lactic acid (LA), acetic acid, and lower pH than C silage over the ensiling period. The LM silage combination optimized fermentability, manifested as greater LA contents and a more rapid pH reduction during the first 7 days of ensiling than L or M silages. After 30 days of ensiling, inoculant L. plantarum increased Lactobacillus abundance and reduced bacterial diversity and Enterobacteriaceae abundance compared with silage treated with molasses. Molasses addition reduced the relative concentration of structural carbohydrates (neutral and acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose) after 30 days of ensiling. Finally, there was spoilage after 2 days and 4 days of aerobic exposure in C and LM silages respectively, whereas L silage had not spoiled after 4 days. CONCLUSIONS Although the combination of L. plantarum and molasses further optimized fermentation characteristics, L silage had better aerobic stability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Z Xie
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - L Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - G Chen
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Benjamim da Silva É, Costa DM, Santos EM, Moyer K, Hellings E, Kung L. The effects of Lactobacillus hilgardii 4785 and Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the microbiome, fermentation, and aerobic stability of corn silage ensiled for various times. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10678-10698. [PMID: 34334198 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of an inoculant containing a combination of Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri to modify the microbiome and improve the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage after various lengths of ensiling. Chopped whole-plant corn at about 33% dry matter (DM) was uninoculated (CTR) or inoculated with L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 and L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight each (combined application rate of 400,000 cfu of lactic acid bacteria/g of fresh forage weight; LHLB), L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at 400,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight and Pediococcus pentosaceus NCIMB 12455 at 100,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight, used as a positive control (LB500), L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 at the application rate used in the LHLB formulation of 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight (LH), or L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at the application rate used in the LHLB formulation of 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight (LB). Silos were opened after 34 and 99 d of ensiling and analyzed for nutrient composition, fermentation profile, microbiome, and aerobic stability. After 34 d of ensiling, the inoculated silages had greater numbers of culturable lactic acid bacteria, a bacterial community less rich and diverse, greater relative abundance of Lactobacillus, lower relative abundance of Klebsiella, and a greater concentration of propionic acid than uninoculated silages. Inoculation decreased the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid, except for LB alone. Treatment LHLB resulted in silage with a greater concentration of 1,2-propanediol than LB500 and was the only treatment to have a lower relative abundance of Saccharomycetes compared with uninoculated silage. Treatments LHLB and LB500 improved the aerobic stability compared with CTR, but the individual LH and LB treatments applied at a low dose did not. Whereas LB500 was stable 34 h longer than CTR, LHLB was stable 91 h longer. After 99 d of ensiling, all inoculated silages had markedly greater aerobic stability than uninoculated silage and were stable for more than 360 h. The inoculant containing a combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri markedly improved the aerobic stability of corn silage after a relatively short period of ensiling, and such improvements were greater than the ones obtained from inoculation with the combination of L. buchneri and P. pentosaceus. Inoculating with the combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri may be helpful to producers that must feed silage shortly after ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daviane Martinele Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil 37200-900
| | - Edson Mauro Santos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, PB, Brazil 58397-000
| | - Kassandra Moyer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - Elizabeth Hellings
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - Limin Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716.
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Bai C, Wang C, Sun L, Xu H, Jiang Y, Na N, Yin G, Liu S, Xue Y. Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Communities and Metabolites During Aerobic Exposure in Whole-Plant Corn Silages With Two Different Moisture Levels. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663895. [PMID: 34211442 PMCID: PMC8239417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate the effect of moisture content on microbial communities, metabolites, fermentation quality, and aerobic stability during aerobic exposure in whole-plant corn silages preserved long time to improve the quality and aerobic stability of the silage during feed-out. Corn plants with two different moisture levels (high-moisture content, 680 g/kg; low-moisture content, 620 g/kg) were harvested at one-third and two-thirds milk-line stages, respectively, ensiled in laboratory-scale silos, and then sampled at 350 day after ensiling and at 2 and 5 day after opening to investigate bacterial and fungal communities, metabolites, and aerobic stability. High-moisture content increased aerobic stability and pH and decreased lactic acid and microbial counts in silages (P < 0.05). During aerobic exposure, the low-moisture silages had higher pH and lactic acid bacterial count and lower lactic acid than the high-moisture silages (P < 0.05); Acinetobacter sp. was the most main bacterial species in the silages; Candida glabrata and unclassified Candida had an increasing abundance and negatively correlation with aerobic stability of high-moisture silages (P < 0.05), while C. glabrata, Candida xylopsoci, unclassified Saccharomycetaceae, and unclassified Saccharomycetales negative correlated with aerobic stability of low-moisture silages (P < 0.05) with a rising Saccharomycetaceae; the silages had a reducing concentration of total metabolites (P < 0.05). Moreover, the high-moisture silages contained greater total metabolites, saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid), essential fatty acids (linoleic acid), essential amino acids (phenylalanine), and non-essential amino acids (alanine, beta-alanine, and asparagine) than the low-moisture silages at 5 day of opening (P < 0.05). Thus, the high-moisture content improved the aerobic stability. Acinetobacter sp. and Candida sp. dominated the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively; Candida sp. resulted in the aerobic deterioration in high-moisture silages, while the combined activities of Candida sp. and Saccharomycetaceae sp. caused the aerobic deterioration in low-moisture silages. The greater aerobic stability contributed to preserve the palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, phenylalanine, alanine, beta-alanine, and asparagine during aerobic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Bai
- Horticultural College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Haiwen Xu
- College of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Na Na
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Guomei Yin
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
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Microbial Communities, Metabolites, Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Collected from Family Farms in Desert Steppe of North China. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-plant corn silages on family farms were sampled in Erdos (S1), Baotou (S2), Ulanqab (S3), and Hohhot (S4) in North China, after 300 d of ensiling. The microbial communities, metabolites, and aerobic stability were assessed. Lactobacillusbuchneri, Acinetobacter johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium were present at greater abundances than others in S2 with greater bacterial diversity and metabolites. Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus kefiri, and unclassified Lactobacillus accounted for 84.5%, and 88.2%, and 98.3% of bacteria in S1, S3, and S4, respectively. The aerobic stability and fungal diversity were greater in S1 and S4 with greater abundances of unclassified Kazachstania, Kazachstania bulderi, Candida xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, Rhizopus microspores, and Candida glabrata than other fungi. The abundances of unclassified Kazachstania in S2 and K. bulderi in S3 were 96.2% and 93.6%, respectively. The main bacterial species in S2 were L. buchneri, A. johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium; Lactobacillus sp. dominated bacterial communities in S1, S3, and S4. The main fungal species in S1 and S4 were unclassified Kazachstania, K. bulderi, C. xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, R. microspores, and C. glabrata; Kazachstania sp. dominated fungal communities in S2 and S3. The high bacterial diversity aided the accumulation of metabolites, and the broad fungal diversity improved the aerobic stability.
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Impacts of Low Temperature and Ensiling Period on the Bacterial Community of Oat Silage by SMRT. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020274. [PMID: 33525587 PMCID: PMC7910925 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate how storage temperatures influence the bacterial community of oat silage during the ensiling process via PacBio single molecule, real-time sequencing technology (SMRT). Forage oat was ensiled at four different temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C) and ensiling days (7, 14, 30, and 60 days). With the rise in storage temperature, the lactic acid content showed an increased trend. Acetic acid production was observed highest in silage fermented at 5 °C compared with other treatments, and Enterococcus mundtii was also the dominant bacterial species. Lactiplantibacillus pentosus and Loigolactobacillus rennini were exclusively detected in silages at 10 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C, and dominated the fermentation after 60 days of ensiling at 10 °C and 25 °C, respectively. In addition, L. pentosus, L. rennini, and E. mundtii may be related to changes in the fermentation products due to the differences in ensiling temperature. In conclusion, results of this study improve our understanding of the complicated microbial composition underlying silage fermentation at low temperatures, which might contribute to target-based regulation methods for enhancing silage quality and developing new inoculants.
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