Aerobic composting of chicken manure with amoxicillin: Alpha diversity is closely related to lipid metabolism, and two-component systems mediating their relationship

Effects of Different Ionic Liquids on Microbial Growth and Microbial Communities' Structure of Soil

Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used "green solvent" as they have a low vapor pressure and can replace volatile solvents in industry. However, ILs are difficult to biodegrade and are potentially harmful to the environment. This study, herein, investigated the toxicity of three imidazole ILs ([C8MIM]Cl, [C8MIM]Br, and [C8DMIM]Br) towards soil microorganisms. The results showed that the ILs inhibited the growth of soil culturable microorganisms and affected the activity of soil enzyme. In addition, microbial communities' species and abundance in soil were altered. Finally, functional prediction analysis revealed that ILs mainly affected the carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolic processes of the microorganisms. ILs with single methyl substituent had a more pronounced effect than those with double methyl substituents. The study indicates that the use of ILs with double methyl substituents is more environmentally safe, and that the toxicity of ILs should be taken into account in industrial production for the design and production of more environmentally safe types, such as ILs with double methyl substituents.

Genome-centric metagenomic analysis reveals mechanisms of quorum sensing promoting anaerobic digestion under sulfide stress: Syntrophic metabolism and microbial self-adaptation

Sulfide stress is a common inhibition factor in anaerobic digestion systems with sulfur-rich feedstocks. Quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) possess positive effect on promoting anaerobic digestion. However, the micro-biological mechanisms of AHLs affecting syntrophic metabolism and microbial self-adaptation have not yet been deciphered in anaerobic digestion under sulfide stress. In this study, the CH4 production increased by 21.34 % at 20 μM AHLs addition in anaerobic digestion under sulfide stress. AHLs contributed to establishing potential syntrophic relationship between acidifying bacteria (unclassified_o__Bacteroidales, Lentimicrobium, Acetoanaerobium, Longilinea, and Sphaerochaetaa) and Methanothrix. AHLs promoted syntrophic metabolism by boosting microbial metabolic activity and interspecies electron transfer (IET) process under sulfide stress. For microbial metabolic activity, AHLs promoted the key enzyme synthesis in acidogenesis and methanogenesis. For IET process, AHLs promoted the assembly and synthesis of conductive pili, and synthesis and secretion of riboflavin. Furthermore, AHLs promoted microbial self-adaptation including two component system, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and DNA repair, which were important evidences that microbial resistance to sulfide stress was enhanced by AHLs. Microbial self-adaptation provided favorable foundation and safeguard for syntrophic metabolisms under sulfide stress. These findings deciphered the micro-biological mechanisms of AHLs enhancing anaerobic digestion under sulfide stress.

Potassium persulfate enhances humification of chicken manure and straw composting: The perspective of rare and abundant microbial community structure and ecological interactions

Improper disposal of organic solid waste results in serious environmental pollution. Aerobic composting provides an environmentally friendly treatment method, but improving humification of raw materials remains a challenge. This study revealed the effect of different concentrations of potassium persulfate (PP) on humification of chicken manure and straw aerobic composting and the underlying microbial mechanisms. The results showed that when 0.6 % PP was added (PPH group), humus and the degree of polymerization were 80.77 mg/g and 2.52, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in 0.3 % PP (PPL group). As the concentration of PP was increased, the composition of rare taxa (RT) changed and improved in evenness, while abundant taxa (AT) was unaffected. Additionally, the density (0.037), edges (3278), and average degree (15.21) in the co-occurrence network decreased compared to PPL, while the average path (4.021) and modularity increased in PPH. This resulted in facilitating the turnover of matter, information, and energy among the microbes. Interestingly, cooperative behavior between microorganisms during the maturation period (24-60 d) occurred in PPH, but competitive relationships dominated in PPL. Cooperative behavior was positively correlated with humus (p < 0.05). Because the indices, such as higher degree, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, and closeness centrality of the AT, were located in the microbial network center compared to RT, they were unaffected by the concentration of PP. The abundance of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolic pathways, which play an important role in humification, were higher in PPH. These findings contribute to understanding the relative importance of composition, interactions, and metabolic functionality of RT and AT on humification during chicken manure and straw aerobic composting under different concentrations of PP, as well as provide a basic reference for use of various conditioning agents to promote humification of organic solid waste.

Investigating the inhibitory mechanism of methanogenesis during composting under the combined influence of amoxicillin and copper pollution

This study investigated the effects of different levels of combined amoxicillin and copper (Cu) pollution on the methanogenesis of microbial communities during aerobic composting of dairy manure. Three groups were established: the control group (CK), a low-level combined pollution group (L), and a high-level combined pollution group (H). As the level of pollution increased, carbohydrate metabolism decreased during the thermophilic phase of composting, while signal translation increased. Compared with the initial phase, functional genes related to the acetoclastic pathway decreased significantly in abundance during the thermophilic phase, and cdh had the lowest relative abundance among acetoclastic pathway with a decrease of 81.52%, 81.88%, and 84.73% in groups CK, L, and H, respectively. The cumulative methane emissions in group H decreased by 31.56% and 9.23%, respectively, compared with those from groups CK and L. These results contribute to understanding the effects of combined amoxicillin and Cu pollution on methane emissions during composting.

Insight into effect of polyethylene microplastic on nitrogen removal in moving bed biofilm reactor: Focusing on microbial community and species interactions

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has emerged as a global concern, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the potential sources of MPs in the environment. However, the effect of polyethylene MPs (PE) on nitrogen (N) removal in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) remains unclear. We hypothesized that PE would affect N removal in MBBR by influencing its microbial community. In this study, we investigated the impacts of different PE concentrations (100, 500, and 1000 μg/L) on N removal, enzyme activities, and microbial community in MBBR. Folin-phenol and anthrone colorimetric methods, oxidative stress and enzyme activity tests, and high-throughput sequencing combined with bioinformation analysis were used to decipher the potential mechanisms. The results demonstrated that 1000 μg/L PE had the greatest effect on NH4+-N and TN removal, with a decrease of 33.5 % and 35.2 %, and nitrifying and denitrifying enzyme activities were restrained by 29.5-39.6 % and 24.6-47.4 %. Polysaccharide and protein contents were enhanced by PE, except for 1000 μg/L PE, which decreased protein content by 65.4 mg/g VSS. The positive links of species interactions under 1000 μg/L PE exposure was 52.07 %, higher than under 500 μg/L (51.05 %) and 100 μg/L PE (50.35 %). Relative abundance of some metabolism pathways like carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism were restrained by 0.07-0.11 % and 0.27-0.4 %. Moreover, the total abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes both decreased under PE exposure. Overall, PE reduced N removal by affecting microbial community structure and species interactions, inhibiting some key metabolic pathways, and suppressing key enzyme activity and functional gene abundance. This paper provides new insights into assessing the risk of MPs to WWTPs, contributing to ensuring the health of aquatic ecosystems.

Ecological succession of abundant and rare subcommunities during aerobic composting in the presence of residual amoxicillin

Aerobic composting increases the content of soluble nutrients and facilitates the safe treatment of livestock manure. Although different taxa play crucial roles in maintaining ecological functionality, the succession patterns of community composition and assembly of rare and abundant subcommunities during aerobic composting under antibiotic stress and their contributions to ecosystem functionality remain unclear. Therefore, this study used 16 S rRNA gene sequencing technology to reveal the response mechanisms of diverse microbial communities and the assembly processes of abundant and rare taxa to amoxicillin during aerobic composting. The results indicated that rare taxa exhibited distinct advantages in terms of diversity, community composition, and ecological niche width compared with abundant taxa, highlighting their significance in maintaining ecological community dynamics. In addition, deterministic (heterogeneous selection) and stochastic processes (dispersal limitation) play roles in the community succession and functional dynamics of abundant and rare subcommunities. The findings of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic assembly processes in composting systems, and the ecological functions of diverse microbial communities, ultimately leading to improved ecological environment.

Acceleration of the biodegradation of cationic polyacrylamide by the coupling effect of thermophilic microorganisms and high temperature in hyperthermophilic composting

As a flocculant of sewage sludge, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) enters the environment with sludge and exists for a long time, posing serious threats to the environment. Due to the environmental friendliness and high efficiency in the process of organic solid waste treatment, hyperthermophilic composting (HTC) has received increasing attention. However, it is still unclear whether the HTC process can effectively remove CPAM from sludge. In this study, the effects of HTC and conventional thermophilic composting (CTC) on CPAM in sludge were compared and analyzed. At the end of HTC and CTC, the concentrations of CPAM were 278.96 mg kg-1 and 533.89 mg kg-1, respectively, and the removal rates were 72.17% and 46.61%, respectively. The coupling effect of thermophilic microorganisms and high temperature improved the efficiency of HTC and accelerated the biodegradation of CPAM. The diversity and composition of microbial community changed dramatically during HTC. Geobacillus, Thermobispora, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, and Bacillus were the dominant bacteria responsible for the high HTC efficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which CPAM-containing sludge is treated using HTC. The ideal performance and the presence of key microorganisms revealed that HTC is feasible for the treatment of CPAM-containing sludge.

Bacterial communities during composting cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus floridanus using broken eggs as the nitrogen source and study of agronomic and nutritional properties

Introduction

Broken eggs are a byproduct of the poultry industry and a potential nitrogen source for mushroom cultivation. However, its feasibility needs to be evaluated experimentally.

Methods

In this study, a series of different addition amounts (0, 1.8, 3.6, 5.3 and 8.5%, w/w) of broken egg mixture (BEM) were applied in the composting cultivation process of oyster mushroom. The physicochemical properties and bacterial communities of composting substrate, and agronomic and nutritional properties of fruiting bodies were determined.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the BEM addition significantly (P < 0.05) increased the total nitrogen content in the composted substrate, and the contents of crude protein, total amino acids and essential amino acids of mushrooms. The P3 treatment (initial C/N of 26:1) showed the highest biological efficiency (BE) of 100.19% and a low contamination rate (CR) of 7.00%, while the higher dosage of BEM (P4 and P5) led to a sharp decrease in BE and a sharp increase in CR. High throughput sequencing revealed that the addition of BEM significantly (P < 0.05) changed the bacterial communities in the substrate at the beginning of composting. Streptococcus and Lactococcus were predominant bacterial genera in BEM treatments at the beginning stage of composting, while Acinetobacter became predominant at the ending stage. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that the P3 treatment demonstrated a much more complex bacterial community. The structural equation model analysis indicated that the addition of BEM affected the bacterial communities and nitrogen metabolism during composting, which further affected agronomic and nutritional properties of oyster mushrooms. An appropriate amount of BEM combined with composting processes can significantly improve the yield and quality of oyster mushroom, providing a new way for efficient utilization of BEM.

Study on the distribution characteristics and metabolic mechanism of chlorine-resistant bacteria in indoor water supply networks

The presence and attachment of chlorine-resistant bacteria on the surface of water distribution network will deteriorate water quality and threaten human health. Chlorination is critical in drinking water treatment to ensure the biosafety of drinking water. However, how disinfectants affect the structures of dominant flora during biofilm development and whether the changes are consistent with the free flora remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated changes in species diversity and relative abundance of different bacterial communities in planktonic and biofilm samples at different chlorine residual concentrations (blank, 0.3 mg/L, 0.8 mg/L, 2.0 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L), and the main reasons for the development of chlorine resistance in bacteria was also discussed. The results showed that the richness of microbial species in the biofilm was higher than that in planktonic microbial samples. In the planktonic samples, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant groups regardless of the chlorine residual concentration. For biofilm samples, the dominant position of Proteobacteria bacteria was gradually replaced by actinobacteria bacteria with the increase of chlorine residual concentration. In addition, at higher chlorine residual concentration, Gram-positive bacteria were more concentrated to form biofilms. There are three main reasons for the generation of chlorine resistance of bacteria: enhanced function of efflux system, activated bacterial self-repair system, and enhanced nutrient uptake capacity.

Understanding the role of graphene oxide in affecting PAHs biodegradation by microorganisms: An integrated analysis using 16SrRNA, metatranscriptomic, and metabolomic approaches

Graphene oxide (GO)-promoted microbial degradation technology is considered an important strategy to eliminate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment; however, the mechanism by which GO affects microbial degradation of PAHs has not been fully studied. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of GO-microbial interaction on PAHs degradation at the microbial community structure, community gene expression, and metabolic levels using multi-omics combined technology. We treated PAHs-contaminated soil samples with different concentrations of GO and analyzed the soil samples for microbial diversity after 14 and 28 days. After a short exposure, GO reduced the diversity of soil microbial community but increased potential degrading microbial abundance, promoting PAHs biodegradation. This promotion effect was further influenced by the GO concentration. In a short period of time, GO upregulated the expression of genes involved in microbial movement (flagellar assembly), bacterial chemotaxis, two-component system, and phosphotransferase system in the soil microbial community and increased the probability of microbial contact with PAHs. Biosynthesis of amino acids and carbon metabolism of microorganisms were accelerated, thereby increasing the degradation of PAHs. With the extension of time, the degradation of PAHs stagnated, which may be due to the weakened stimulation of GO on microorganisms. The results showed that screening specific degrading microorganisms, increasing the contact area between microorganisms and PAHs, and prolonging the stimulation of GO on microorganisms were important means to improve the biodegradation efficiency of PAHs in soil. This study elucidates how GO affects microbial PAHs degradation and provides important insights for the application of GO-assisted microbial degradation technology.

Manganese dioxide eliminates the phytotoxicity of aerobic compost products and converts them into a plant friendly organic fertilizer

This study mainly confirmed the exogenous substances (pomace, biochar, MnO₂) and the quorum sensing of bacterial communities jointly regulate the metabolic conversion of toxic substances in manures and agricultural wastes, and converts them into a plant-friendly organic fertilizer through aerobic composting and pot experiment. The results showed the composting products had positive performance in bacterial communities, physicochemical indicators, and phytotoxicity. Meanwhile, the addition of exogenous substances could significantly improve seed germination index, promote metabolites conversion, and optimize bacterial community structure. Furthermore, the exogenous substances mainly regulated the functions of the three bacterial communities by quorum sensing system, then promoted the beneficial metabolites, and inhibited the harmful metabolites. Finally, pot experiments suggested compost products could significantly promote plant growth. Thus, these important discoveries extend the knowledge of the previous work and provide an economical and simple method to convert wastes into organic fertilizers that are friendly to plants and soil.