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Mostufa S, Rezaei B, Ciannella S, Yari P, Gómez-Pastora J, He R, Wu K. Advancements and Perspectives in Optical Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24181-24202. [PMID: 38882113 PMCID: PMC11170745 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Optical biosensors exhibit immense potential, offering extraordinary possibilities for biosensing due to their high sensitivity, reusability, and ultrafast sensing capabilities. This review provides a concise overview of optical biosensors, encompassing various platforms, operational mechanisms, and underlying physics, and it summarizes recent advancements in the field. Special attention is given to plasmonic biosensors and metasurface-based biosensors, emphasizing their significant performance in bioassays and, thus, their increasing attraction in biosensing research, positioning them as excellent candidates for lab-on-chip and point-of-care devices. For plasmonic biosensors, we emphasize surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and its subcategories, along with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) devices and surface enhance Raman spectroscopy (SERS), highlighting their ability to perform diverse bioassays. Additionally, we discuss recently emerged metasurface-based biosensors. Toward the conclusion of this review, we address current challenges, opportunities, and prospects in optical biosensing. Considering the advancements and advantages presented by optical biosensors, it is foreseeable that they will become a robust and widespread platform for early disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Mostufa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Bahareh Rezaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Stefano Ciannella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Parsa Yari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Rui He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Lin TZ, Chen CH, Lei YP, Huang CS. Gradient Guided-Mode Resonance Biosensor with Smartphone Readout. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1006. [PMID: 38131766 PMCID: PMC10741440 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrating biosensors with smartphones is becoming an increasingly popular method for detecting various biomolecules and could replace expensive laboratory-based instruments. In this work, we demonstrate a novel smartphone-based biosensor system with a gradient grating period guided-mode resonance (GGP-GMR) sensor. The sensor comprises numerous gratings which each correspond to and block the light of a specific resonant wavelength. This results in a dark band, which is observed using a CCD underneath the GGP-GMR sensor. By monitoring the shift in the dark band, the concentration of a molecule in a sample can be determined. The sensor is illuminated by a light-emitting diode, and the light transmitted through the GGP-GMR sensor is directly captured by a smartphone, which then displays the results. Experiments were performed to validate the proposed smartphone biosensor and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.50 × 10-3 RIU was achieved for sucrose solutions. Additionally, multiplexed detection was demonstrated for albumin and creatinine solutions at concentrations of 0-500 and 0-1 mg/mL, respectively; the corresponding LODs were 1.18 and 20.56 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheng-Sheng Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (T.-Z.L.); (C.-H.C.); (Y.-P.L.)
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Kumar BMH, Srikanth PC, Vaibhav AM. A novel computation method for detection of Malaria in RBC using Photonic biosensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 13:2053-2058. [PMID: 34493995 PMCID: PMC8412864 DOI: 10.1007/s41870-021-00782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Initial stage detection of malaria is very helpful in reducing the human death rate. Generally manual diagnosis is used for detection of malaria using 100 × to 600 × microscope but time required for this process is very large and false report chances are more, which results in death of a person. A high speed, low cost and result accurate biosensor plays a key role in diagnosis of malaria. When malaria parasite's infects RBC's, its mechanical, physical and biochemical structure will get modified results in change of refractive index of RBC. Therefore, refractive index varies from normal RBC to infected RBC. This factor is utilized to design the photonic biosensor for detection of malaria in humans and it is label free detection method. The proposed photonic crystal sensor has 10 µm × 10 µm dimension. The extracted sample is placed in the sensor holes and light beam with a wavelength of 1.85-1.95 µm is fed inside the bio sensor. If the malaria parasites are present then there will be variation in RI from normal sample results in the wavelength shift. FDTD technique is used for the simulation of this model. Quality factor achieved for this design is 214 and the sensitivity for change in refractive index is 225 nm/RIU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P C Srikanth
- Department of E and C Engineering, MCE, Hassan, India
| | - A M Vaibhav
- Department of E and C Engineering, DSU, Bengaluru, India
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Perotto S, Biagini C, Hubarevich A, Tantussi F, De Angelis F. Toward all on chip optical detection in the few molecule regime. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112600. [PMID: 32971342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Integrated optics devices are one of the most promising technologies in many fields such as biosensing, optical monitoring, and portable devices. They provide several advantages such as unique sensitivity and the possibility of the well-established and developed silicon photonics technology. However some challenges still remain open, as the implementation of multiplex assay able to reach the single particle sensitivity. In this context, we propose a new design for a Si-based photonic structure that enables the realization of on chip sub-wavelength optical sources. The idea is based on the insertion of opportunely designed nanometric holes in the photonic circuit, which are available for analyte detection with high efficiency. We propose three different configurations in which both excitation and detection are obtained through the same waveguide thus simplifying the detection scheme and potentially enabling multiplexed detection. We proved the high confinement of the electromagnetic field in the holes both by theoretical modelling and spectroscopic measurements. We investigate the possibility of inserting an arbitrary number of optical sources by using a resonator and evaluate advantages and drawbacks of resonating and non-resonating solutions. Finally, we report the proof-of-concept experiment, where detection sensitivity down to single Quantum Dots is obtained by combining the novel design with fluorescence-based techniques. Importantly, the presented results are achieved by a simple modification of photonic sensing chips which are already on the market thus having an excellent translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perotto
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16159 Genova, Italy; Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Biagini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16159 Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, via Balbi 5, I-16126 Genova, Italy
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5
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Ma Y, Dong B, Lee C. Progress of infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors and devices. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32239361 PMCID: PMC7113365 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics, manipulating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, is an appealing technology for diversified biochemical and physical sensing applications. Guided-wave nanophotonics paves the way to miniaturize the sensors and realize on-chip integration of various photonic components, so as to realize chip-scale sensing systems for the future realization of the Internet of Things which requires the deployment of numerous sensor nodes. Starting from the popular CMOS-compatible silicon nanophotonics in the infrared, many infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors have been developed, showing the advantages of high sensitivity, low limit of detection, low crosstalk, strong detection multiplexing capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, small footprint and low cost. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress of research on infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors. The sensor configurations, sensing mechanisms, sensing performances, performance improvement strategies, and system integrations are described. Future development directions are also proposed to overcome current technological obstacles toward industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Bowei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123 China
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
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6
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Shakoor A, Grant J, Grande M, Cumming DRS. Towards Portable Nanophotonic Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1715. [PMID: 30974832 PMCID: PMC6479635 DOI: 10.3390/s19071715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A range of nanophotonic sensors composed of different materials and device configurations have been developed over the past two decades. These sensors have achieved high performance in terms of sensitivity and detection limit. The size of onchip nanophotonic sensors is also small and they are regarded as a strong candidate to provide the next generation sensors for a range of applications including chemical and biosensing for point-of-care diagnostics. However, the apparatus used to perform measurements of nanophotonic sensor chips is bulky, expensive and requires experts to operate them. Thus, although integrated nanophotonic sensors have shown high performance and are compact themselves their practical applications are limited by the lack of a compact readout system required for their measurements. To achieve the aim of using nanophotonic sensors in daily life it is important to develop nanophotonic sensors which are not only themselves small, but their readout system is also portable, compact and easy to operate. Recognizing the need to develop compact readout systems for onchip nanophotonic sensors, different groups around the globe have started to put efforts in this direction. This review article discusses different works carried out to develop integrated nanophotonic sensors with compact readout systems, which are divided into two categories; onchip nanophotonic sensors with monolithically integrated readout and onchip nanophotonic sensors with separate but compact readout systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Shakoor
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - James Grant
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK.
| | - Marco Grande
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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7
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Luan E, Shoman H, Ratner DM, Cheung KC, Chrostowski L. Silicon Photonic Biosensors Using Label-Free Detection. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103519. [PMID: 30340405 PMCID: PMC6210424 DOI: 10.3390/s18103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to advanced semiconductor microfabrication technology, chip-scale integration and miniaturization of lab-on-a-chip components, silicon-based optical biosensors have made significant progress for the purpose of point-of-care diagnosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in evanescent field biosensing technologies including interferometer, microcavity, photonic crystal, and Bragg grating waveguide-based sensors. Their sensing mechanisms and sensor performances, as well as real biomarkers for label-free detection, are exhibited and compared. We also review the development of chip-level integration for lab-on-a-chip photonic sensing platforms, which consist of the optical sensing device, flow delivery system, optical input and readout equipment. At last, some advanced system-level complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip packaging examples are presented, indicating the commercialization potential for the low cost, high yield, portable biosensing platform leveraging CMOS processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxiao Luan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Hossam Shoman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Daniel M Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA.
| | - Karen C Cheung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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8
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Tieu T, Alba M, Elnathan R, Cifuentes‐Rius A, Voelcker NH. Advances in Porous Silicon–Based Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Tieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- T. Tieu, Dr. M. Alba, Prof. N. H. Voelcker CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Maria Alba
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- T. Tieu, Dr. M. Alba, Prof. N. H. Voelcker CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Anna Cifuentes‐Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- Prof. N. H. Voelcker Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- T. Tieu, Dr. M. Alba, Prof. N. H. Voelcker CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
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9
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Li K, Zhou W, Zeng S. Optical Micro/Nanofiber-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors: Fiber Diameter Dependence. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103295. [PMID: 30274387 PMCID: PMC6210447 DOI: 10.3390/s18103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integration of functional nanomaterials with optical micro/nanofibers (OMNFs) can bring about novel optical properties and provide a versatile platform for various sensing applications. OMNFs as the key element, however, have seldom been investigated. Here, we focus on the optimization of fiber diameter by taking micro/nanofiber-based localized surface plasmon resonance sensors as a model. We systematically study the dependence of fiber diameter on the sensing performance of such sensors. Both theoretical and experimental results show that, by reducing fiber diameter, the refractive index sensitivity can be significantly increased. Then, we demonstrate the biosensing capability of the optimized sensor for streptavidin detection and achieve a detection limit of 1 pg/mL. Furthermore, the proposed theoretical model is applicable to other nanomaterials and OMNF-based sensing schemes for performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwei Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Wenchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/University of Limoges, 87060 Limoges CEDEX, France.
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10
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Wang Z, Xue M, Zhang H, Meng Z, Shea KJ, Qiu L, Ji T, Xie T. Self-assembly of a nano hydrogel colloidal array for the sensing of humidity. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9963-9969. [PMID: 35540848 PMCID: PMC9078704 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional artificial opals are assembled from silica or polystylene colloidals which have poor swellability and a lower response to stimuli. A novel three-dimensional photonic crystal array sensor which has a high stability and desired structural colour was fabricated from the self assembly of nano hydrogel colloids. The nano hydrogel colloids were prepared by co-polymerisation of N-isopropylacrylamide, functional monomer acrylic acid and N-tert-butylacrylamide. The relative humidity from 20% to 100% could be detected rapidly via the reflection spectrum of the nano hydrogel colloidal array with a maximum amount of red shift of 24 nm. The response kinetics for humidity of the nano hydrogel colloidal array were investigated, and correspondingly, a rational response mechanism of the compactness of the close-packed structure caused by the swelling of the nano hydrogel colloidal array was discussed. The nano hydrogel colloidal array sensor presented good reversibility and can be reused for at least five rounds. A simple and low-cost humidity sensor based on self-assembled three dimensional nanohydrogel colloidal array was prepared for humidity sensing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Min Xue
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Herong Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | | | - Lili Qiu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Tiantian Ji
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Tengsheng Xie
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
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11
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Zhang YN, Zhao Y, Zhou T, Wu Q. Applications and developments of on-chip biochemical sensors based on optofluidic photonic crystal cavities. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 18:57-74. [PMID: 29125166 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PC) cavities, which possess the advantages of compactness, flexible design, and suitability for integration in a lab-on-a-chip system, are able to distinguish slight variations in refractive index with only a small amount of analyte. Combined with the newly proposed optofluidic technology, PC-cavity devices stimulate an emerging class of miniaturized and label-free biochemical sensors. In this review, an overview of optofluidic PC cavities based biochemical sensors is presented. First, the basic properties of the PC, as well as the sensing principle of the PC cavity, are discussed. Second, the applications of the sensors in detecting gas, liquid, and biomolecule concentrations are reviewed, with a focus on their structures, sensing principles, sensing properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, the current challenges and future development directions of optofluidic PC-cavity-based biochemical sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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12
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Watanabe T, Saijo Y, Hasegawa Y, Watanabe K, Nishijima Y, Baba T. Ion-sensitive photonic-crystal nanolaser sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:24469-24479. [PMID: 29041391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.024469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In general, biochemical sensors based on photonic cavities are used to detect changes in the refractive index of the environment. In this study, however, a GaInAsP semiconductor photonic-crystal nanolaser sensor that we recently developed was found to detect not only the environmental refractive index but also the surface charge. In contrast to the pH sensitivity we reported previously, this is an ultra-sensitive detection mechanism capable of identifying proteins and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) at a femtomolar-order or lower concentrations. When the device is exposed to plasma or DNA solutions, the laser wavelength simultaneously changes with the zeta potential and the flat-band potential of the semiconductor surface. This indicates that the charged functional groups on the surface, which are formed by these treatments, modify the Schottky barrier near the semiconductor surface, trap the excited carriers in the barrier, and change the refractive index of the semiconductor via the carrier effects. These findings also suggest that some other photonic sensors may also exhibit similar electrochemical and optoelectronic effects.
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Triggs GJ, Evans GJO, Krauss TF. Degradation of silicon photonic biosensors in cell culture media: analysis and prevention. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2924-2931. [PMID: 28663916 PMCID: PMC5480439 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic biosensors are being widely researched as they combine high performance with the potential for low-cost mass-manufacturing. Sensing is typically performed in an aqueous environment and it is assumed that the sensor is chemically stable, as silicon is known to etch in strong alkaline solutions but not in liquids with a pH close to 7. Here, we show that silicon can be affected surprisingly strongly by typical cell culture media, and we observe etch rates of up to 2 nm/hour. We then demonstrate that a very thin (< 10 nm) layer of thermal oxide is sufficient to suppress the etching process and provide the long-term stability required for monitoring cells and related biological processes over extended periods of time. We also show that employing an additional pH buffering compound in the culture medium can significantly reduce the etch rate.
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14
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Baker JE, Sriram R, Miller BL. Recognition-mediated particle detection under microfluidic flow with waveguide-coupled 2D photonic crystals: towards integrated photonic virus detectors. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1570-1577. [PMID: 28357424 PMCID: PMC5482269 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Label-free biodetection schemes compatible with standard CMOS fabrication methods constitute an important goal, as these are enabling tools for the mass production of high-sensitivity biosensors. Two-dimensional slab photonic crystal (2D slab-PhC) sensors have been posited as ultrahigh-sensitivity detection components, but to date recognition-mediated detection of viruses or simulants under flow has not been demonstrated. We report the design and optimization of a new W1 waveguide-coupled 2D slab-PhC sensor, with a geometry well suited to virus detection. Proof of concept experiments with fluorescent latex particles verified that the sensor could respond to infiltration of a single particle, both in air and under an aqueous cover layer. Subsequent experiments with antibody-functionalized sensors and virus simulants confirmed the ability of the device to detect virus-sized particles under flow via a recognition-mediated process. This work sets the stage for incorporation of 2D slab-PhC sensors into fully integrated photonic sensor systems.
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15
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Lo SM, Hu S, Gaur G, Kostoulas Y, Weiss SM, Fauchet PM. Photonic crystal microring resonator for label-free biosensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7046-7054. [PMID: 28381045 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A label-free optical biosensor based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal microring resonator with enhanced light-matter interaction is demonstrated. More than a 2-fold improvement in volumetric and surface sensing sensitivity is achieved compared to conventional microring sensors. The experimental bulk detection sensitivity is ~248nm/RIU and label-free detection of DNA and proteins is reported at the nanomolar scale. With a minimum feature size greater than 100nm, the photonic crystal microring resonator biosensor can be fabricated with the same standard lithographic techniques used to mass fabricate conventional microring resonators.
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16
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Yang D, Wang C, Ji Y. Silicon on-chip 1D photonic crystal nanobeam bandstop filters for the parallel multiplexing of ultra-compact integrated sensor array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16267-16279. [PMID: 27464080 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel multiplexed ultra-compact high-sensitivity one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC) nanobeam cavity sensor array on a monolithic silicon chip, referred to as Parallel Integrated 1D PC Nanobeam Cavity Sensor Array (PI-1DPC-NCSA). The performance of the device is investigated numerically with three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) technique. The PI-1DPC-NCSA consists of multiple parallel-connected channels of integrated 1D PC nanobeam cavities/waveguides with gap separations. On each channel, by connecting two additional 1D PC nanobeam bandstop filters (1DPC-NBFs) to a 1D PC nanobeam cavity sensor (1DPC-NCS) in series, a transmission spectrum with a single targeted resonance is achieved for the purpose of multiplexed sensing applications. While the other spurious resonances are filtered out by the stop-band of 1DPC-NBF, multiple 1DPC-NCSs at different resonances can be connected in parallel without spectrum overlap. Furthermore, in order for all 1DPC-NCSs to be integrated into microarrays and to be interrogated simultaneously with a single input/output port, all channels are then connected in parallel by using a 1 × n taper-type equal power splitter and a n × 1 S-type power combiner in the input port and output port, respectively (n is the channel number). The concept model of PI-1DPC-NCSA is displayed with a 3-parallel-channel 1DPC-NCSs array containing series-connected 1DPC-NBFs. The bulk refractive index sensitivities as high as 112.6nm/RIU, 121.7nm/RIU, and 148.5nm/RIU are obtained (RIU = Refractive Index Unit). In particular, the footprint of the 3-parallel-channel PI-1DPC-NCSA is 4.5μm × 50μm (width × length), decreased by more than three orders of magnitude compared to 2D PC integrated sensor arrays. Thus, this is a promising platform for realizing ultra-compact lab-on-a-chip applications with high integration density and high parallel-multiplexing capabilities.
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Zheng Y, Shang N, Haddad PS, Sawan M. A Microsystem for Magnetic Immunoassay Based on Planar Microcoil Array. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016; 10:477-486. [PMID: 26173219 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2015.2434618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the circuit and system implementation of a microsystem platform for magnetic immunoassay, which is a novel type of diagnostic method using magnetic beads as labels. Three main challenges facing this work-design of a high performance sensor, packaging technique and design of integrated circuits are discussed. Planar microcoil array are exploited as sensor of magnetic beads, whereas ultra thin bottom microplate in traditional ELISA is used for the assay. Main circuits blocks include bidirectional current supply circuit, magnetic field sensing circuit and on-chip temperature sensor. Experiments using mouse IgG with different densities were performed on the proposed platform, results show that a minimum density of 100 pg/mL can be detected, which is a comparable sensitivity to conventional optical ELISA, and a quantitative relationship can be acquired in the range from 1 ng/ml to 1 ug/ml, thus this platform is suitable for quantitative analysis in practical health and environment application and has potential for medical diagnostics, food pathogen detection or water analysis.
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Last Advances in Silicon-Based Optical Biosensors. SENSORS 2016; 16:285. [PMID: 26927105 PMCID: PMC4813860 DOI: 10.3390/s16030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We review the most important achievements published in the last five years in the field of silicon-based optical biosensors. We focus specially on label-free optical biosensors and their implementation into lab-on-a-chip platforms, with an emphasis on developments demonstrating the capability of the devices for real bioanalytical applications. We report on novel transducers and materials, improvements of existing transducers, new and improved biofunctionalization procedures as well as the prospects for near future commercialization of these technologies.
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Lifson MA, Miller BL. Photonic Crystals as Robust Label-Free Biosensors. PHOTONIC MATERIALS FOR SENSING, BIOSENSING AND DISPLAY DEVICES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24990-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kuo PH, Kuo JC, Hsueh HT, Hsieh JY, Huang YC, Wang T, Lin YH, Lin CT, Yang YJ, Lu SS. A Smart CMOS Assay SoC for Rapid Blood Screening Test of Risk Prediction. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2015; 9:790-800. [PMID: 26800550 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2015.2507618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A micro-controller unit (MCU) assisted immunoassay lab-on-a-chip is realized in 0.35 μm CMOS technology. The MCU automatically controls the detection procedure including blood filtration through a nonporous aluminum oxide membrane, bimolecular conjugation with antibodies attached to magnetic beads, electrolytic pumping, magnetic flushing and threshold detection based on Hall sensor array readout analysis. To verify the function of this chip, in-vitro Tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) tests are performed by this 9 mm(2)-sized single chip. The cost, efficiency and portability are considerably improved compared to the prior art.
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Heiniger AT, Miller BL, Fauchet PM. Numerical study of sensitivity enhancement in a photonic crystal microcavity biosensor due to optical forces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25072-25083. [PMID: 26406707 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal microcavity biosensors can detect single biomolecules, but reliance on diffusion from microfluidic flow for particle delivery limits the minimum detectable particle concentration. Here the particle equation of motion is solved to find the sensitivity enhancement due to optical forces. The enhancement is examined for a range of parameters, including input optical power, fluid flow rate, device quality factor, and particle size.
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Wang Z, Yan H, Chakravarty S, Subbaraman H, Xu X, Fan DL, Wang AX, Chen RT. Microfluidic channels with ultralow-loss waveguide crossings for various chip-integrated photonic sensors. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1563-1566. [PMID: 25831385 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional silicon waveguides are defined by waveguide trenches on either side of the high-index silicon core that leads to fluid leakage orifices for over-layed microfluidic channels. Closing the orifices needs additional fabrication steps which may include oxide deposition and planarization. We experimentally demonstrated a new type of microfluidic channel design with ultralow-loss waveguide crossings (0.00248 dB per crossings). The waveguide crossings and all other on-chip passive-waveguide components are fabricated in one step with no additional planarization steps which eliminates any orifices and leads to leak-free fluid flow. Such designs are applicable in all optical-waveguide-based sensing applications where the analyte must be flowed over the sensor. The new channel design was demonstrated in a L55 photonic crystal sensor operating between 1540 and 1580 nm.
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Jones SI, Tan Y, Shamimuzzaman M, George S, Cunningham BT, Vodkin L. Direct detection of transcription factors in cotyledons during seedling development using sensitive silicon-substrate photonic crystal protein arrays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:639-49. [PMID: 25635113 PMCID: PMC4348770 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors control important gene networks, altering the expression of a wide variety of genes, including those of agronomic importance, despite often being expressed at low levels. Detecting transcription factor proteins is difficult, because current high-throughput methods may not be sensitive enough. One-dimensional, silicon-substrate photonic crystal (PC) arrays provide an alternative substrate for printing multiplexed protein microarrays that have greater sensitivity through an increased signal-to-noise ratio of the fluorescent signal compared with performing the same assay upon a traditional aminosilanized glass surface. As a model system to test proof of concept of the silicon-substrate PC arrays to directly detect rare proteins in crude plant extracts, we selected representatives of four different transcription factor families (zinc finger GATA, basic helix-loop-helix, BTF3/NAC [for basic transcription factor of the NAC family], and YABBY) that have increasing transcript levels during the stages of seedling cotyledon development. Antibodies to synthetic peptides representing the transcription factors were printed on both glass slides and silicon-substrate PC slides along with antibodies to abundant cotyledon proteins, seed lectin, and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. The silicon-substrate PC arrays proved more sensitive than those performed on glass slides, detecting rare proteins that were below background on the glass slides. The zinc finger transcription factor was detected on the PC arrays in crude extracts of all stages of the seedling cotyledons, whereas YABBY seemed to be at the lower limit of their sensitivity. Interestingly, the basic helix-loop-helix and NAC proteins showed developmental profiles consistent with their transcript patterns, indicating proof of concept for detecting these low-abundance proteins in crude extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Jones
- Departments of Crop Sciences (S.I.J., M.S., L.V.) andElectrical and Computer Engineering (Y.T., S.G., B.T.C.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Yafang Tan
- Departments of Crop Sciences (S.I.J., M.S., L.V.) andElectrical and Computer Engineering (Y.T., S.G., B.T.C.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Md Shamimuzzaman
- Departments of Crop Sciences (S.I.J., M.S., L.V.) andElectrical and Computer Engineering (Y.T., S.G., B.T.C.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Sherine George
- Departments of Crop Sciences (S.I.J., M.S., L.V.) andElectrical and Computer Engineering (Y.T., S.G., B.T.C.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Brian T Cunningham
- Departments of Crop Sciences (S.I.J., M.S., L.V.) andElectrical and Computer Engineering (Y.T., S.G., B.T.C.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Lila Vodkin
- Departments of Crop Sciences (S.I.J., M.S., L.V.) andElectrical and Computer Engineering (Y.T., S.G., B.T.C.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Baker JE, Sriram R, Miller BL. Two-dimensional photonic crystals for sensitive microscale chemical and biochemical sensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:971-990. [PMID: 25563402 PMCID: PMC4315696 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals - optical devices able to respond to changes in the refractive index of a small volume of space - are an emerging class of label-free chemical- and bio-sensors. This review focuses on one class of photonic crystal, in which light is confined to a patterned planar material layer of sub-wavelength thickness. These devices are small (on the order of tens to hundreds of microns square), suitable for incorporation into lab-on-a-chip systems, and in theory can provide exceptional sensitivity. We introduce the defining characteristics and basic operation of two-dimensional photonic crystal sensors, describe variations of their basic design geometry, and summarize reported detection results from chemical and biological sensing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Baker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 , USA
| | - Rashmi Sriram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 697, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Xu X, Subbaraman H, Chakravarty S, Hosseini A, Covey J, Yu Y, Kwong D, Zhang Y, Lai WC, Zou Y, Lu N, Chen RT. Flexible single-crystal silicon nanomembrane photonic crystal cavity. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12265-12271. [PMID: 25409282 DOI: 10.1021/nn504393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flexible inorganic electronic devices promise numerous applications, especially in fields that could not be covered satisfactorily by conventional rigid devices. Benefits on a similar scale are also foreseeable for silicon photonic components. However, the difficulty in transferring intricate silicon photonic devices has deterred widespread development. In this paper, we demonstrate a flexible single-crystal silicon nanomembrane photonic crystal microcavity through a bonding and substrate removal approach. The transferred cavity shows a quality factor of 2.2×10(4) and could be bent to a curvature of 5 mm radius without deteriorating the performance compared to its counterparts on rigid substrates. A thorough characterization of the device reveals that the resonant wavelength is a linear function of the bending-induced strain. The device also shows a curvature-independent sensitivity to the ambient index variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Xu
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Bldg. 160, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
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Shtenberg G, Massad-Ivanir N, Fruk L, Segal E. Nanostructured porous Si optical biosensors: effect of thermal oxidation on their performance and properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:16049-55. [PMID: 25159537 DOI: 10.1021/am503987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The influence of thermal oxidation conditions on the performance of porous Si optical biosensors used for label-free and real-time monitoring of enzymatic activity is studied. We compare three oxidation temperatures (400, 600, and 800 °C) and their effect on the enzyme immobilization efficiency and the intrinsic stability of the resulting oxidized porous Si (PSiO2), Fabry-Pérot thin films. Importantly, we show that the thermal oxidation profoundly affects the biosensing performance in terms of greater optical sensitivity, by monitoring the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase and trypsin-immobilized PSiO2. Despite the significant decrease in porous volume and specific surface area (confirmed by nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption studies) with elevating the oxidation temperature, higher content and surface coverage of the immobilized enzymes is attained. This in turn leads to greater optical stability and sensitivity of PSiO2 nanostructures. Specifically, films produced at 800 °C exhibit stable optical readout in aqueous buffers combined with superior biosensing performance. Thus, by proper control of the oxide layer formation, we can eliminate the aging effect, thus achieving efficient immobilization of different biomolecules, optical signal stability, and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Shtenberg
- The Inter-Departmental Program of Biotechnology, ‡Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, and ∥The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
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Yadav AR, Mace CR, Miller BL. Examining the interactions of the splicing factor MBNL1 with target RNA sequences via a label-free, multiplex method. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1067-75. [PMID: 24377303 DOI: 10.1021/ac402603j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The near-ubiquity of the involvement of RNA in crucial biological processes is accepted. It is important, therefore, to study and understand the biophysical principles that regulate the function of RNA and its interactions with other molecules (e.g., proteins and antibiotics). Methods enabling the high-throughput determination of RNA-protein binding kinetics and thermodynamics would greatly accelerate understanding of these interactions. To that end, we describe the development of a real-time biomolecular interaction analysis platform based on arrayed imaging reflectometry (AIR) for multiplex analysis of RNA-protein interactions. We demonstrate the use of aqueous AIR by measuring the binding kinetics between muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1), a splicing regulator protein that plays a pivotal role in the Myotonic Dystrophies and Huntington's Disease, and several of its RNA targets simultaneously on a microarrayed chip. Using this approach, we observe that the kinetics of MBNL1 binding isolated CUG and repeat CUG RNA sequences (as models for "normal" and "pathogenic" RNA, respectively) are different even though their steady state binding constants are similar. The ability to compare binding kinetics between RNA sequences rapidly and easily may provide insight into the molecular basis of MBNL1-RNA binding, and more generally suggests that AIR can be a powerful tool to enable the label-free, real-time analysis of biomolecular interactions in a high-throughput format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita R Yadav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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Liang F, Clarke N, Patel P, Loncar M, Quan Q. Scalable photonic crystal chips for high sensitivity protein detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:32306-12. [PMID: 24514823 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.032306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Scalable microfabrication technology has enabled semiconductor and microelectronics industries, among other fields. Meanwhile, rapid and sensitive bio-molecule detection is increasingly important for drug discovery and biomedical diagnostics. In this work, we designed and demonstrated that photonic crystal sensor chips have high sensitivity for protein detection and can be mass-produced with scalable deep-UV lithography. We demonstrated label-free detection of carcinoembryonic antigen from pg/mL to μg/mL, with high quality factor photonic crystal nanobeam cavities.
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Lifson MA, Basu Roy D, Miller BL. Enhancing the detection limit of nanoscale biosensors via topographically selective functionalization. Anal Chem 2013; 86:1016-22. [PMID: 24372197 DOI: 10.1021/ac401523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale biosensors have remarkable theoretical sensitivities but often suffer from suboptimal limits of detection in practice. This is in part because the sensing area of nanoscale sensors is orders of magnitude smaller than the total device substrate. Current strategies to immobilize probes (capture molecules) functionalize both sensing and nonsensing regions, leading to target depletion and diminished limits of detection. The difference in topography between these regions on nanoscale biosensors offers a way to selectively address only the sensing area. We developed a bottom-up, topographically selective approach employing self-assembled poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel nanoparticles as a mask to preferentially bind target to only the active sensing region of a photonic crystal (PhC) biosensor. This led to over an order of magnitude improvement in the limit of detection for the device, in agreement with finite element simulations. Since the sensing elements in many nanoscale sensors are topographically distinct, this approach should be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lifson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ¶Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and #Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Pal S, Yadav AR, Lifson MA, Baker JE, Fauchet PM, Miller BL. Selective virus detection in complex sample matrices with photonic crystal optical cavities. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 44:229-34. [PMID: 23434758 PMCID: PMC3596473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of viruses is critical for applications in medical diagnostics, biosecurity, and environmental safety. In this article, we report the application of a point-defect-coupled W1 photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide biosensor to label-free optical detection of viruses. Fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate using electron-beam (e-beam) lithography and reactive-ion-etching, the PhC sensing platform allows optical detection based on resonant mode shifts in response to ambient refractive index changes produced by infiltration of target biomaterial within the holes of the PhC structure. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculations were performed to assist with design of the sensor, and to serve as a theoretical benchmark against which experimental results could be compared. Using Human Papillomavirus virus-like particles (VLPs) spiked in 10% fetal bovine serum as a model system, we observed a limit of detection of 1.5 nM in simple (buffer only) or complex (10% serum) sample matrices. The use of anti-VLP antibodies specific for intact VLPs with the PhC sensors provided highly selective VLP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Pal
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Amrita R. Yadav
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. Lifson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - James E. Baker
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Philippe M. Fauchet
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
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Detection of Myoglobin with an Open-Cavity-Based Label-Free Photonic Crystal Biosensor. J Med Eng 2013; 2013:808056. [PMID: 27006922 PMCID: PMC4782615 DOI: 10.1155/2013/808056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The label-free detection of one of the cardiac biomarkers, myoglobin, using a photonic-crystal-based biosensor in a total-internal-reflection configuration (PC-TIR) is presented in this paper. The PC-TIR sensor possesses a unique open optical microcavity that allows for several key advantages in biomolecular assays. In contrast to a conventional closed microcavity, the open configuration allows easy functionalization of the sensing surface for rapid biomolecular binding assays. Moreover, the properties of PC structures make it easy to be designed and engineered for operating at any optical wavelength. Through fine design of the photonic crystal structure, biochemical modification of the sensor surface, and integration with a microfluidic system, we have demonstrated that the detection sensitivity of the sensor for myoglobin has reached the clinically significant concentration range, enabling potential usage of this biosensor for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The real-time response of the sensor to the myoglobin binding may potentially provide point-of-care monitoring of patients and treatment effects.
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Pacholski C. Photonic crystal sensors based on porous silicon. SENSORS 2013; 13:4694-713. [PMID: 23571671 PMCID: PMC3673107 DOI: 10.3390/s130404694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porous silicon has been established as an excellent sensing platform for the optical detection of hazardous chemicals and biomolecular interactions such as DNA hybridization, antigen/antibody binding, and enzymatic reactions. Its porous nature provides a high surface area within a small volume, which can be easily controlled by changing the pore sizes. As the porosity and consequently the refractive index of an etched porous silicon layer depends on the electrochemial etching conditions photonic crystals composed of multilayered porous silicon films with well-resolved and narrow optical reflectivity features can easily be obtained. The prominent optical response of the photonic crystal decreases the detection limit and therefore increases the sensitivity of porous silicon sensors in comparison to sensors utilizing Fabry-Pérot based optical transduction. Development of porous silicon photonic crystal sensors which allow for the detection of analytes by the naked eye using a simple color change or the fabrication of stacked porous silicon photonic crystals showing two distinct optical features which can be utilized for the discrimination of analytes emphasize its high application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pacholski
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
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Bañuls MJ, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Chemical surface modifications for the development of silicon-based label-free integrated optical (IO) biosensors: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 777:1-16. [PMID: 23622959 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing interest has been paid to label-free biosensors in recent years. Among them, refractive index (RI) optical biosensors enable high density and the chip-scale integration of optical components. This makes them more appealing to help develop lab-on-a-chip devices. Today, many RI integrated optical (IO) devices are made using silicon-based materials. A key issue in their development is the biofunctionalization of sensing surfaces because they provide a specific, sensitive response to the analyte of interest. This review critically discusses the biofunctionalization procedures, assay formats and characterization techniques employed in setting up IO biosensors. In addition, it provides the most relevant results obtained from using these devices for real sample biosensing. Finally, an overview of the most promising future developments in the fields of chemical surface modification and capture agent attachment for IO biosensors follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Bañuls
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Pal S, Fauchet PM, Miller BL. 1-D and 2-D photonic crystals as optical methods for amplifying biomolecular recognition. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8900-8. [PMID: 22947038 PMCID: PMC3491098 DOI: 10.1021/ac3012945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Label-free sensing strategies are an intensely studied and increasingly used alternative to signal amplification via fluorescent labels and enzymatic methods. This article discusses one class of optical sensors, termed "photonic crystals", that effectively amplify binding events (such as analyte capture) via strong light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Pal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816
| | - Philippe M. Fauchet
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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Chakravarty S, Zou Y, Lai WC, Chen RT. Slow light engineering for high Q high sensitivity photonic crystal microcavity biosensors in silicon. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:170-6. [PMID: 22748964 PMCID: PMC3432291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current trends in photonic crystal microcavity biosensors in silicon-on-insulator (SOI), that focus on small and smaller sensors have faced a bottleneck trying to balance two contradictory requirements of resonance quality factor and sensitivity. By simultaneous control of the radiation loss and optical mode volumes, we show that both requirements can be satisfied simultaneously. Microcavity sensors are designed in which resonances show highest Q ≈ 9300 in the bio-ambient phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as well as highest sensitivity among photonic crystal biosensors. We experimentally demonstrated mass sensitivity 8.8 atto-grams with sensitivity per unit area of 0.8 pg/mm(2). Highest sensitivity, irrespective of the dissociation constant K(d), is demonstrated among all existing label-free optical biosensors in silicon at the concentration of 0.1 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Bldg 160, Austin, TX, 78758
| | - Wei-Cheng Lai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Bldg 160, Austin, TX, 78758
| | - Ray T. Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Bldg 160, Austin, TX, 78758
- Omega Optics Inc., 10306 Sausalito Drive, Austin, TX, 78759
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Threm D, Nazirizadeh Y, Gerken M. Photonic crystal biosensors towards on-chip integration. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:601-616. [PMID: 22678992 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal technology has attracted large interest in the last years. The possibility to generate highly sensitive sensor elements with photonic crystal structures is very promising for medical or environmental applications. The low-cost fabrication on the mass scale is as advantageous as the compactness and reliability of photonic crystal biosensors. The possibility to integrate microfluidic channels together with photonic crystal structures allows for highly compact devices. This article reviews different types of photonic crystal sensors including 1D photonic crystal biosensors, biosensors with photonic crystal slabs, photonic crystal waveguide biosensors and biosensors with photonic crystal microcavities. Their applications in biomolecular and pathogen detection are highlighted. The sensitivities and the detection limits of the different biosensors are compared. The focus is on the possibilities to integrate photonic crystal biosensors on-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Threm
- Institute of Electrical and Information Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Zou Y, Chakravarty S, Lai WC, Lin CY, Chen RT. Methods to array photonic crystal microcavities for high throughput high sensitivity biosensing on a silicon-chip based platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2309-12. [PMID: 22522742 PMCID: PMC3417108 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a method to create large-scale chip-integrated photonic crystal sensor microarrays by combining the optical power splitting characteristics of multi-mode interference (MMI) power splitters and transmission drop resonance characteristics of multiple photonic crystal microcavities arrayed along the length of the same photonic crystal waveguide. L13 photonic crystal microcavities are employed which show high Q values (~9300) in the bio-ambient phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as well as high sensitivity, experimentally demonstrated to ~98 atto-grams. Two different probe antibodies were specifically detected simultaneously with a control sample, in the same experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Austin, TX, 78712
| | | | - Wei-Cheng Lai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Austin, TX, 78712
| | - Che-Yun Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Austin, TX, 78712
| | - Ray T. Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Austin, TX, 78712
- Omega Optics Inc., Austin, TX, 78759
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Lai WC, Chakravarty S, Zou Y, Chen RT. Silicon nano-membrane based photonic crystal microcavities for high sensitivity bio-sensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1208-10. [PMID: 22466197 PMCID: PMC3417106 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated photonic crystal microcavity based resonant sensors coupled to photonic crystal waveguides in silicon nano-membrane on insulator for chemical and bio-sensing. Linear L-type microcavities are considered. In contrast to cavities with small mode volumes, but low quality factors for bio-sensing, we showed increasing the length of the microcavity enhances the quality factor of the resonance by an order of magnitude and increases the resonance wavelength shift while retaining compact device characteristics. Q~26760 and sensitivity down to 15 ng/ml and ~110 pg/mm2 in bio-sensing was experimentally demonstrated on silicon-on-insulator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Lai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | | | - Yi Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Ray T. Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Omega Optics Inc., Austin, Texas, 78759, USA
- Corresponding author:
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