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Li P, Su W, Zheng Y, Wang M, Wang H, Zhou H, Wu W. Characterization and properties of phenolic resin doped modified lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133430. [PMID: 38936567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic resins occupy an important position in industrial applications, but phenol, one of the raw materials for synthesis, is a non-renewable resource. Lignin, as a natural polymer containing phenolic hydroxyl groups, alcohol hydroxyl groups and other reactive groups, can replace some of the phenol in the synthesis of phenolic resins, which can reduce the amount of phenol, thus reducing the cost of phenolic resins, while effectively promoting the high value-added use of renewable biomass resources. Due to its low reactivity, alkaline lignin is usually discharged as production waste, unaware that lignin macromolecules can be modified. In this paper, the phenolic monomers were obtained by acid-catalyzed depolymerization of DES (choline chloride/p-toluenesulfonic acid or choline chloride/lactic acid) from waste alkaline lignin, and the recovery rate of the DES solution during the catalytic treatment was more than 85 %, in which the main monomer was 2-methoxy-4-(1-propyl) phenol. The degradation of alkaline lignin is still favorable after five times of DES solvent recovery. The depolymerized lignin monomer replaced phenol by 50 wt% and then ternary co-polymerized with phenol and formaldehyde to form a biomass phenol-based phenolic resin, providing a green route for phenolic resin production. The cost of resin preparation was economically calculated, and it was found that the cost of resin after accumulating 4 cycles of DES treatment was only 51.1 % of that of pure phenolic resin. The density functional theory (DFT) was used to simulate the possible radical reactions in the intermediate process of phenolic resin reaction, to explore the microscopic mechanism and competition, to provide theoretical reference for further experimental realization of resin structure control and optimization, and to improve the theoretical system of resin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Wanting Su
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Art and Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Mingkang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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Ramzan H, Usman M, Nadeem F, Shahzaib M, Ur Rahman M, Singhania RR, Jabeen F, Patel AK, Qing C, Liu S, Piechota G, Tahir N. Depolymerization of lignin: Recent progress towards value-added chemicals and biohydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129492. [PMID: 37463615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The need for alternative sources of energy became increasingly urgent as demand for energy and the use of fossil fuels both soared. When processed into aromatic compounds, lignin can be utilized as an alternative to fossil fuels, however, lignin's complex structure and recalcitrance make depolymerization impractical. This article presented an overview of the most recent advances in lignin conversion, including process technology, catalyst advancement, and case study-based end products. In addition to the three established methods (thermochemical, biochemical, and catalytic depolymerization), a lignin-first strategy was presented. Depolymerizing different forms of lignin into smaller phenolic molecules has been suggested using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation or reduction. Limitations and future prospects of lignin depolymerization have been discussed which suggests that solar-driven catalytic depolymerization through photocatalysts including quantum dots offers a unique pathway to obtain the highly catalytic conversion of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Ramzan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Faiqa Nadeem
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Muhammad Shahzaib
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Muneeb Ur Rahman
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Farzana Jabeen
- Department of Computing, SEECS, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Campus, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chunyao Qing
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shengyong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | | | - Nadeem Tahir
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Li L, Cui M, Wang X, Long J. Critical Techniques for Overcoming the Diffusion Limitations in Heterogeneously Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202325. [PMID: 36651109 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneously catalyzed depolymerization of lignin to value-added chemicals is increasingly attractive but highly challengeable. Particularly, the diffusion limitation of lignin macromolecule to the solid catalyst surface is a big barrier, which significantly decreases the yield of monomer while increasing char formation. Therefore, for the potential industrial utilization of lignin, new knowledge focused on the size of lignin particles is of great importance to offer guidance for promoting lignin depolymerization and suppressing condensation in the heterogeneously catalytic systems. In this Review, the size of lignin particles and macromolecules are summarized. Previous approaches for improving the mass diffusion including enhancing the solubility of lignin and exploitation of hierarchical and "solubilized" materials are also discussed. Based on these, a constructive perspective is proposed. Thus, this work provides a new insight on the rational design of heterogeneous catalytic techniques for efficient utilization of the aromatic polymer of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Manman Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pulp & Paper Engineering State Key Laboratory of China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
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