1
|
Lu X, Gu X. A review on lignin pyrolysis: pyrolytic behavior, mechanism, and relevant upgrading for improving process efficiency. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:106. [PMID: 36221137 PMCID: PMC9552425 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising alternative to traditional fossil resources for producing biofuels due to its aromaticity and renewability. Pyrolysis is an efficient technology to convert lignin to valuable chemicals, which is beneficial for improving lignin valorization. In this review, pyrolytic behaviors of various lignin were included, as well as the pyrolytic mechanism consisting of initial, primary, and charring stages were also introduced. Several parallel reactions, such as demethoxylation, demethylation, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation of lignin side chains to form light gases, major lignin structure decomposition to generate phenolic compounds, and polymerization of active lignin intermediates to yield char, can be observed through the whole pyrolysis process. Several parameters, such as pyrolytic temperature, time, lignin type, and functional groups (hydroxyl, methoxy), were also investigated to figure out their effects on lignin pyrolysis. On the other hand, zeolite-driven lignin catalytic pyrolysis and lignin co-pyrolysis with other hydrogen-rich co-feedings were also introduced for improving process efficiency to produce more aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs). During the pyrolysis process, phenolic compounds and/or AHs can be produced, showing promising applications in biochemical intermediates and biofuel additives. Finally, some challenges and future perspectives for lignin pyrolysis have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Production of aromatic hydrocarbons by co-cracking of bio-oil and ethanol over Ga2O3/HZSM-5 catalysts. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
3
|
Zhang LY, Cao JP, Ren XY, Feng XB, Wang JX, He ZM, Liu TL, Yang Z, Zhao XY, Bai HC. Catalytic Upgrading of Cellulose Pyrolysis Volatiles over Ce Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5 Zeolite: Insight into the Effect of Acid Properties on Light Aromatics and Catalyst Stability. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Jing-Pei Cao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xue-Yu Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Feng
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Jing-Xian Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Zi-Meng He
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Tian-Long Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Hong-Cun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li T, Yin Y, Wu S, Du X. Effect of deep eutectic solvents-regulated lignin structure on subsequent pyrolysis products selectivity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126120. [PMID: 34695590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure of lignin has an important effect on the lignin pyrolysis product distributions. Therefore, it is of great significance to regulate the selectivity of pyrolysis products by modifying the lignin structure. Herein, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) including choline chloride/ethylene glycol (CE), zinc chloride/ethylene glycol (ZE) and choline chloride/acetic acid, treatment of softwood kraft lignin (SKL) is demonstrated. Systematic characterization indicate that the DESs are not only highly conducive to increasing the hydrogen to carbon efficient ratio, reducing the molecular weight and β-O-4 linkage, but also contributes to the maximum degradation rate and thermal stability of SKL. Noticeably, CE and ZE treatment are significantly improved the amount of H-phenols and C-phenols derived lignin pyrolysis, respectively. In addition, DESs pretreatment are also beneficial to the increment of monomer aromatic hydrocarbons. More importantly, the CE pretreatment contributes to the improvement of bio-oil yield and decrease of char content from lignin pyrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yihui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shubin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Xiongjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han Y, Liu C, Kong X, Wang X, Fan Y, Lei M, Li M, Xiao R, Ma L. Could preoxidation always promote the subsequent hydroconversion of lignin? Two counterexamples catalyzed by Cu/CuMgAlO x in supercritical ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 332:125142. [PMID: 33857864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two counterexamples of lignin preoxidation-hydroconversion were reported. First, two lignin feedstocks were preoxidized with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in acetonitrile with various dosages (15%, 30%, and 60%). Then, these preoxidized lignins (HELOs and MWLOs) were hydroconverted in supercritical ethanol catalyzed by Cu/CuMgAlOx. Total yields from HELOs were all higher than those from HEL, indicating the good promotion of DDQ preoxidation on the subsequent hydroconversion of HELOs, especially with the DDQ dosage of 15%. Differently, the promotion effect of DDQ preoxidation on the hydroconversion of MWLOs depended on the DDQ dosage as well as the reaction time. Through the comparison of two counterexamples, this work bursted the myth that preoxidation can always promote the subsequent hydroconversion of lignin, revealed the influence of lignin property, preoxidation degree, and reaction conditions on the subsequent hydroconversion of preoxidized lignin, and presented the new insight into the preoxidation-hydroconversion strategy for lignin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China; Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|