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PC-12 Cell Line as a Neuronal Cell Model for Biosensing Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070500. [PMID: 35884303 PMCID: PMC9313070 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PC-12 cells have been widely used as a neuronal line study model in many biosensing devices, mainly due to the neurogenic characteristics acquired after differentiation, such as high level of secreted neurotransmitter, neuron morphology characterized by neurite outgrowth, and expression of ion and neurotransmitter receptors. For understanding the pathophysiology processes involved in brain disorders, PC-12 cell line is extensively assessed in neuroscience research, including studies on neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, or neurosecretion. Various analytical technologies have been developed to investigate physicochemical processes and the biosensors based on optical and electrochemical techniques, among others, have been at the forefront of this development. This article summarizes the application of different biosensors in PC-12 cell cultures and presents the modern approaches employed in neuronal networks biosensing.
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A Membrane Filter-Assisted Mammalian Cell-Based Biosensor Enabling 3D Culture and Pathogen Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093042. [PMID: 33926091 PMCID: PMC8123675 DOI: 10.3390/s21093042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a membrane filter-assisted cell-based biosensing platform by using a polyester membrane as a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture scaffold in which cells can be grown by physical attachment. The membrane was simply treated with ethanol to increase surficial hydrophobicity, inducing the stable settlement of cells via gravity. The 3D membrane scaffold was able to provide a relatively longer cell incubation time (up to 16 days) as compared to a common two-dimensional (2D) cell culture environment. For a practical application, we fabricated a cylindrical cartridge to support the scaffold membranes stacked inside the cartridge, enabling not only the maintenance of a certain volume of culture media but also the simple exchange of media in a flow-through manner. The cartridge-type cell-based analytical system was exemplified for pathogen detection by measuring the quantities of toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) induced by applying a lysate of P. aeruginosa and live E. coli, respectively, providing a fast, convenient colorimetric TLR1 immunoassay. The color images of membranes were digitized to obtain the response signals. We expect the method to further be applied as an alternative tool to animal testing in various research areas such as cosmetic toxicity and drug efficiency.
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Characterization of carotid endothelial cell proliferation on Au, Au/GO, and Au/rGO surfaces by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:1431-1443. [PMID: 32319031 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To the best of the authors' knowledge, testing the biocompatibility of graphene coatings can be considered as the first to demonstrate human carotid endothelial cell (HCtAEC) proliferation on Au, graphene oxide-coated Au (Au/GO), and reduced graphene oxide-coated Au (Au/rGO) surfaces. We hypothesized that stent material modified with graphene (G)-based coatings could be used as electrodes for electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in monitoring cell cultures, i.e., endothelialization. Alamar Blue cell viability assay and cell staining and cell counting with optical images were performed. For EIS analysis, an EIS sensor consisting of Au surface electrodes was produced by the photolithographic technique. Surface characterizations were performed by considering scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water contact angle analyses. Results showed that GO and rGO coatings did not prevent neither the electrical measurements nor the cell proliferation and that rGO had a positive effect on HCtAEC proliferation. The rate of increase of impedance change from day 1 to day 10 was nearly fivefold for all electrode surfaces. Alamar Blue assay performed to monitor cell proliferation rates between groups, and rGO has shown the highest Alamar Blue reduction value of 43.65 ± 8.79%. Graphical abstract.
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Sensitive electrochemical detection of glucose via a hybrid self-powered biosensing system. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Xia S, Zhu P, Pi F, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang J, Sun X. Development of a simple and convenient cell-based electrochemical biosensor for evaluating the individual and combined toxicity of DON, ZEN, and AFB 1. Biosens Bioelectron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lin SP, Vinzons LU, Kang YS, Lai TY. Non-Faradaic electrical impedimetric investigation of the interfacial effects of neuronal cell growth and differentiation on silicon nanowire transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9866-9878. [PMID: 25899873 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW FET) devices have been interfaced with cells; however, their application for noninvasive, real-time monitoring of interfacial effects during cell growth and differentiation on SiNW has not been fully explored. Here, we cultured rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, a type of neural progenitor cell, directly on SiNW FET devices to monitor cell adhesion during growth and morphological changes during neuronal differentiation for a period of 5-7 d. Monitoring was performed by measuring the non-Faradaic electrical impedance of the cell-SiNW FET system using a precision LCR meter. Our SiNW FET devices exhibited changes in impedance parameters during cell growth and differentiation because of the negatively charged cell membrane, seal resistance, and membrane capacitance at the cell/SiNW interface. It was observed that during both PC12 cell growth and neuronal differentiation, the impedance magnitude increased and the phase shifted to more negative values. However, impedance changes during cell growth already plateaued 3 d after seeding, while impedance changes continued until the last observation day during differentiation. Our results also indicate that the frequency shift to above 40 kHz after growth factor induction resulted from a larger coverage of cell membrane on the SiNWs due to distinctive morphological changes according to vinculin staining. Encapsulation of PC12 cells in a hydrogel scaffold resulted in a lack of trend in impedance parameters and confirmed that impedance changes were due to the cells. Moreover, cytolysis of the differentiated PC12 cells led to significant changes in impedance parameters. Equivalent electrical circuits were used to analyze the changes in impedance values during cell growth and differentiation. The technique employed in this study can provide a platform for performing investigations of growth-factor-induced progenitor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Lin
- †Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lester U Vinzons
- †Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Shan Kang
- †Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tung-Yen Lai
- ‡National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Bahadır EB, Sezgintürk MK. A review on impedimetric biosensors. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:248-62. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.942456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chemiluminometric immuno-analysis of innate immune response against repetitive bacterial stimulations for the same mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6011. [PMID: 25109895 PMCID: PMC4127502 DOI: 10.1038/srep06011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For monitoring of human cellular response to repetitive bacterial stimulations (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a lysate form), we devised a chemiluminescent immuno-analytical system for toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) as marker present on cell surfaces (e.g., A549). Upon stimulation, TLR1 recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns of the infectious agent and are then up-regulated via activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. In this study, the receptor density was quantified by employing an antibody specific to the target receptor and by producing a chemiluminometric signal from an enzyme labeled to the binder. The activated status was then switched back to normal down-regulated stage, by changing the culture medium to one containing animal serum. The major factors affecting activation were the stimulation dose of the bacterial lysate, stimulation timing during starvation, and up- and down-regulation time intervals. Reiterative TLR regulation switching up to three times was not affected by either antibody remained after immunoassay or enzyme substrate (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) in solution. This immuno-analysis for TLRs could be unique to acquire accumulated response of the human cells to repeated stimulations and, therefore, can eventually apply to persistency testing of the cellular regulation in screening of anti-inflammatory substances.
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Cho IH, Jeon JW, Paek SH, Kim DH, Shin HS, Ha UH, Seo SK, Paek SH. Toll-Like Receptor-Based Immuno-Analysis of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9713-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300668y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hoon Cho
- Program for Bio-Microsystem Technology, 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701,
Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeon
- Program for Bio-Microsystem Technology, 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701,
Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Paek
- Program for Bio-Microsystem Technology, 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701,
Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Kim
- Program for Bio-Microsystem Technology, 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701,
Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Shin
- Department of Biotechnology
and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511
Sejong-ro, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Un-Hwan Ha
- Department of Biotechnology
and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511
Sejong-ro, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Sung-Kyu Seo
- Department of Electronics and
Information Engineering, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea
| | - Se-Hwan Paek
- Program for Bio-Microsystem Technology, 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701,
Korea
- Department of Biotechnology
and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511
Sejong-ro, Sejong 339-700, Korea
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Ben-Yoav H, Melamed S, Freeman A, Shacham-Diamand Y, Belkin S. Whole-cell biochips for bio-sensing: integration of live cells and inanimate surfaces. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:337-53. [PMID: 21190513 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.532767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the convergence of the biological, chemical, physical, and engineering sciences have opened new avenues of research into the interfacing of diverse biological moieties with inanimate platforms. A main aspect of this field, the integration of live cells with micro-machined platforms for high throughput and bio-sensing applications, is the subject of the present review. These unique hybrid systems are configured in a manner that ensures positioning of the cells in designated patterns, and enables cellular viability maintenance, and monitoring of cellular functionality. Here we review both animate and inanimate surface properties and how they affect cellular attachment, describe relevant modifications of both types of surfaces, list technologies for platform engineering and for cell deposition in the desired configurations, and discuss the influence of various deposition and immobilization methods on the viability and performance of the immobilized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Ben-Yoav
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Studies on neuronal differentiation and signalling processes with a novel impedimetric biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1407-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu QJ, Ye WW, Yu H, Hu N, Du LP, Wang P. Neurochip based on light-addressable potentiometric sensor with wavelet transform de-noising. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:323-31. [PMID: 20443210 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurochip based on light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), whose sensing elements are excitable cells, can monitor electrophysiological properties of cultured neuron networks with cellular signals well analyzed. Here we report a kind of neurochip with rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells hybrid with LAPS and a method of de-noising signals based on wavelet transform. Cells were cultured on LAPS for several days to form networks, and we then used LAPS system to detect the extracellular potentials with signals de-noised according to decomposition in the time-frequency space. The signal was decomposed into various scales, and coefficients were processed based on the properties of each layer. At last, signal was reconstructed based on the new coefficients. The results show that after de-noising, baseline drift is removed and signal-to-noise ratio is increased. It suggests that the neurochip of PC12 cells coupled to LAPS is stable and suitable for long-term and non-invasive measurement of cell electrophysiological properties with wavelet transform, taking advantage of its time-frequency localization analysis to reduce noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Jun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Banerjee P, Franz B, Bhunia AK. Mammalian cell-based sensor system. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 117:21-55. [PMID: 20091291 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Use of living cells or cellular components in biosensors is receiving increased attention and opens a whole new area of functional diagnostics. The term "mammalian cell-based biosensor" is designated to biosensors utilizing mammalian cells as the biorecognition element. Cell-based assays, such as high-throughput screening (HTS) or cytotoxicity testing, have already emerged as dependable and promising approaches to measure the functionality or toxicity of a compound (in case of HTS); or to probe the presence of pathogenic or toxigenic entities in clinical, environmental, or food samples. External stimuli or changes in cellular microenvironment sometimes perturb the "normal" physiological activities of mammalian cells, thus allowing CBBs to screen, monitor, and measure the analyte-induced changes. The advantage of CBBs is that they can report the presence or absence of active components, such as live pathogens or active toxins. In some cases, mammalian cells or plasma membranes are used as electrical capacitors and cell-cell and cell-substrate contact is measured via conductivity or electrical impedance. In addition, cytopathogenicity or cytotoxicity induced by pathogens or toxins resulting in apoptosis or necrosis could be measured via optical devices using fluorescence or luminescence. This chapter focuses mainly on the type and applications of different mammalian cell-based sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Banerjee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Department of Food & Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, 35762, USA
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Banerjee P, Bhunia AK. Mammalian cell-based biosensors for pathogens and toxins. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:179-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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