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Fan W, Liu Y, Xu X, Dong X, Wang H. Effects of HCO 3- and CO 2 conversion rates on carbon assimilation strategies in marine microalgae: Implication by stable carbon isotope analysis of fatty acids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 209:108530. [PMID: 38520966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Marine microalgae are an essential component of marine plankton and critical primary producers, playing a vital role in marine ecosystems. The seawater carbonate system is a dynamic equilibrium system, and changes in any component can alter the carbonate balance. In CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), carbonic anhydrase (CA) regulates CO2 concentration by catalyzing the interconversion between CO2 and HCO3-. Therefore, limiting the activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (exCA) alters the rate at which carbonate equilibrium is reached and further affects the carbon assimilation process in microalgae. In this study, two different microalgae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis oceanica, were selected to investigate the effects of changes in the carbonate system on photosynthetic carbon assimilation in microalgae by inhibiting exCA activity with acetazolamide (AZ). Inhibition of exCA activity reduces specific growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency of microalgae. The total alkalinity, HCO3- concentration, and CO2 concentration of the cultures increased with the decrease of pH, but the changes of the ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activities of the two microalgae were different. In addition, the two microalgae possessed different lipid and carbohydrate synthesis strategies, but both restricted triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Meanwhile, the microalgal cells had to utilize more 13CO2 when HCO3- and CO2 conversion rates were limited and restricted. This led to the continuous accumulation of 13C in fatty acids and the elevation of δ13CFAs. In conclusion, our study provides a new perspective on the role of microalgae in correlating carbonate changes with photosynthetic carbon assimilation strategies under mechanistic constraints on inorganic carbon utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xu Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
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2
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Makay K, Griehl C, Grewe C. Development of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based method for targeted glycerolipidome profiling of microalgae. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1149-1164. [PMID: 38172195 PMCID: PMC10850188 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The conditionally essential very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), play a vital role in human nutrition. Their biological activity is thereby greatly influenced by the distinct glycerolipid molecule that they are esterified to. Here, microalgae differ from the conventional source, fish oil, both in quantity and distribution of VLC-PUFAs among the glycerolipidome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a fast and reliable one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based method that allows the separation and quantification of the main microalgal glycerolipid classes (e.g., monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG)), as well as the subsequent analysis of their respective fatty acid distribution via gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Following optimization, method validation was carried out for 13 different lipid classes, based on the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. In HPTLC, linearity was effective between 100 and 2100 ng, with a limit of quantification between 62.99 and 90.09 ng depending on the glycerolipid class, with strong correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995). The recovery varied between 93.17 and 108.12%, while the inter-day precision measurements showed coefficients of variation of less than 8.85%, close to the limit of detection. Applying this method to crude lipid extracts of four EPA producing microalgae of commercial interest, the content of different glycerolipid classes was assessed together with the respective FA distribution subsequent to band elution. The results showed that the described precise and accurate HPTLC method offers the possibility to be used routinely to follow variations in the glycerolipid class levels throughout strain screening, cultivation, or bioprocessing. Thus, additional quantitative analytical information on the complex lipidome of microalgae can be obtained, especially for n-3 and n-6 enriched lipid fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolos Makay
- Research Group of Bioprocess Engineering, Center of Life Sciences of Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366, Köthen, Germany
| | - Carola Griehl
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366, Köthen, Germany
| | - Claudia Grewe
- Research Group of Bioprocess Engineering, Center of Life Sciences of Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366, Köthen, Germany.
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3
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Dhanker R, Saxena A, Tiwari A, Kumar Singh P, Kumar Patel A, Dahms HU, Hwang JS, González-Meza GM, Melchor-Martínez EM, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Towards sustainable diatom biorefinery: Recent trends in cultivation and applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 391:129905. [PMID: 37923226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms, with their complex cellular architecture, have been recognized as a source of limitless potential. These microbes are common in freshwater and marine habitats and are essential for primary production and carbon sequestration. They are excellent at utilizing nutrients, providing a sustainable method of treating wastewater while also producing biomass rich in beneficial substances like vitamins, carotenoids, polysaccharides, lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, pigments, and novel bioactive molecules. Additionally, they are highly efficient organisms that can be employed to monitor the environment by acting as trustworthy indicators of water quality. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted applications of diatoms in a variety of fields, such as bioremediation, aquaculture, value-added products, and other applications. The review set out on a path towards greener, more sustainable methods amicable to both industry and the environment by utilizing theenormous diverse biotechnological potentials of diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Dhanker
- Diatom Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Diatom Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Diatom Research Laboratory Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City-804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- National Taiwan Ocean University, Institute of Marine Biology, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Georgia Maria González-Meza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Elda M Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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4
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Ou Y, Li Y, Feng S, Wang Q, Yang H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals an Eicosapentaenoic Acid Accumulation Mechanism in a Schizochytrium sp. Mutant. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0013023. [PMID: 37093006 PMCID: PMC10269799 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00130-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) essential for human health. Schizochytrium is a marine eukaryote that has been widely utilized for the synthesis of PUFAs. The current low potency and performance of EPA production by fermentation of Schizochytrium spp. limits its prospect in commercial production of EPA. Since the synthesis pathway of EPA in Schizochytrium spp. is still unclear, mutagenesis combined with efficient screening methods are still desirable. In this study, a novel screening strategy was developed based on a two-step progressive mutagenesis method based on atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) and diethyl sulfate (DES) after multiple stresses (sethoxydim, triclosan and 2,2'-bipyridine) compound screening. Finally, the mutant strain DBT-64 with increased lipid (1.57-fold, 31.71 g/L) and EPA (5.64-fold, 1.86 g/L) production was screened from wild-type (W) strains; the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of mutant DBT-64 (M) was 11.41% lower than that of wild-type strains. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression of genes related to the polyketide synthase, fatty acid prolongation, and triglyceride synthesis pathways was significantly upregulated in the mutant strain, while the expression of genes involved in the β-oxidation pathway and fatty acid degradation pathway was downregulated in favor of EPA biosynthesis in Schizochytrium. This study provides an effective strain improvement method to enhance EPA accumulation in Schizochytrium spp. IMPORTANCE Schizochytrium, a marine eukaryotic microorganism, has emerged as a candidate for the commercial production of PUFAs. EPA is an omega-3 PUFA with preventive and therapeutic effects against cardiovascular diseases, schizophrenia, and other disorders. Currently, the low potency and performance of EPA production by Schizochytrium spp. limits its commercialization. In this study, we performed two-step progressive mutagenesis based on ARTP and DES and screened multiple stresses (sethoxydim, triclosan, and 2,2'-bipyridine) to obtain the EPA-high-yielding Schizochytrium mutant. In addition, high expression of the polyketide synthase pathway, fatty acid elongation pathway, and triglyceride synthesis pathway in the mutants was confirmed by transcriptomic analysis. Therefore, the multistress screening platform established in this study is important for breeding EPA-producing Schizochytrium spp. and provides valuable information for regulating the proportion of EPA in microalgal lipids by means of genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoushuai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Chen W, Li T, Du S, Chen H, Wang Q. Microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acids: Hotspots and production techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1146881. [PMID: 37064250 PMCID: PMC10102661 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1146881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Algae play a crucial role in the earth’s primary productivity by producing not only oxygen but also a variety of high-value nutrients. One such nutrient is polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are accumulated in many algae and can be consumed by animals through the food chain and eventually by humans. Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs are essential nutrients for human and animal health. However, compared with plants and aquatic sourced PUFA, the production of PUFA-rich oil from microalgae is still in the early stages of exploration. This study has collected recent reports on algae-based PUFA production and analyzed related research hotspots and directions, including algae cultivation, lipids extraction, lipids purification, and PUFA enrichment processes. The entire technological process for the extraction, purification and enrichment of PUFA oils from algae is systemically summarized in this review, providing important guidance and technical reference for scientific research and industrialization of algae-based PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tianpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuwen Du
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wang,
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6
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Ma W, Liu M, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Huang P, Guo D, Sun X, Huang H. Efficient co-production of EPA and DHA by Schizochytrium sp. via regulation of the polyketide synthase pathway. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1356. [PMID: 36494568 PMCID: PMC9734096 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, the supply of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) traditionally produced by marine fisheries will be insufficient to meet their market demand in food industry. Thus a sustainable alternative source is urgently required. Schizochytrium sp. is an ideal producer of DHA; however, its ability to co-produce DHA and EPA has not yet been proved. Herein, we first described a cobalamin-independent methionine synthase-like (MetE-like) complex, which contains independent acyltransferase and 3-ketoacyl synthase domains, independent of the traditional polyketide synthase (PKS) system. When the MetE-like complex was activated, the EPA content was increased from 1.26% to 7.63%, which is 6.06-folds higher than that in the inactivated condition. Through lipidomics, we find that EPA is more inclined to be stored as triglyceride. Finally, the EPA production was enhanced from 4.19 to 29.83 (mg/g cell dry weight) using mixed carbon sources, and the final yield reached 2.25 g/L EPA and 9.59 g/L DHA, which means that Schizochytrium sp. has great market potential for co-production of EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ma
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixu Zhang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingshuang Xu
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengwei Huang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China ,grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, China
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7
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Gong G, Wu B, Liu L, Li J, He M, Hu G. Enhanced biomass and lipid production by light exposure with mixed culture of Rhodotorula glutinis and Chlorella vulgaris using acetate as sole carbon source. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128139. [PMID: 36252765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biomass and lipid production with mixed-culture of Rhodotorula glutinis and Chlorella vulgaris using acetate as sole carbon source was investigated. Synergistic effect of mixed-culture using 20 g/L acetate significantly promoted cell growth and acetate utilization efficiency. Increasing the proportion of algae in co-culture was beneficial for biomass and lipid accumulation and the optimal ratio of yeast/algae was 1:2. Light exposure further enhanced biomass and lipid titer with 6.9 g/L biomass and 2.6 g/L lipid (38.3 % lipid content) obtained in a 5L bioreactor. The results of lipid classes and fatty acid profiles moreover indicated that more neutral lipids and linolenic acid were synthesized in mixed-culture under light exposure condition, suggesting the great potential in applications of biofuels production. This study provided new insight and strategy for economical microbial biomass and lipid production by light-exposed mixed-culture using inexpensive acetate as carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Gong
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Linpei Liu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jianting Li
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Mingxiong He
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Guoquan Hu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Fungal Contamination in Microalgal Cultivation: Biological and Biotechnological Aspects of Fungi-Microalgae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101099. [PMID: 36294664 PMCID: PMC9605242 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the increasing interest in microalgae as sources of new biomolecules and environmental remediators stimulated scientists’ investigations and industrial applications. Nowadays, microalgae are exploited in different fields such as cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals and as human and animal food supplements. Microalgae can be grown using various cultivation systems depending on their final application. One of the main problems in microalgae cultivations is the possible presence of biological contaminants. Fungi, among the main contaminants in microalgal cultures, are able to influence the production and quality of biomass significantly. Here, we describe fungal contamination considering both shortcomings and benefits of fungi-microalgae interactions, highlighting the biological aspects of this interaction and the possible biotechnological applications.
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Patel AK, Chauhan AS, Kumar P, Michaud P, Gupta VK, Chang JS, Chen CW, Dong CD, Singhania RR. Emerging prospects of microbial production of omega fatty acids: Recent updates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127534. [PMID: 35777644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthy foods containing omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been in great demand because of their unique dietary and health properties. Reduction in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has shown their therapeutic and health-promoting effects when consumed under recommended ratio 1:1-1:4, however imbalanced ratios (>1:4, high omega-6) enhance these risks. The importance of omega-6 is apparent however microbial production favors larger production of omega-3. Current research focus is prerequisite to designing omega-6 production strategies for better application prospects, for which thraustochytrids could be promising due to higher lipid productivity. This review provides recent updates on essential fatty acids production from potential microbes and their application, especially major insights on omega research, also discussed the novel possible strategies to promote omega-3 and omega-6 accumulation via engineering and omics approaches. It covers strategies to block the conversion of omega-6 into omega-3 by enzyme inhibition, nanoparticle-mediated regulation and/or metabolic flux regulation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institute Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Enhancement of Metabolite Production in High-Altitude Microalgal Strains by Optimized C/N/P Ratio. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the role of C/N/P in the increase in the synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in two high-mountain strains of algae (Chlorella sp. UFPS019 and Desmodesmus sp. UFPS021). Three carbon sources (sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate), and the sources of nitrogen (NaNO3) and phosphate (KH2PO4 and K2HPO4) were analyzed using a surface response (3 factors, 2 levels). In Chlorella sp. UFPS019, the optimal conditions to enhance the synthesis of carbohydrates were high sodium carbonate content (3.53 g/L), high KH2PO4 and K2HPO4 content (0.06 and 0.14 g/L, respectively), and medium-high NaNO3 (0.1875 g/L). In the case of lipids, a high concentration of sodium acetate (1.19 g/L) coupled with high KH2PO4 and K2HPO4 content (0.056 and 0.131 g/L, respectively) and a low concentration of NaNO3 (0.075 g/L) drastically induced the synthesis of lipids. In the case of Desmodesmus sp. UFPS021, the protein content was increased using high sodium acetate (2 g/L), high KH2PO4 and K2HPO4 content (0.056 and 0.131 g/L, respectively), and high NaNO3 concentration (0.25 g/L). These results demonstrate that the correct adjustment of the C/N/P ratio can enhance the capacity of high-mountain strains of algae to produce high concentrations of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
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