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Li S, Yang H, Chen Y. Use of embedding immobilized biofillers to improve hydrolysis acidification efficiency in domestic wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 414:131631. [PMID: 39401656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of embedding immobilization technology in wastewater treatment and its capacity to enhance the hydrolysis acidification process. Based on this technology, a stable anaerobic environment has been maintained. Results showed that the rates of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) conversion both exceeded 98 % under short hydraulic retention time (HRT = 2h) and ambient temperature. Notably, acetic acid and propionic acid comprised up to 90.9 % of the total volatile fatty acids in the effluent, providing suitable carbon sources for downstream denitrification. 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that biofillers effectively enriched and retained functional bacteria, causing norank_Anaerolineaceae (11.6 %-29.7 %) and norank_Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 (10.8 %-14.9 %) as the dominant genera in the reactor, which were crucial for refractory organic matter degradation. Immobilized biofillers effectively improved wastewater biodegradability, supporting a stable microbial community with high DON and DOP conversion rates as well as increased VFA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, College of Architectural Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, College of Architectural Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yahang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, College of Architectural Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Gonçalves MJ, González-Fernández C, Greses S. Long hydraulic retention time mediates stable volatile fatty acids production against slight pH oscillations. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 176:140-148. [PMID: 38281345 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The effect of operational conditions on the stability of acidogenic fermentation (AF) devoted to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production still presents numerous gaps to achieve high yields and fully understand the responses of open microbiomes associated to this technology. To cope with that, this investigation was designed to assess the stability of VFAs production via AF of agro-food wastes at high hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (20 and 30 d) and pH oscillations (5.8-6.2). Similar bioconversion efficiencies (∼50 %) were reached regardless of the HRT, revealing that HRT of 20 d can be considered as a threshold from which, no further improvement was achieved. The combination of long HRTs, 25 °C and acid pHs promoted a robust microbiome that resulted in a stable outcome against pH variations, being Clostridiales order identified as key player of AF stability. These conditions mediated a high selectivity in the VFAs production profile, with acetic and butyric acids, prevailing in the VFAs pool (∼80 % of total VFAs) at HRT 20 d. The selection of appropriated conditions was shown to be critical to maximize the hydrolysis and acidogenesis of the substrate and attain a stable effluent against pH oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gonçalves
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - C González-Fernández
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid, 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid, 47011, Spain.
| | - S Greses
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Mineo A, Di Leto Y, Cosenza A, Capri FC, Gallo G, Alduina R, Ni BJ, Mannina G. Enhancing volatile fatty acid production from sewage sludge in batch fermentation tests. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140859. [PMID: 38048828 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) from sewage sludge represent an excellent recovered resource from wastewater treatment. This study investigated four sludge pre-treatments (namely, potassium permanganate - KMnO4, initial pH = 10, initial pH = 2.5 and low-temperature thermal hydrolysis) by operating batch reactors under acidogenic fermentation conditions. Results revealed that 0.1 g KMnO4/g of total suspended solids represents the best pre-treatment obtaining up to 2713 mgCOD L-1 and 452 mgCOD/g of volatile suspended solids. These results also paralleled metataxonomic analysis highlighting changes in prokaryotic microbial structures of sewage sludge of the batch fermentations subjected to the different pre-treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mineo
- Engineering Department, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 8, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ylenia Di Leto
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alida Cosenza
- Engineering Department, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 8, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fanny Claire Capri
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gallo
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Giorgio Mannina
- Engineering Department, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 8, Palermo, Italy.
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Lago A, Greses S, Aboudi K, Moreno I, González-Fernández C. Effect of decoupling hydraulic and solid retention times on carbohydrate-rich residue valorization into carboxylic acids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20590. [PMID: 37996698 PMCID: PMC10667524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This research assessed the effect of decoupling hydraulic retention time (HRT) and solid retention time (SRT) on the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) via anaerobic fermentation of beet molasses. The performance of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR, STR = HTR = 30 days) and two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (AnSBR) with decoupled STR (30 days) and HRT (20 and 10 days) was compared. Previously, a temperature study in batch reactors (25, 35, and 55 °C) revealed 25 °C as the optimal temperature to maximize the VFAs yield and the long-chain VFAs (> C4) production, being selected for the continuous reactors operation. An HRT of 20 days in AnSBR led to an enhancement in bioconversion efficiency into VFAs (55.5% chemical oxygen demand basis) compared to the CSTR (34.9%). In contrast, the CSTR allowed the production of valuable caproic acid (25.4% vs 4.1% w/w of total VFAs in AnSBR). Decreasing further the HRT to 10 days in AnSBR was detrimental in terms of bioconversion efficiency (21.7%) due to primary intermediates (lactate) accumulation. By decoupling HRT and SRT, VFAs were maximized, revealing HRT as an effective tool to drive specific conversion routes (butyrate- or lactate-fermentation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Lago
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Thermochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Greses
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kaoutar Aboudi
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences (Wine and Agri-Food Research Institute-IVAGRO and International Campus of Excellence-ceiA3), University of Cádiz, Republic Saharawi Avenue, P.O. Box No. 40, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Inés Moreno
- Thermochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina González-Fernández
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, S/N, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, S/N, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
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Liu F, Cheng W, Xu J, Wang M, Wan T, Ren J, Li D, Xie Q. Promoting short-chain fatty acids production from sewage sludge via acidogenic fermentation: Optimized operation factors and iron-based persulfate activation system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140148. [PMID: 37714473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Promoting short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production and ensuring the stability of SCFAs-producing process are becoming the two major issues for popularizing the acidogenic fermentation (AF). The key controlling operating and influencing factors during anaerobic fermentation process were thoroughly reviewed to facilitate better process performance prediction and to optimize the process control of SCFAs promotion. The wide utilization of iron salt flocculants during wastewater treatment could result in iron accumulating in sewage sludge which influenced AF performance. Additionally, appropriate ferric chloride (FC) could promote the SCFAs accumulation, while poly ferric sulfate (PFS) inhibited the bioprocess. Iron/persulfate (PS) system was proved to effectively enhance the SCFAs production while mechanism analysis revealed that the strong oxidizing radicals remarkably enhanced the solubilization and hydrolysis. Moreover, the changes of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH caused by iron/PS system exhibited more negative effects on the methanogens, comparing to the acidogenic bacteria. Furthermore, performance and mechanisms of different iron species-activating PS, organic chelating agents and iron-rich biochar derived from sewage sludge were also elucidated to extend and strengthen understanding of the iron/PS system for enhancing SCFAs production. Considering the large amount of generated Fe-sludge and the multiple benefits of iron activating PS system, carbon neutral wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were proposed with Fe-sludge as a promising recycling composite to improve AF performance. It is expected that this review can deepen the knowledge of optimizing AF process and improving the iron/PS system for enhancing SCFAs production and provide useful insights to researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China.
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Tian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Jiehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Qiqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, NO.5, South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
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Aboudi K, Greses S, González-Fernández C. Hydraulic Retention Time as an Operational Tool for the Production of Short-Chain Carboxylates via Anaerobic Fermentation of Carbohydrate-Rich Waste. Molecules 2023; 28:6635. [PMID: 37764411 PMCID: PMC10537262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The carboxylate platform is a sustainable and cost-effective way to valorize wastes into biochemicals that replace those of fossil origin. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are intermediates generated during anaerobic fermentation (AF) and are considered high-value-added biochemicals among carboxylates. This investigation aimed to produce SCFAs through the AF of sugar beet molasses at 25 °C and semi-continuous feeding mode in completely stirred tank reactors. A particular focus was devoted to the role of hydraulic retention time (HRT) variation in SCFAs production and distribution profile. The highest SCFAs concentration (44.1 ± 2.3 gCOD/L) was reached at the HRT of 30 days. Caproic acid accounted for 32.5-35.5% (COD-concentration basis) at the long HRTs of 20 and 30 days due to the carbon chain elongation of shorter carboxylic acids. The findings of this study proved that HRT could be used to steer the anaerobic process toward the targeted SCFAs for specific uses. Furthermore, the successful operation at low-temperature conditions (i.e., 25 °C) makes the process economically promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar Aboudi
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Greses
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina González-Fernández
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
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Greses S, De Bernardini N, Treu L, Campanaro S, González-Fernández C. Genome-centric metagenomics revealed the effect of pH on the microbiome involved in short-chain fatty acids and ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 377:128920. [PMID: 36934910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Added-value chemicals production via food waste (FWs) valorization using open-mixed cultures is an emerging approach to replace petrochemical-based compounds. Nevertheless, the effects of operational parameters on the product spectrum remain uncertain given the wide number of co-occurring species and metabolisms. In this study, the identification of 58 metagenome-assembled genomes and their investigation assessed the effect of slight pH variations on microbial dynamics and the corresponding functions when FWs were subjected to anaerobic fermentation (AF) in 1-L continuous stirred tank reactors at 25 °C. The initial pH of 6.5 promoted a microbial community involved in acetate, butyrate and ethanol production, mediated by Bifidobacterium subtile IE007 and Eubacteriaceae IE027 as main species. A slight pH decrease to 6.1 shaped microbial functions that resulted in caproate and H2 production, increasing the relevance of Eubacteriaceae IE037 role. This study elucidated the strong pH effect on product outputs when minimal variations take place in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Greses
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nicola De Bernardini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Campanaro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina González-Fernández
- Biotechnological Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid 47011, Spain
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8
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Cui Y, Zhao B, Zhang X, Ma X, Zhou A, Wang S, Yue X, Li J, Meng J. Denitrification performance and in-situ fermentation mechanism of the wastepaper-flora slow-release carbon source. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129074. [PMID: 37088430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Using wastepaper as external carbon sources is an optional way to achieve total nitrogen removal faced with low carbon to nitrogen ratio municipal sewage. Most of studies have primarily focused on using cellulose-rich wastes establishing the separate denitrification units to achieve in-situ fermentation, which can cause blockages and prolong the process chain. In response, a novel in-situ fermentation wastepaper-flora slow-release carbon source (IF-WF) was proposed using in the original denitrification unit. IF-WF could be efficiently utilized in situ and the denitrification rate increased with the increase of nitrate nitrogen. The fermentation products were highly available, but internal acidification of IF-WF inhibited fermentation. Moreover, IF-WF limited the growth of polysaccharides in the extracellular polymeric substances of denitrified sludge. IF-WF finally formed the structure dominated by nitrate-reduction bacteria outside and cellulose-degrading bacteria inside. These results provide guidance for understanding the mechanism of IF-WF for in-situ fermentation to promote nitrogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bowei Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Aijuan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiuping Yue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, China.
| | - Jianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Blaga AC, Tucaliuc A, Kloetzer L. Applications of Ionic Liquids in Carboxylic Acids Separation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:771. [PMID: 36005686 PMCID: PMC9414664 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered a green viable organic solvent substitute for use in the extraction and purification of biosynthetic products (derived from biomass-solid/liquid extraction, or obtained through fermentation-liquid/liquid extraction). In this review, we analyzed the ionic liquids (greener alternative for volatile organic media in chemical separation processes) as solvents for extraction (physical and reactive) and pertraction (extraction and transport through liquid membranes) in the downstream part of organic acids production, focusing on current advances and future trends of ILs in the fields of promoting environmentally friendly products separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Tucaliuc
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, D. Mangeron 73, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lenuta Kloetzer
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, D. Mangeron 73, 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Gupta VK, Nguyen QD, Liu S, Taherzadeh MJ, Sirohi R. Microbes in valorisation of biomass to value-added products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126738. [PMID: 35051569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijai K Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Centerfor Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom.
| | - Quang D Nguyen
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hungary
| | - Shijie Liu
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States
| | | | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
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