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Song Z, Tang T, Xu B, Yu J, Su Y, Pang Y, Zhao X, Sun J, Mao Y, Wang W. Pyrolysis characteristics and product distribution of oil sludge based on radiant heating. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:23011-23022. [PMID: 38418778 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32469-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
It needs to be improved the conversion efficiency and stable operation of conventional pyrolysis with high-temperature flue gas heating (HFH). Herein, a new radiative heating (RH) pyrolysis method is proposed. Experimental studies are carried out on a self-made radiation pyrolysis pilot plant to investigate the effects of different factors (pyrolysis final temperature, residence time, and carrier gas volume) on product distribution. The results show that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the yield of the gas phase consistently increases, and the proportion of CH4 and H2 in the pyrolysis gas reaches 62.31% at 700 °C. The yield of the liquid phase increases and then decreases. The recovery rate of pyrolysis oil achieves 68.07% when the pyrolysis temperature is 600 °C with main components of ketones and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds. The yield of the solid phase consistently decreases. The RH in this work generates more pyrolysis gas in the pyrolysis process and alleviates the effects of fouling layers on the continuous operation of the equipment which has guiding significance for the efficient resource utilization of oil sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanlong Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Tao Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Baolin Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Company Limited, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Ying Su
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Company Limited, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Yingping Pang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Yanpeng Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions From Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
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Xie T, Zhao L, Yao Z, Kang K, Jia J, Hu T, Zhang X, Sun Y, Huo L. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyethylene: Insights into characteristics, kinetic and evolution paths of the reaction process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165443. [PMID: 37442473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Investigation on the distribution and mechanism of co-pyrolysis products is vital to the directional control and high-value utilization of agriculture solid wastes. Co-pyrolysis, devolatilization, kinetics characteristics, and evolution paths of corn stalk (CS) and low-density-polyethylene (LDPE) were investigated via thermogravimetric experiments. The co-pyrolysis behaviors could be separated into two stages: firstly, the degradation of CS (150- 400 °C); secondly, the degradation of CS (400- 550 °C). The devolatilization index (DI) increased with the addition of LDPE. Furthermore, a combination of devolatilization chemical analysis with product analysis to analyze the intrinsic mechanism during co-pyrolysis. The results indicated that the yield of alkanes and olefin in gas products increased with the addition of LDPE. Additionally, LDPE pyrolysis maybe abstract hydrogen from CS pyrolysis and evolved into hydrogen, methane, and ethylene. Further, the co-pyrolysis kinetic parameters were computed by using model-free isoconversion methods, which showed promotion of CS pyrolysis and the reduced activation energy. All the activation energy were declined, which indicated a "bidirectional positive effect" during co-pyrolysis. The mean activation energy of P-cellulose (P-CE), P-hemicellulose (P-HM), P-lignin (P-LG), and LDPE decreased by 23.49 %, 12.89 %, 15.36 %, and 27.82 %, respectively. This study further proves the hydrogen donor transfer pathway in the co-pyrolysis process of CS and LDPE, providing theoretical support for the resource utilization of agricultural solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zonglu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kang Kang
- Biorefining Research Institute (BRI) and Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jixiu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingxia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lili Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Green and Low-carbon for North China Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Du J, Zhang Y, Lu J, Chen J, Gao L, Guo S, Omran M, Chen G. Mechanism of enhanced enrichment manganese from manganese ore-pyrite under microwave heating: Process optimization and kinetic studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Y, Akbarzadeh A, Chong L, Du J, Tahir N, Awasthi MK. Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil production: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134181. [PMID: 35248592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic pyrolysis has been widely explored for bio-oil production from lignocellulosic biomass owing to its high feasibility and large-scale production potential. The aim of this review was to summarize recent findings on bio-oil production through catalytic pyrolysis using lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock. Lignocellulosic biomass, structural components and fundamentals of biomass catalytic pyrolysis were explored and summarized. The current status of bio-oil yield and quality from catalytic fast pyrolysis was reviewed and presented in the current review. The potential effects of pyrolysis process parameters, including catalysts, pyrolysis conditions, reactor types and reaction modes on bio-oil production are also presented. Techno-economic analysis of full-scale commercialization of bio-oil production through the catalytic pyrolysis pathway was reviewed. Further, limitations associated with current practices and future prospects of catalytic pyrolysis for production of high-quality bio-oils were summarized. This review summarizes the process of bio-oil production from catalytic pyrolysis and provides a general scientific reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Li Chong
- Biomass Energy Engineering Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinyu Du
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450011, China
| | - Nadeem Tahir
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Postawa K, Fałtynowicz H, Szczygieł J, Beran E, Kułażyński M. Analyzing the kinetics of waste plant biomass pyrolysis via thermogravimetry modeling and semi-statistical methods. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126181. [PMID: 34755652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a methodology for determining the kinetic parameters of biomass based on thermogravimetric analysis and the Coats-Redfern procedure with 27 model equations. Maize samples stored for approximately one year were used herein. The first sub-stage of pyrolysis was a first-order reaction with nuclei growth of n = 1, and the second sub-stage indicated a different kinetic order (1.5) of the reaction. The last sub-step showed good convergence with the first-order reaction and nuclei growth of n = 1.5. The activation energy reached up to 71.6 kJ/mol for tżhe selected parts of the stalk fraction, whereas it decreased to 6.5 kJ/mol for the others. A simplified method for approximating the composition of the biomass is also presented. In the composition of stalks, the fraction of hemicellulose was the highest, followed by that of cellulose, whereas in the composition of leaves and whole plant samples, an opposite trend was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Postawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gdańska 7/9, 50-344, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Hanna Fałtynowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gdańska 7/9, 50-344, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Szczygieł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gdańska 7/9, 50-344, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Beran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gdańska 7/9, 50-344, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Kułażyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gdańska 7/9, 50-344, Wrocław, Poland
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Ivanovski M, Petrovic A, Ban I, Goricanec D, Urbancl D. Determination of the Kinetics and Thermodynamic Parameters of Lignocellulosic Biomass Subjected to the Torrefaction Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7877. [PMID: 34947472 PMCID: PMC8703714 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The torrefaction process upgrades biomass characteristics and produces solid biofuels that are coal-like in their properties. Kinetics analysis is important for the determination of the appropriate torrefaction condition to obtain the best utilization possible. In this study, the kinetics (Friedman (FR) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods) of two final products of lignocellulosic feedstocks, miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) and hops waste (Humulus Lupulus), were studied under different heating rates (10, 15, and 20 °C/min) using thermogravimetry (TGA) under air atmosphere as the main method to investigate. The results of proximate and ultimate analysis showed an increase in HHV values, carbon content, and fixed carbon content, followed by a decrease in the VM and O/C ratios for both torrefied biomasses, respectively. FTIR spectra confirmed the chemical changes during the torrefaction process, and they corresponded to the TGA results. The average Eα for torrefied miscanthus increased with the conversion degree for both models (25-254 kJ/mol for FR and 47-239 kJ/mol for the KAS model). The same trend was noticed for the torrefied hops waste samples; the values were within the range of 14-224 kJ/mol and 60-221 kJ/mol for the FR and KAS models, respectively. Overall, the Ea values for the torrefied biomass were much higher than for raw biomass, which was due to the different compositions of the torrefied material. Therefore, it can be concluded that both torrefied products can be used as a potential biofuel source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ivanovski
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (A.P.); (I.B.); (D.G.)
- Department for Environment, Milan Vidmar Electric Power Research Institute, Hajdrihova Ulica 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Petrovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (A.P.); (I.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Irena Ban
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (A.P.); (I.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Darko Goricanec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (A.P.); (I.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Danijela Urbancl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (A.P.); (I.B.); (D.G.)
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Pal DB, Srivastava N, Pal SL, Kumar M, Syed A, Elgorban AM, Singh R, Gupta VK. Lignocellulosic composition based thermal kinetic study of Mangiferaindica Lam, Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam and Syzygium Jambolana seeds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125891. [PMID: 34523576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, pyrolysis of mangifera indica L., Artocarpus heterophyllus L. and jambolana seeds have been performed using thermogravimetric analysis. These biomasses have enriched lignocellulosic composition of hemicellulose (5-10%) and lignin (1-3%) which are unexplored. The TGA analysis was performed at various heating rates of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C/min from 25 to 600 °C. Kinetic investigation of the pyrolysis method using TGA statistics has been done using iso-conversional models of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Vyazovkin and Vyazovkin AIC. The apparent activation energies value ranged from 179.86 to 226.31 kJ/mol in the fractional conversion range of 0.1 to 0.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bahadur Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sunder Lal Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462003, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110052, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Chu Z, Gong Z, Zhang H, Wang Z, Liu L, Wang Z, Wu J, Wang J, Li X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Li G. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics analysis of oil sludge with CaO additive. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 43:1-11. [PMID: 34236009 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1954095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the process of exploitation, transportation and refining of high-sulfur crude oil, a large number of oil sludge (OS) with high sulfur content is produced. Pyrolysis has been proved to be an effective method for OS disposal, but for solid waste with high sulfur content, lots of sulfur-containing gases will be released during thermal disposal. The addition of calcium oxide in pyrolysis process is an economical and effective way to capture sulfur-containing gases. In order to understand the pyrolysis process of OS with CaO, a thermogravimetric analyser was used to conduct pyrolysis experiments of OS with different Ca/S molar ratios (0, 1, 2 and 3) at different heating rates (10°C/min, 20°C/min, 30°C/min and 40°C/min). The results showed that with the increase of CaO addition the derivative thermogravimetric curves showed a gentle trend. In addition, new weight loss peaks were occurred at 700-900°C and after 1100°C, which were the decomposition of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, respectively. The kinetic parameters were solved by Friedman, FWO, and Starink methods, and the results were similar, with an average activation energies (E) value of 214 kJ/mol. The change trend of the activation energy was followed by an increase and then a decrease corresponding to the change of energy demand for the reaction. The calculated average values of ΔH, ΔG and ΔS were about 207, 447 and -0.3250 kJ/mol, respectively. When the conversion rate was 0.5, the thermodynamic parameters reached their maximum values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chu
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Gong
- State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoteng Zhang
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbo Wang
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhu Wang
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Guo
- Dalian Yishunlvse Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Dalian Yishunlvse Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoen Li
- Dalian Yishunlvse Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Fakayode OA, Wang Z, Wahia H, Mustapha AT, Zhou C, Ma H. Higher heating value, exergy, pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent pretreated watermelon rind biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 332:125040. [PMID: 33831790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The higher heating value (HHV) and exergy of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent pretreated watermelon rind (WMR) biomass were investigated. Thereafter, the co-pyrolysis of the WMR biomass and coal blends was studied. The pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the WMR-coal blends were determined using four isoconversional models (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Friedman and Starink). The HHVs of the pretreated WMR ranged between 12.73 and 19.28 MJ/kg, while the exergy value for the raw and pretreated WMR were 16.08 and 21.55 MJ/kg, respectively. The lower heating value related exergy had the greatest influence on the overall exergy of the WMR. The values of the pre-exponential factor showed variations in wide range, and the change in entropy of the system displayed both negative and positive entropies. The activation energy and enthalpy varied directly with the amount of coal in the blends. Amongst the isoconversional model methods, Friedman model was the best predictor of the kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga Abiola Fakayode
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo 520001, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Zezhi Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Hafida Wahia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | | | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; School of Biological and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, PR China.
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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