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Samanta S, Babbar S, Chen B, Muppidathi M, Bhattarai S, Harilal S, Pikhay E, Shehter I, Elkayam A, Bashouti MY, Akabayov B, Ron I, Roizin Y, Shalev G. NAGase sensing in 3% milk: FET-based specific and label-free sensing in ultra-small samples of high ionic strength and high concentration of non-specific proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116368. [PMID: 38744114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Biosensing with biological field-effect transistors (bioFETs) is a promising technology toward specific, label-free, and multiplexed sensing in ultra-small samples. The current study employs the field-effect meta-nano-channel biosensor (MNC biosensor) for the detection of the enzyme N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), a biomarker for milk cow infections. The measurements are performed in a 0.5 μL drops of 3% commercial milk spiked with NAGase concentrations in the range of 30.3 aM-3.03 μM (Note that there is no background NAGase concentration in commercial milk). Specific and label-free sensing of NAGase is demonstrated with a limit-of-detection of 30.3 aM, a dynamic range of 11 orders of magnitude and with excellent linearity and sensitivity. Additional two important research outcomes are reported. First, the ionic strength of the examined milk is ∼120 mM which implies a bulk Debye screening length <1 nm. Conventionally, a 1 nm Debye length excludes the possibility of sensing with a recognition layer composed of surface bound anti-NAGase antibodies with a size of ∼10 nm. This apparent contradiction is removed considering the ample literature reporting antibody adsorption in a predominantly surface tilted configuration (side-on, flat-on, etc.). Secondly, milk contains a non-specific background protein concentration of 33 mg/ml, in addition to considerable amounts of micron-size heterogeneous fat structures. The reported sensing was performed without the customarily exercised surface blocking and without washing of the non-specific signal. This suggests that the role of non-specific adsorption to the BioFET sensing signal needs to be further evaluated. Control measurements are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumadri Samanta
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Shubham Babbar
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Bar Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Marieeswaran Muppidathi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Data Science Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shankar Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Data Science Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sherina Harilal
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Evgeny Pikhay
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Inna Shehter
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Ayala Elkayam
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Muhammad Y Bashouti
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel; The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Barak Akabayov
- Department of Chemistry and Data Science Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Izhar Ron
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Yakov Roizin
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Gil Shalev
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
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2
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Bhattacharyya IM, Ron I, Chauhan A, Pikhay E, Greental D, Mizrahi N, Roizin Y, Shalev G. A new approach towards the Debye length challenge for specific and label-free biological sensing based on field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2837-2847. [PMID: 35137753 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08468b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biologically-modified field-effect transistors (BioFETs) are promising platforms for specific and label-free biosensing due to their sub-micron footprint suitable for multiplexing in ultra-small samples, low noise levels, inherent amplification, etc. Debye screening length is a well-recognized challenge for any BioFET-based technology. The screening length is the smallest at the double layer, where the solution ion population is higher than the bulk population. One way to address the small double layer screening length is to electrostatically modify the potential drop across the solution such as to minimize the potential drop over the double layer. This will decrease the population of the double layer ions and increase the screening length. However, this is not possible with BioFETs as voltage application to the reference electrode simultaneously affects both the double layer and the BioFET conducting channel. The current study addresses the screening length challenge with the novel Meta-Nano-Channel (MNC) BioFET. The MNC BioFET, which is fabricated in a complementary-metal-oxide-silicon (CMOS) process, allows decoupling of the electrostatics of the double layer from the electrodynamics of the conducting channel. The study explores the mechanism of sensing with the MNC BioFET, and demonstrates how the double layer can be electrostatically tuned in order to optimize the screening length without affecting the conducting channel. Finally, specific and label-free sensing of 10 ng ml-1 prostate specific antigen (PSA) is demonstrated. It is shown that by electrostatically increasing the double layer screening length, the sensing signal increases from 70 mV to 133 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izhar Ron
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
| | - Ankit Chauhan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
| | - Evgeny Pikhay
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal HaEmek, 2310502, Israel
| | - Doron Greental
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal HaEmek, 2310502, Israel
| | - Niv Mizrahi
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal HaEmek, 2310502, Israel
| | - Yakov Roizin
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal HaEmek, 2310502, Israel
| | - Gil Shalev
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
- The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Santermans S, Schanovsky F, Gupta M, Hellings G, Heyns M, Van Roy W, Martens K. The Significance of Nonlinear Screening and the pH Interference Mechanism in Field-Effect Transistor Molecular Sensors. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1049-1056. [PMID: 33496586 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyte screening is well known for its detrimental impact on the sensitivity of liquid-gated field-effect transistor (FET) molecular sensors and is mostly described by the linearized Debye-Hückel model. However, charged and pH-sensitive FET sensing surfaces can limit the FET molecular sensitivity beyond the Debye-Hückel screening formalism. Pre-existing surface charges can lead to the breakdown of Debye-Hückel screening and induce enhanced nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann screening. Moreover, the charging of the pH-sensitive surface groups interferes with biomolecule sensing resulting in a pH interference mechanism. With analytical equations and TCAD simulations, we highlight that the Debye-Hückel approximation can underestimate screening and overestimate FET molecular sensitivity by more than an order of magnitude. Screening strengthens significantly beyond Debye-Hückel in the proximity of even moderately charged surfaces and biomolecule charge densities (≥1 × 1012 q/cm2). We experimentally show the strong impact of both nonlinear screening and the pH interference effect on charge-based biomolecular sensing using a model system based on the covalent binding of single-stranded DNA on silicon FET sensors. The DNA signal increases from 24 mV at pH 7 to 96 mV at pH 3 in 1.5 mM PBS for a DNA density of 7 × 1012 DNA/cm2. Our model quantitatively explains the signal's pH dependence with roughly equal nonlinear screening and pH interference contributions. This work shows the importance of reducing the net charge and the pH sensitivity of the sensing surface to improve molecular sensing. Therefore, tailoring the gate dielectric and functional layer of FET sensors is a promising route to strong silicon FET molecular sensitivity boosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Santermans
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franz Schanovsky
- Global TCAD Solutions GmbH, Bösendorferstraße 1/12, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Mihir Gupta
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Heyns
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Chen X, Liu C, Mao S. Environmental Analysis with 2D Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Field-Effect Transistors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:95. [PMID: 34138098 PMCID: PMC7770660 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistors (FETs) present highly sensitive, rapid, and in situ detection capability in chemical and biological analysis. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) attract significant attention as FET channel due to their unique structures and outstanding properties. With the booming of studies on TMDC FETs, we aim to give a timely review on TMDC-based FET sensors for environmental analysis in different media. First, theoretical basics on TMDC and FET sensor are introduced. Then, recent advances of TMDC FET sensor for pollutant detection in gaseous and aqueous media are, respectively, discussed. At last, future perspectives and challenges in practical application and commercialization are given for TMDC FET sensors. This article provides an overview on TMDC sensors for a wide variety of analytes with an emphasize on the increasing demand of advanced sensing technologies in environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, USA
| | - Chengbin Liu
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Mao
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Bhattacharyya IM, Shalev G. Electrostatically Governed Debye Screening Length at the Solution-Solid Interface for Biosensing Applications. ACS Sens 2020; 5:154-161. [PMID: 31878773 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors based on field-effect devices (bioFETs) offer numerous advantages over current technologies and therefore have attracted immense research over the decades. However, short Debye screening length in highly ionic physiological solutions remains the main obstacle for bioFET realization. This challenge becomes considerably more acute at the electrolyte-oxide interface of the sensing area due to high ion concentration induced by the charged amphoteric sites, which prohibits any attempt to employ the field-effect mechanism to "sense" any charged biomolecules. In this work, we present an electrostatic approach by which the double layer (DL) excess ion concentration is removed, thus forcing the DL ion concentration to match the bulk concentration, which subsequently forces bulk screening length at the DL, thereby "exposing" target biomolecules to the underlying bioFET. To this end, we employ local tunable surface electric fields, introduced to the DL using surface passivated-metal electrodes. We examine numerically and analytically the effect of these electric fields on the DL ion distribution. We also numerically demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach for a fully depleted silicon-on-insulator based bioFET and show how the threshold voltage shift induced by the presence of target molecules increases by almost two orders of magnitude upon the removal of the surface excess ion population.
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6
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Bhattacharyya IM, Cohen S, Shalabny A, Bashouti M, Akabayov B, Shalev G. Specific and label-free immunosensing of protein-protein interactions with silicon-based immunoFETs. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 132:143-161. [PMID: 30870641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The importance of specific and label-free detection of proteins via antigen-antibody interactions for the development of point-of-care testing devices has greatly influenced the search for a more accessible, sensitive, low cost and robust sensors. The vision of silicon field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors has been an attractive venue for addressing the challenge as it potentially offers a natural path to incorporate sensors with the existing mature Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) industry; this provides a stable and reliable technology, low cost for potential disposable devices, the potential for extreme minituarization, low electronic noise levels, etc. In the current review we focus on silicon-based immunological FET (ImmunoFET) for specific and label-free sensing of proteins through antigen-antibody interactions that can potentially be incorporated into the CMOS industry; hence, immunoFETs based on nano devices (nanowire, nanobelts, carbon nanotube, etc.) are not treated here. The first part of the review provides an overview of immunoFET principles of operation and challenges involved with the realization of such devices (i.e. e.g. Debye length, surface functionalization, noise, etc.). In the second part we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art silicon-based immunoFET structures and novelty, principles of operation and sensing performance reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ie Mei Bhattacharyya
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shira Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Awad Shalabny
- Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Seder Boqer Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8499000 Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Muhammad Bashouti
- Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Seder Boqer Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8499000 Sede Boqer, Israel; The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Barak Akabayov
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Gil Shalev
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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7
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Lowe BM, Sun K, Zeimpekis I, Skylaris CK, Green NG. Field-effect sensors - from pH sensing to biosensing: sensitivity enhancement using streptavidin-biotin as a model system. Analyst 2018; 142:4173-4200. [PMID: 29072718 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Field-Effect Transistor sensors (FET-sensors) have been receiving increasing attention for biomolecular sensing over the last two decades due to their potential for ultra-high sensitivity sensing, label-free operation, cost reduction and miniaturisation. Whilst the commercial application of FET-sensors in pH sensing has been realised, their commercial application in biomolecular sensing (termed BioFETs) is hindered by poor understanding of how to optimise device design for highly reproducible operation and high sensitivity. In part, these problems stem from the highly interdisciplinary nature of the problems encountered in this field, in which knowledge of biomolecular-binding kinetics, surface chemistry, electrical double layer physics and electrical engineering is required. In this work, a quantitative analysis and critical review has been performed comparing literature FET-sensor data for pH-sensing with data for sensing of biomolecular streptavidin binding to surface-bound biotin systems. The aim is to provide the first systematic, quantitative comparison of BioFET results for a single biomolecular analyte, specifically streptavidin, which is the most commonly used model protein in biosensing experiments, and often used as an initial proof-of-concept for new biosensor designs. This novel quantitative and comparative analysis of the surface potential behaviour of a range of devices demonstrated a strong contrast between the trends observed in pH-sensing and those in biomolecule-sensing. Potential explanations are discussed in detail and surface-chemistry optimisation is shown to be a vital component in sensitivity-enhancement. Factors which can influence the response, yet which have not always been fully appreciated, are explored and practical suggestions are provided on how to improve experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Lowe
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Ioannis Zeimpekis
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | | | - Nicolas G Green
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
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8
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Ma S, Li X, Lee YK, Zhang A. Direct label-free protein detection in high ionic strength solution and human plasma using dual-gate nanoribbon-based ion-sensitive field-effect transistor biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:276-282. [PMID: 29909199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on direct label-free protein detection in high ionic strength solution and human plasma by a dual-gate nanoribbon-based ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (NR-ISFET) biosensor system with excellent sensitivity and specificity in both solution-gate (SG) and dual-gate (DG) modes. Compared with previously reported results, the NR-ISFET biosensor enables selective prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection based on antibody-antigen binding in broader detection range with lower LOD. For the first time, real-time specific detection of PSA of 10 pM to 1 μM in 100 mM phosphate buffer (PB) was demonstrated by conductance measurements using the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified NR-ISFET biosensors in DG mode with the back-gate bias (VBG) of 20 V. Due to larger maximum transconductance value resulting from the modulation of NR-ISFET channel by the back gate in DG mode, the detection range can be broadened with larger linear detection region (100 pM to 100 nM) and lower limit of detection (LOD, 10 pM) as compared to those in SG mode. Moreover, the influence of different back-gate bias from VBG = 5 V to VBG = 25 V on the biosensor performance has been investigated. Furthermore, direct PSA detection of 100 pM to 1 μM in human plasma was demonstrated by using the PEG-modified NR-ISFET in DG mode, enabling direct detection of protein in human blood for clinical applications since the LOD of 100 pM PSA can meet the clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhui Ma
- School of Microelectronics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Microelectronics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Guangdong Shunde Xi'an Jiaotong University Academy, Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China.
| | - Yi-Kuen Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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9
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Lowe BM, Skylaris CK, Green NG, Shibuta Y, Sakata T. Molecular dynamics simulation of potentiometric sensor response: the effect of biomolecules, surface morphology and surface charge. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8650-8666. [PMID: 29700545 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00776d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The silica-water interface is critical to many modern technologies in chemical engineering and biosensing. One technology used commonly in biosensors, the potentiometric sensor, operates by measuring the changes in electric potential due to changes in the interfacial electric field. Predictive modelling of this response caused by surface binding of biomolecules remains highly challenging. In this work, through the most extensive molecular dynamics simulation of the silica-water interfacial potential and electric field to date, we report a novel prediction and explanation of the effects of nano-morphology on sensor response. Amorphous silica demonstrated a larger potentiometric response than an equivalent crystalline silica model due to increased sodium adsorption, in agreement with experiments showing improved sensor response with nano-texturing. We provide proof-of-concept that molecular dynamics can be used as a complementary tool for potentiometric biosensor response prediction. Effects that are conventionally neglected, such as surface morphology, water polarisation, biomolecule dynamics and finite-size effects, are explicitly modelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lowe
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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10
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Farka Z, Juřík T, Kovář D, Trnková L, Skládal P. Nanoparticle-Based Immunochemical Biosensors and Assays: Recent Advances and Challenges. Chem Rev 2017; 117:9973-10042. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Juřík
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Kovář
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Trnková
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Lowe BM, Maekawa Y, Shibuta Y, Sakata T, Skylaris CK, Green NG. Dynamic behaviour of the silica-water-bio electrical double layer in the presence of a divalent electrolyte. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:2687-2701. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation of the electric double layer at the silica-water-bio interface in mixed electrolyte. Water orientation and charge distribution showed a significant effect on the electrostatics at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Lowe
- Institute for Complex Systems Simulation and the Electronics and Computer Science Department
- University of Southampton
- UK
| | - Y. Maekawa
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Y. Shibuta
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - T. Sakata
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | | | - N. G. Green
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science
- Nano Research Group
- University of Southampton
- UK
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12
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Poghossian A, Schöning MJ. Label-Free Sensing of Biomolecules with Field-Effect Devices for Clinical Applications. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Jayant K, Auluck K, Rodriguez S, Cao Y, Kan EC. Programmable ion-sensitive transistor interfaces. III. Design considerations, signal generation, and sensitivity enhancement. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:052817. [PMID: 25353854 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.052817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on factors that affect DNA hybridization detection using ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs). Signal generation at the interface between the transistor and immobilized biomolecules is widely ascribed to unscreened molecular charges causing a shift in surface potential and hence the transistor output current. Traditionally, the interaction between DNA and the dielectric or metal sensing interface is modeled by treating the molecular layer as a sheet charge and the ionic profile with a Poisson-Boltzmann distribution. The surface potential under this scenario is described by the Graham equation. This approximation, however, often fails to explain large hybridization signals on the order of tens of mV. More realistic descriptions of the DNA-transistor interface which include factors such as ion permeation, exclusion, and packing constraints have been proposed with little or no corroboration against experimental findings. In this study, we examine such physical models by their assumptions, range of validity, and limitations. We compare simulations against experiments performed on electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor capacitors and foundry-ready floating-gate ISFETs. We find that with weakly charged interfaces (i.e., low intrinsic interface charge), pertinent to the surfaces used in this study, the best agreement between theory and experiment exists when ions are completely excluded from the DNA layer. The influence of various factors such as bulk pH, background salinity, chemical reactivity of surface groups, target molecule concentration, and surface coatings on signal generation is studied. Furthermore, in order to overcome Debye screening limited detection, we suggest two signal enhancement strategies. We first describe frequency domain biosensing, highlighting the ability to sort short DNA strands based on molecular length, and then describe DNA biosensing in multielectrolytes comprising trace amounts of higher-valency salt in a background of monovalent saline. Our study provides guidelines for optimized interface design, signal enhancement, and the interpretation of FET-based biosensor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Jayant
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kshitij Auluck
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sergio Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia 24503, USA
| | - Yingqiu Cao
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Edwin C Kan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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14
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Cherstvy A. Detection of DNA hybridization by field-effect DNA-based biosensors: mechanisms of signal generation and open questions. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 46:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Jayant K, Auluck K, Funke M, Anwar S, Phelps JB, Gordon PH, Rajwade SR, Kan EC. Programmable ion-sensitive transistor interfaces. II. Biomolecular sensing and manipulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:012802. [PMID: 23944513 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.012802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemoreceptive neuron metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor described in the preceding paper is further used to monitor the adsorption and interaction of DNA molecules and subsequently manipulate the adsorbed biomolecules with injected static charge. Adsorption of DNA molecules onto poly-L-lysine-coated sensing gates (SGs) modulates the floating gate (FG) potential ψ(O), which is reflected as a threshold voltage shift measured from the control gate (CG) V(th_CG). The asymmetric capacitive coupling between the CG and SG to the FG results in V(th_CG) amplification. The electric field in the SG oxide E(SG_ox) is fundamentally different when we drive the current readout with V(CG) and V(ref) (i.e., the potential applied to the CG and reference electrode, respectively). The V(CG)-driven readout induces a larger E(SG_ox), leading to a larger V(th_CG) shift when DNA is present. Simulation studies indicate that the counterion screening within the DNA membrane is responsible for this effect. The DNA manipulation mechanism is enabled by tunneling electrons (program) or holes (erase) onto FGs to produce repulsive or attractive forces. Programming leads to repulsion and eventual desorption of DNA, while erasing reestablishes adsorption. We further show that injected holes or electrons prior to DNA addition either aids or disrupts the immobilization process, which can be used for addressable sensor interfaces. To further substantiate DNA manipulation, we used impedance spectroscopy with a split ac-dc technique to reveal the net interface impedance before and after charge injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Jayant
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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