1
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Sar T, Marchlewicz A, Harirchi S, Mantzouridou FT, Hosoglu MI, Akbas MY, Hellwig C, Taherzadeh MJ. Resource recovery and treatment of wastewaters using filamentous fungi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175752. [PMID: 39182768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater, often characterized by its proximity to neutral pH, presents a promising opportunity for fungal utilization despite the prevalent preference of fungi for acidic conditions. This review addresses this discrepancy, highlighting the potential of certain industrial wastewaters, particularly those with low pH levels, for fungal biorefinery. Additionally, the economic implications of biomass recovery and compound separation, factors that require explicit were emphasized. Through an in-depth analysis of various industrial sectors, including food processing, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and paper-pulp, this study explores how filamentous fungi can effectively harness the nutrient-rich content of wastewaters to produce valuable resources. The pivotal role of ligninolytic enzymes synthesized by fungi in wastewater purification is examined, as well as their ability to absorb metal contaminants. Furthermore, the diverse benefits of fungal biorefinery are underscored, including the production of protein-rich single-cell protein, biolipids, enzymes, and organic acids, which not only enhance environmental sustainability but also foster economic growth. Finally, the challenges associated with scaling up fungal biorefinery processes for wastewater treatment are critically evaluated, providing valuable insights for future research and industrial implementation. This comprehensive analysis aims to elucidate the potential of fungal biorefinery in addressing industrial wastewater challenges while promoting sustainable resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Ariel Marchlewicz
- University of Silesia in Katowice, The Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; University of Jyväskylä, The Faculty of Mathematics and Science, The Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9c, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 3353-5111, Iran
| | - Fani Th Mantzouridou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Muge Isleten Hosoglu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Türkiye
| | - Meltem Yesilcimen Akbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Türkiye
| | - Coralie Hellwig
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
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2
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Liu M, Wang J, Umeda I, Wang Z, Kumar S, Zheng Y. Harnessing filamentous fungi and fungal-bacterial co-culture for biological treatment and valorization of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase from corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 409:131240. [PMID: 39122129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
To promote the sustainability of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) for biofuel production, fungal fermentation was investigated to treat HTL aqueous phase (HTLAP) from corn stover. The most promising fungus, Aspergillus niger demonstrated superior tolerance to HTLAP and capability to produce oxalic acid as a value-added product. The fungal-bacterial co-culture of A. niger and Rhodococcus jostii was beneficial at low COD (chemical oxygen demand) loading of 3800 mg/L in HTLAP, achieving 69% COD removal while producing 0.5 g/L oxalic acid and 11% lipid content in microbial biomass. However, higher COD loading of 4500, 6040, and 7800 mg/L significantly inhibited R. jostii, but promoted A. niger growth with increased oxalic acid production while COD removal remained similar (58-65%). Additionally, most total organic carbon (TOC) in HTLAP was transformed into oxalic acid, representing 46-56% of the consumed TOC. These findings highlighted the potential of fungi for bio-upcycling of HTLAP into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meicen Liu
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, 1980 Kimball Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jiefu Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1230 Washington St. SW, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Isamu Umeda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1230 Washington St. SW, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, 1980 Kimball Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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3
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Tiwari H, Prajapati SK. Use of microalgal-fungal pellets for hydroponics effluent recycling and high-value biomass production. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37539. [PMID: 39309834 PMCID: PMC11415668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroponic effluent (HE), enriched with inorganic nutrients, presents a viable, low-cost cultivation medium for microalgal biomass production and subsequent resource recovery. However, downstream processing, particularly biomass harvesting, remains a critical challenge for microalgal biorefineries. Therefore, the present study explored the potential of microalgal-fungal pellets (MAFP) in HE recycling for the production of biochemical-rich biomass. The optimized fungi-to-microalgae ratio (F:A) of 1:3 resulted in 100 % microalgal pelletization within 6 h. Surface characteristics suggested that metabolically active fungi with opposite charges facilitate microalgal pelletization. Further, MAFP exhibited a packed porous structure that was resilient to shear forces and had a high capacity for nutrient uptake. MAFP cultivation in HE demonstrated complete removal of ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) within 7-9 days. The produced biomass was rich in biomolecules, including lipids (18.36 ± 0.12 % TS), protein (52.06 ± 2.1 % TS), and carbohydrates (28.95 ± 0.05 % TS). Besides, the high methane potential of MAFP (SMP ≈ 502.74 ± 19.1 mL CH4 g-1 VS, and TMP ≈ 817.68 ± 12.5 mL CH4 g-1 VS) indicated its suitability for biogas production. In essence, MAFP offers efficient HE recycling and biochemically rich biomass production, advancing towards a green and circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Tiwari
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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4
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Abate R, Oon YL, Oon YS, Bi Y, Mi W, Song G, Gao Y. Diverse interactions between bacteria and microalgae: A review for enhancing harmful algal bloom mitigation and biomass processing efficiency. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36503. [PMID: 39286093 PMCID: PMC11402748 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions between bacteria and microalgae play pivotal roles in resource allocation, biomass accumulation, nutrient recycling, and species succession in aquatic systems, offering ample opportunities to solve several social problems. The escalating threat of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the aquatic environment and the lack of cheap and eco-friendly algal-biomass processing methods have been among the main problems, demanding efficient and sustainable solutions. In light of this, the application of algicidal bacteria to control HABs and enhance algal biomass processing has been promoted in the past few decades as potentially suitable mechanisms to solve those problems. Hence, this comprehensive review aims to explore the diverse interaction modes between bacteria and microalgae, ranging from synergistic to antagonistic, and presents up-to-date information and in-depth analysis of their potential biotechnological applications, particularly in controlling HABs and enhancing microalgal biomass processing. For instance, several studies revealed that algicidal bacteria can effectively inhibit the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa, a notorious freshwater HAB species, with an antialgal efficiency of 24.87 %-98.8 %. The review begins with an overview of the mechanisms behind algae-bacteria interactions, including the environmental factors influencing these dynamics and their broader implications for aquatic ecosystems. It then provides a detailed analysis of the role of algicidal bacteria in controlling harmful algal blooms, as well as their role in bioflocculation and the pretreatment of microalgal biomass. Additionally, the review identifies and discusses the constraints and challenges in the biotechnological application of these interactions. By exploring the strategic use of algicidal bacteria, this review not only underscores their importance in maintaining aquatic environmental health but also in enhancing biomass processing efficiency. It offers valuable insights into future research avenues and the potential scalability of these applications, both in situ and at an industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rediat Abate
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Natural and Computatinal Science, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia
| | - Yoong-Ling Oon
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yoong-Sin Oon
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yonghong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wujuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Gaofei Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yahui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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5
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Ali SS, Hassan LHS, El-Sheekh M. Microalgae-mediated bioremediation: current trends and opportunities-a review. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:343. [PMID: 38967670 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution poses a critical global challenge, and traditional wastewater treatment methods often prove inadequate in addressing the complexity and scale of this issue. On the other hand, microalgae exhibit diverse metabolic capabilities that enable them to remediate a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals, organic contaminants, and excess nutrients. By leveraging the unique metabolic pathways of microalgae, innovative strategies can be developed to effectively remediate polluted environments. Therefore, this review paper highlights the potential of microalgae-mediated bioremediation as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. It also highlights the advantages of utilizing microalgae and algae-bacteria co-cultures for large-scale bioremediation applications, demonstrating impressive biomass production rates and enhanced pollutant removal efficiency. The promising potential of microalgae-mediated bioremediation is emphasized, presenting a viable and innovative alternative to traditional treatment methods in addressing the global challenge of environmental pollution. This review identifies the opportunities and challenges for microalgae-based technology and proposed suggestions for future studies to tackle challenges. The findings of this review advance our understanding of the potential of microalgae-based technology wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Lamiaa H S Hassan
- Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mostafa El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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6
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Almeida Medeiros J, Eduardo de Farias Silva C, Santos GKS, Almeida Alves do Nascimento M, Pimentel de Andrade F, Luciano Ferreira de Sá Filho M, Maria Villar da Gama B, Victor Oliveira Nascimento da Silva J, Maria Rosas Garcia Almeida R. Tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater applying a microalga-fungus consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38820593 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2357695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper aimed to apply filamentous fungi (Penicillium oxalicum and Cunninghamella echinulata), the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus and their co-culture in advanced treatment (tertiary treatment) of cheese whey. The bioremediation process was carried out in agitated flasks and bubble column bioreactors with different concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (223-1663 mg L-1), total nitrogen (TN) (13-61 mg L-1), and total phosphorus (TP) (3-26 mg L-1). The results obtained in shaken flasks showed a superiority of the consortium compared to the systems with separated species. In this sense, the treatment was carried out in a bubble column reactor, and the consortium formed by the microalga and the fungus C. echinulata showed a greater efficiency (at a light intensity of 100 µmol m-2 s-1), promoting by the symbiosis to reach removal efficiencies of up to 93.7, 78.8 and 93.4% for COD, TN and TP, respectively; meeting Brazilian and European standards for discharge into water bodies. In addition, no pH adjustment was required during the co-culture treatment, demonstrating the buffering effect of using these two types of microorganisms. Therefore, the use of the consortium formed by T. obliquus and C. echinulata as a remediator was highly promising to promote the advanced treatment of cheese whey.
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7
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Pichaiyotinkul P, Leksingto J, Sukkasam N, In-Na P, Incharoensakdi A, Monshupanee T. Erythromycin mediates co-flocculation between cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and filamentous fungi in liquid cultivation without organic compounds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9640. [PMID: 38671026 PMCID: PMC11053131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria assimilate the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source for producing useful bioproducts. However, harvesting the cells from their liquid media is a major bottleneck in the process. Thus, an easy-to-harvest method, such as auto-flocculation, is desirable. Here, we found that cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 co-flocculated with a natural fungal contamination in the presence of the antibiotic erythromycin (EM) but not without EM. The fungi in the co-flocculated biomass were isolated and found to consist of five species with the filamentous Purpureocillium lilacinum and Aspergillus protuberus making up 71% of the overall fungal population. The optimal co-cultivation for flocculation was an initial 5 mg (fresh weight) of fungi, an initial cell density of Synechocystis of 0.2 OD730, 10 µM EM, and 14 days of cultivation in 100 mL of BG11 medium with no organic compound. This yielded 248 ± 28 mg/L of the Synechocystis-fungi flocculated biomass from 560 ± 35 mg/L of total biomass, a 44 ± 2% biomass flocculation efficiency. Furthermore, the EM treated Synechocystis cells in the Synechocystis-fungi flocculate had a normal cell color and morphology, while those in the axenic suspension exhibited strong chlorosis. Thus, the occurrence of the Synechocystis-fungi flocculation was mediated by EM, and the co-flocculation with the fungi protected Synechocystis against the development of chlorosis. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the EM-mediated co-flocculation was a result of down-regulation of the minor pilin genes and up-regulation of several genes including the chaperone gene for pilin regulation, the S-layer protein genes, the exopolysaccharide-polymerization gene, and the genes for signaling proteins involved in cell attachment and abiotic-stress responses. The CuSO4 stress can also mediate Synechocystis-fungi flocculation but at a lower flocculation efficiency than that caused by EM. The EM treatment may be applied in the co-culture between other cyanobacteria and fungi to mediate cell bio-flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jidapa Leksingto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nannaphat Sukkasam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pichaya In-Na
- Research Unit on Sustainable Algal Cultivation and Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Tanakarn Monshupanee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Unit on Sustainable Algal Cultivation and Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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8
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Zheng X, Cong W, Gultom SO, Wang M, Zhou H, Zhang J. Manipulation of co-pelletization for Chlorela vulgaris harvest by treatment of Aspergillus niger spore. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:83. [PMID: 38286963 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The co-pelletization of microalgae with filamentous fungi was a promising approach for microalgae harvest. However, the real conditions of microalgae growth limited the arbitrary optimization of co-pellets formation with filamentous fungi. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an approach to manipulate the co-pelletization through treatment of A. niger spores. In this study, Aspergillus niger and Chlorella vulgaris were used as the model species of filamentous fungi and microalgae to investigate co-pellets formation using A. niger spores after by different pH solutions treatment, swelling, snailase treatment. The importance of spore treatments on C. vulgaris harvest in sequence was claimed based on response surface methodology analysis. The pH solutions treatment, swelling, snailase treatment of A. niger spore contributed 21.0%, 10.5%, 40.7% of harvest ratio of C. vulgaris respectively, which guided the application of spore treatment into co-pelletization. Treatment of spore was showed as an efficient approach to manipulate co-pelletization for microalgae harvest in diverse microalgae condition. This results promoted the application of co-pelletization technology in microalgae harvest of various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Cong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Mingxuan Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualan Zhou
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Li H, Wang Z, Feng T, Guo Y, Lv J, Li N, Liu X, Liu J. A fungal-algal self-flocculation system and its application to treat filter sludge leachate in the sugar industry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122718. [PMID: 37821041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and economical treatment of wastewater using microalgae has attracted much attention. However, harvesting microalgae cells from treated wastewater remains challenging. In the present study, a Chlorella vulgaris suspension containing filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Chaetomium gracile was successfully used to construct a self-flocculating system, with a microalgae flocculation efficiency of 99.6% achieved by gravity sedimentation within 4 h. The diameter of fungi played an important role in determining flocculation efficiency, and the optimal particle size was 10 mm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated that the sweeping action of fungal mycelia and the interaction between the functional groups of fungi and the C. vulgaris surface contributed to improve flocculation. Co-cultivation of C. vulgaris and fungi could effectively remove 83.53%, 94.45% and 76.88% of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand, respectively, from the sludge leachate from a sugar mill. The fungal-algal biomass reached 5.75 g/L. Herein, the constructed self-flocculation system had coupled efficient flocculation of C. vulgaris with removal of pollutants from wastewater in a short period of time, and providing a green, pollution-free, low-cost method for simultaneous wastewater treatment and the production of high quality biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China; Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jing Lv
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xinliang Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Jidong Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China; Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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10
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Hasnain M, Zainab R, Ali F, Abideen Z, Yong JWH, El-Keblawy A, Hashmi S, Radicetti E. Utilization of microalgal-bacterial energy nexus improves CO 2 sequestration and remediation of wastewater pollutants for beneficial environmental services. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115646. [PMID: 37939556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and coal are primary contributors of greenhouse gases leading to global climate change and warming. The toxicity of heavy metals and metalloids in the environment threatens ecological functionality, diversity and global human life. The ability of microalgae to thrive in harsh environments such as industrial wastewater, polluted lakes, and contaminated seawaters presents new, environmentally friendly, and less expensive CO2 remediation solutions. Numerous microalgal species grown in wastewater for industrial purposes may absorb and convert nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter into proteins, oil, and carbohydrates. In any multi-faceted micro-ecological system, the role of bacteria and their interactions with microalgae can be harnessed appropriately to enhance microalgae performance in either wastewater treatment or algal production systems. This algal-bacterial energy nexus review focuses on examining the processes used in the capture, storage, and biological fixation of CO2 by various microalgal species, as well as the optimized production of microalgae in open and closed cultivation systems. Microalgal production depends on different biotic and abiotic variables to ultimately deliver a high yield of microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hasnain
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rida Zainab
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faraz Ali
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zainul Abideen
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Department of Applied Biology, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 2727, Sharjah, UAE.
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, 23456, Sweden.
| | - Ali El-Keblawy
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 2727, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Saud Hashmi
- Department of Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Emanuele Radicetti
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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11
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Liu Z, Hao N, Hou Y, Wang Q, Liu Q, Yan S, Chen F, Zhao L. Technologies for harvesting the microalgae for industrial applications: Current trends and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129631. [PMID: 37544545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are emerging as a promising source for augmenting the supply of essential products to meet global demands in an environmentally sustainable manner. Despite the potential benefits of microalgae in industry, the high energy consumption for harvesting remains a significant obstacle. This review offers a comprehensive overview of microalgae harvesting technologies and their industrial applications, with particular emphasis on the latest advances in flocculation techniques. These cutting-edge methods have been applied to biodiesel production, food and nutraceutical processing, and wastewater treatment. Large-scale harvesting is still severely impeded by the high cost despite progress has been made in laboratory studies. In the future, cost-effective microalgal harvesting will rely on efficient resource utilization, including the use of waste materials and the reuse of media and flocculants. Additionally, precise regulation of biological metabolism will be necessary to overcome algal species-related limitations through the development of extracellular polymeric substance-induced flocculation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Nahui Hao
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Suihao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangjian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
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Shi Z, Tan X, Li Y, Sheng Y, Zhang Q, Xu J, Yang Y. A novel fungal-algal coupling system for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129585. [PMID: 37517707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel fungal-algal coupling system was established for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment with Chlorella sp. DT025 and a new fungus, Penicillium sp. AHP141. With the optimization of cultivation conditions for the fungal-algal coupling system, the harvest efficiency of Chlorella sp. DT025 reached 99.79%. The mechanism of microalgae harvest of the fungal-algal system was revealed to be related to the morphological characteristics, surface charge, and the secretion of humic acid-like compounds and tryptophan on the surface of the fungi cells. For the original slaughterhouse wastewater treatment, the fungal-algal coupling system had a better removal efficiency of COD, TN, and TP than both monoculture systems. In the high-concentration artificial slaughterhouse wastewater, COD removal of the fungal-algal system reached more than 5350 mg/L. The lipid production of the fungal-algal coupling system in the high-concentration artificial slaughterhouse wastewater treatment was improved by 343.33% to 1.33 g/L compared to the microalgae monoculture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Shi
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xin Tan
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Yequan Sheng
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
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13
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Zhang H, Shangguan M, Zhou C, Peng Z, An Z. Construction of a mycelium sphere using a Fusarium strain isolate and Chlorella sp. for polyacrylamide biodegradation and inorganic carbon fixation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1270658. [PMID: 37869678 PMCID: PMC10585063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of global demand for carbon reduction, the formation of inorganic carbon (IC) in the wastewater from oil flooding becomes a potential threat. In this study, Chlorella sp. and Fusarium sp. were used to assemble a fungal-algal pellet to degrade polyacrylamide (PAM) and fix IC in synthetic oil-flooding wastewater. The results showed that the combination of Chlorella sp. and Fusarium sp. was more effective at degrading PAM and removing carbon than a monoculture. With PAM as the sole nitrogen source, the degradation of PAM by the consortium was enhanced up to 35.17 ± 0.86% and 21.63 ± 2.23% compared with the monocultures of fungi or microalgae, respectively. The degradation of the consortium was significantly enhanced by the addition of an external nitrogen source by up to 27.17 ± 2.27% and 22.86 ± 2.4% compared with the monoculture of fungi or microalgae, respectively. This may depend on the effect of synergy between the two species. For the removal of IC from the water, the removal efficiency of the consortium was higher than that of the microalgae by 38.5 ± 0.08%, which may be attributed to the ability of the fungi to aid in the adsorption of nutrients and its assimilation by the microalgae. Therefore, the Fusarium-Chlorella consortium can effectively degrade PAM, while simultaneously fixing carbon, which provides a feasible scheme for the treatment and carbon neutralization of the wastewater that contains PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Mohan Shangguan
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Peng
- The Architectural Design and Research Institute of HIT Co., Ltd., Harbin, China
| | - Zhongyi An
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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14
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Wei S, Li F, Zhu N, Wei X, Wu P, Dang Z. Biomass production of Chlorella pyrenoidosa by filled sphere carrier reactor: Performance and mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129195. [PMID: 37207699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage is vital for mitigating global climate change. A filled sphere carrier reactor was developed to achieve high biomass production and carbon sequestration rate of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. By introducing air (0.04% CO2) into the reactor, the dry biomass production achieved 8.26 g/L with the optimized parameters of polyester carrier, 80% packing density, 5-fold concentrated nutrient combining 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer. At simulated flue gas CO2 concentration of 7%, the dry biomass yield and carbon sequestration rate reached up to 9.98 g/L and 18.32 g/L/d in one day, which were as high as 249.5 and 79.65 times comparing with those of suspension culture at day 1, respectively. The mechanism was mainly attributed to the obvious intensification of electron transfer rate and remarkable increase of RuBisCO enzyme activity in the photosynthetic chloroplast matrix. This work provided a novel approach for potential microalgae-based carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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15
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Huang KX, Vadiveloo A, Zhou JL, Yang L, Chen DZ, Gao F. Integrated culture and harvest systems for improved microalgal biomass production and wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128941. [PMID: 36948428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation in wastewater has received much attention as an environmentally sustainable approach. However, commercial application of this technique is challenging due to the low biomass output and high harvesting costs. Recently, integrated culture and harvest systems including microalgae biofilm, membrane photobioreactor, microalgae-fungi co-culture, microalgae-activated sludge co-culture, and microalgae auto-flocculation have been explored for efficiently coupling microalgal biomass production with wastewater purification. In such systems, the cultivation of microalgae and the separation of algal cells from wastewater are performed in the same reactor, enabling microalgae grown in the cultivation system to reach higher concentration, thus greatly improving the efficiency of biomass production and wastewater purification. Additionally, the design of such innovative systems also allows for microalgae cells to be harvested more efficiently. This review summarizes the mechanisms, characteristics, applications, and development trends of the various integrated systems and discusses their potential for broad applications, which worth further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xuan Huang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Ashiwin Vadiveloo
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Jin-Long Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China.
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Tian Y, Li J, Meng J, Li J. High-yield production of single-cell protein from starch processing wastewater using co-cultivation of yeasts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128527. [PMID: 36572157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell protein (SCP) from potato starch processing wastewater (PSPW) shows great potential against protein scarcity and unsustainable production of plant and animal proteins. In this study, five yeasts were selected to conduct a series of PSPW fermentation for obtaining high-value SCP by optimizing fermentation conditions. The yeast combination was optimized as Candida utilis, Geotrichum candidum and Candida tropicalis with the volume proportion of 9:5:1. The inoculum size, temperature, rotation speed and initial pH were optimized at 12 %, 24℃, 200 r·min-1 and ∼ 4.13 (natural pH), respectively. At the optimal conditions, SCP yield of 3.06 g·L-1 and water-soluble protein of 17.32 % were obtained with the chemical oxygen demand removal of 56.9 %. A resource-recycling process of PSPW was proposed by coupling yeast fermentation and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) treatment to achieve simultaneous high-level organic removal and SCP production, which could be a promising alternative technology for PSPW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Tian
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Energy Development and Utilization, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jianzheng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Energy Development and Utilization, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jia Meng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Energy Development and Utilization, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Jiuling Li
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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da Silva Gaspar S, Assis LLRD, Prado MPRD, Pedroso Miguel MG, Magno dos Reis Ferreira G, Schwan RF, Pasqual M, Rigobelo EC, Castro RP, Buttrós VH, Dória J. Diversity and enzymatic activity of the microbiota isolated from compost based on restaurant waste and yard trimmings. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1013361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe bad management of organic waste negatively affects environmental quality and composting has been a viable recycling alternative. Microorganisms are responsible for waste degradation during the composting process and, consequently, for transforming this waste into natural fertilizer. This work aimed to analyze and identify the biodiversity of yeasts and filamentous fungi throughout a composting process based on organic residues under different treatments (commercial inoculum, non-commercial inoculum, and control treatment) and to investigate the enzymatic activity of these microorganisms.MethodsMicroorganisms were isolated and identified from samples at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 days. Filamentous fungi were identified according to their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, and yeasts were identified by sequencing the 18S rDNA region. All identified strains were evaluated for ligninolytic, cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, amylolytic, pectinolytic, proteolytic, lipolytic, and ammonification. During the composting phases, the filamentous fungi were higher than the yeast population.Results and discussionAt the beginning of the process, a higher species diversity was observed, and the population of yeasts and filamentous fungi was, on average, 6.50 log CFU g−1. The microbial communities were similar throughout the process in the two inoculated treatments, which showed more significant microbial activity, diversity, and efficiency in the transformation of organic matter, and consequently, advantages in terms of the final product quality compared to the control treatment. The yeasts Pichia kudriavzevii, Pichia farinosa, Issatchenkia orientalis, and the filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus spp. proved to have high biotechnological value and could be used as starter cultures to accelerate the composting process.
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Transformation of Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Chlorella–Fungus Mixed Biomass into Poly(hydroxyalkanoates). Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of poly(hydroxylalkanoates) (PHA) is limited by the high cost of the feedstock since various biomass wastes look attractive as possible sources for polymer production. The originality of this present study is in the biotransformation of mixed Chlorella-based substrates into PHAs. The synthetic potential of Cupriavidus necator B8619 cells was studied during the bioconversion of algae biomass in mixtures with spent immobilized mycelium of different fungi (genus Rhizopus and Aspergillus) into PHAs. The biomass of both microalgae Chlorella and fungus cells was accumulated due to the use of the microorganisms in the processes of food wastewater treatment. The biosorption of Chlorella cells by fungal mycelium was carried out to obtain mixed biomass samples (the best ratio of “microalgae:fungi” was 2:1) to convert them by C. necator B8619 into the PHA. The influence of conditions used for the pretreatment of microalgae and mixed types of biomass on their conversion to PHA was estimated. It was found that the maximum yield of reducing sugars (39.4 ± 1.8 g/L) can be obtained from the mechanical destruction of cells by using further enzymatic hydrolysis. The effective use of the enzymatic complex was revealed for the hydrolytic disintegration of treated biomass. The rate of the conversion of mixed substrates into the biopolymer (440 ± 13 mg/L/h) appeared significantly higher compared to similar known examples of complex substrates used for C. necator cells.
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Fungal Contamination in Microalgal Cultivation: Biological and Biotechnological Aspects of Fungi-Microalgae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101099. [PMID: 36294664 PMCID: PMC9605242 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the increasing interest in microalgae as sources of new biomolecules and environmental remediators stimulated scientists’ investigations and industrial applications. Nowadays, microalgae are exploited in different fields such as cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals and as human and animal food supplements. Microalgae can be grown using various cultivation systems depending on their final application. One of the main problems in microalgae cultivations is the possible presence of biological contaminants. Fungi, among the main contaminants in microalgal cultures, are able to influence the production and quality of biomass significantly. Here, we describe fungal contamination considering both shortcomings and benefits of fungi-microalgae interactions, highlighting the biological aspects of this interaction and the possible biotechnological applications.
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