1
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Ugodnikov A, Persson H, Simmons CA. Bridging barriers: advances and challenges in modeling biological barriers and measuring barrier integrity in organ-on-chip systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3199-3225. [PMID: 38689569 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier, skin, and intestinal mucosal barrier play key roles in homeostasis, disease physiology, and drug delivery - as such, it is important to create representative in vitro models to improve understanding of barrier biology and serve as tools for therapeutic development. Microfluidic cell culture and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems enable barrier modelling with greater physiological fidelity than conventional platforms by mimicking key environmental aspects such as fluid shear, accurate microscale dimensions, mechanical cues, extracellular matrix, and geometrically defined co-culture. As the prevalence of barrier-on-chip models increases, so does the importance of tools that can accurately assess barrier integrity and function without disturbing the carefully engineered microenvironment. In this review, we first provide a background on biological barriers and the physiological features that are emulated through in vitro barrier models. Then, we outline molecular permeability and electrical sensing barrier integrity assessment methods, and the related challenges specific to barrier-on-chip implementation. Finally, we discuss future directions in the field, as well important priorities to consider such as fabrication costs, standardization, and bridging gaps between disciplines and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Ugodnikov
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Henrik Persson
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
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2
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Kim YJ, Min J. Hydrogel-based technologies in liquid biopsy for the detection of circulating clinical markers: challenges and prospects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2065-2078. [PMID: 37963993 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy, which promises noninvasive detection of tumor-derived material, has recently been highlighted because of its potential to lead us to an era of precision medicine. However, its development has encountered challenges owing to the extremely low frequency and low purity of circulating tumor markers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating exosomes, and circulating tumor nucleic acids (ctNAs). Much effort has been made to overcome this limitation over the last decade, and an increasing number of studies have shown interest in the special characteristics of hydrogels. This hydrophilic and biocompatible polymeric network, which absorbs a large amount of water, can aid in the isolation, protection, and analysis of these low-abundance and short-lived circulating biomarkers. The role of hydrogels in liquid biopsy is extensive and ranges from enrichment to encapsulation. This review provides an overview of hydrogel-based technologies to pave the way in liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Tawade P, Mastrangeli M. Integrated Electrochemical and Optical Biosensing in Organs-on-Chip. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300560. [PMID: 37966365 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Demand for biocompatible, non-invasive, and continuous real-time monitoring of organs-on-chip has driven the development of a variety of novel sensors. However, highest accuracy and sensitivity can arguably be achieved by integrated biosensing, which enables in situ monitoring of the in vitro microenvironment and dynamic responses of tissues and miniature organs recapitulated in organs-on-chip. This paper reviews integrated electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensing methods within organ-on-chip devices and platforms. By affording precise detection of analytes and biochemical reactions, these methods expand and advance the monitoring capabilities and reproducibility of organ-on-chip technology. The integration of these sensing techniques allows a deeper understanding of organ functions, and paves the way for important applications such as drug testing, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. By consolidating recent advancements and highlighting challenges in the field, this review aims to foster further research and innovation in the integration of biosensing in organs-on-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Tawade
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mastrangeli
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD, Delft, Netherlands
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4
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Luan X, Liu P, Huang D, Zhao H, Li Y, Sun S, Zhang W, Zhang L, Li M, Zhi T, Zhao Y, Huang C. piRT-IFC: Physics-informed real-time impedance flow cytometry for the characterization of cellular intrinsic electrical properties. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:77. [PMID: 37303829 PMCID: PMC10250341 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Real-time transformation was important for the practical implementation of impedance flow cytometry. The major obstacle was the time-consuming step of translating raw data to cellular intrinsic electrical properties (e.g., specific membrane capacitance Csm and cytoplasm conductivity σcyto). Although optimization strategies such as neural network-aided strategies were recently reported to provide an impressive boost to the translation process, simultaneously achieving high speed, accuracy, and generalization capability is still challenging. To this end, we proposed a fast parallel physical fitting solver that could characterize single cells' Csm and σcyto within 0.62 ms/cell without any data preacquisition or pretraining requirements. We achieved the 27000-fold acceleration without loss of accuracy compared with the traditional solver. Based on the solver, we implemented physics-informed real-time impedance flow cytometry (piRT-IFC), which was able to characterize up to 100,902 cells' Csm and σcyto within 50 min in a real-time manner. Compared to the fully connected neural network (FCNN) predictor, the proposed real-time solver showed comparable processing speed but higher accuracy. Furthermore, we used a neutrophil degranulation cell model to represent tasks to test unfamiliar samples without data for pretraining. After being treated with cytochalasin B and N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, HL-60 cells underwent dynamic degranulation processes, and we characterized cell's Csm and σcyto using piRT-IFC. Compared to the results from our solver, accuracy loss was observed in the results predicted by the FCNN, revealing the advantages of high speed, accuracy, and generalizability of the proposed piRT-IFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Luan
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbin Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuang Li
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqian Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjun Huang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Yagati AK, Chavan SG, Baek C, Lee D, Lee MH, Min J. RGO-PANI composite Au microelectrodes for sensitive ECIS analysis of human gastric (MKN-1) cancer cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108347. [PMID: 36549174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microelectrode-based cell chip studies for cellular responses often require improved adhesion and growth conditions for efficient cellular diagnosis and high throughput screening in drug discovery. Cell-chip studies are often performed on gold electrodes due to their biocompatibility, and stability, but the electrode-electrolyte interfacial capacitance is the main drawback to the overall sensitivity of the detection system. Thus, here, we developed reduced graphene oxide-polyaniline-modified gold microelectrodes for real-time impedance-based monitoring of human gastric adenocarcinoma cancer (MKN-1) cells. The impedance characterization on modified electrodes showed 28-fold enhanced conductivity than the bare electrodes, and the spectra were modeled with proper equivalent circuits to extrapolate the values of circuit elements. The impedance of both time-and frequency-dependent measurements of cell-covered modified electrodes with equivalent model circuits was analyzed to achieve cellular behavior, such as adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and influence of anti-cancer agents. The normalized impedance at 41.5 kHz (|Z|norm 41 kHz) was selected to monitor the cell growth analysis, which was found linear with the proliferation of adherent cells along with the influence of the anticancer drug agent on the MKN-1 cells. The synergistic effects and biocompatible nature of PANI-RGO modifications improved the overall sensitivity for the cell-growth studies of MKN-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Yagati
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sachin Ganpat Chavan
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoon Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Jiang M, Chattopadhyay AN, Rotello VM. Cell-Based Chemical Safety Assessment and Therapeutic Discovery Using Array-Based Sensors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3672. [PMID: 35409032 PMCID: PMC8998465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemicals are widely used in food, agriculture, and medicine, making chemical safety assessments necessary for environmental exposure. In addition, the rapid determination of chemical drug efficacy and safety is a key step in therapeutic discoveries. Cell-based screening methods are non-invasive as compared with animal studies. Cellular phenotypic changes can also provide more sensitive indicators of chemical effects than conventional cell viability. Array-based cell sensors can be engineered to maximize sensitivity to changes in cell phenotypes, lowering the threshold for detecting cellular responses under external stimuli. Overall, array-based sensing can provide a robust strategy for both cell-based chemical risk assessments and therapeutics discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (M.J.); (A.N.C.)
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7
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Property modulation of the alginate-based hydrogel via semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) with poly(vinyl alcohol). Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1068-1077. [PMID: 34798186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been demonstrated as an attractive tool due to their extraordinary water-absorbing property. Specifically, hydrogels composed of natural polymers like polysaccharides have long been the ideal candidate because they are abundant, affordable, biocompatible, and biodegradable. However, there are unmet requirements in some practical applications because they are usually brittle and unstable. Most efforts to enhance their stability have caused unintended loss of inherent advantages, including biocompatibility and biodegradability. To balance this trade-off, here we investigate the way to modulate the property of alginate-based hydrogels by hybridizing with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN). Thanks to the synergetic effect between alginate and PVA with a semi-IPN structure, the advantages of the alginate-based hydrogel were substantially preserved while its disadvantages were comparatively covered. We tested the stimuli-responsive behavior, degradability, mechanical stability, and physicochemical stability of the present hydrogel and verified their property was modulated by the hybridization ratio between alginate and PVA. Thereafter, long-term durability was also evaluated under a non-ideal and complex aqueous environment to prove their physiological stability enough to outlast under practical or engineering conditions. Considering that the properties were by and large controllable without losing the advantages of polysaccharides, we anticipate the present approach for the hydrogel design and property tuning methods paves the way for the value-added applications for natural hydrogels in various fields.
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8
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Pradhan R, Kalkal A, Jindal S, Packirisamy G, Manhas S. Four electrode-based impedimetric biosensors for evaluating cytotoxicity of tamoxifen on cervical cancer cells. RSC Adv 2020; 11:798-806. [PMID: 35423705 PMCID: PMC8693377 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, novel four electrode-based impedimetric biosensors have been fabricated using photolithography techniques and utilized to evaluate the cytotoxicity of tamoxifen on cervical cancer cell lines. The cell impedance was measured employing the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) method over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The results obtained from impedimetric biosensors indicate that tamoxifen caused a significant reduction in the number of HeLa cells on the electrode surfaces in a dose-dependent manner. Next, the impedance values recorded by the fabricated biosensors have been compared with the results obtained from the different conventional techniques such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), live-dead cell assay, and flow cytometric analysis to estimate the cytotoxicity of tamoxifen. The impedimetric cytotoxicity of tamoxifen over the growth and proliferation of HeLa cells correlates well with the traditional methods. In addition, the IC50 values obtained from impedimetric data and MTT assay are comparable, signifying that the ECIS technique can be an alternative method to assess the cytotoxicity of different novel drugs. The working principle of the biosensor has been examined by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the detachment of cells from gold surfaces in a dose-dependent manner, signifying the decrease in impedance at higher drug doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangadhar Pradhan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand India +91-1332-273560 +91-1332-285490 +91-1332-285650
| | - Ashish Kalkal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand India
| | - Shlok Jindal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand India +91-1332-273560 +91-1332-285490 +91-1332-285650
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand India
| | - Sanjeev Manhas
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand India +91-1332-285368 +91-1332-285147
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9
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Kim YJ, Cho YH, Min J, Han SW. Circulating Tumor Marker Isolation with the Chemically Stable and Instantly Degradable (CSID) Hydrogel ImmunoSpheres. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1100-1109. [PMID: 33337853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present chemically stable and instantly degradable (CSID) hydrogel immunospheres for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor exosomes (CTXs). The CSID hydrogels, which are prepared by the hybridization of alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol), show an equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) of at pH 7, with a highly stable pH-responsive property. The present hybrid hydrogel is not easily disassociated in the biological buffers, thus being suitable for use in "liquid biopsy", requiring a multistep, long-term incubation process with biological samples. Also, it is gradually degraded by the action of chelating agents; effortless retrieval of the circulating markers has been achieved. Then, we modified the CSID hydrogel spheres with the anti-EpCAM antibody ("C-CSID ImmunoSpheres") and the anti-CD63 antibody ("E-CSID ImmunoSpheres") to isolate two promising circulating markers in liquid biopsy: CTCs and CTXs. The immunospheres' capabilities for marker isolation and retrieval were confirmed by a fluorescence image, where the spheres successfully isolate and effortlessly retrieve the target circulating markers. Lastly, we applied the CSID hydrogel immunospheres to five blood samples from colorectal cancer patients and retrieved average 10.8 ± 5.9 CTCs/mL and average 96.5 × 106 CTXs/mL. The present CSID hydrogel immunospheres represent a simple, versatile, and time-efficient assay platform for liquid biopsy in the practical setting, enabling us to gain a better understanding of disease-related circulating markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- Cell Bench Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Cho
- Cell Bench Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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10
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Lu X, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Sun X. Current research progress of mammalian cell-based biosensors on the detection of foodborne pathogens and toxins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3819-3835. [PMID: 32885986 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1809341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases caused by pathogens and toxins are a serious threat to food safety and human health; thus, they are major concern to society. Existing conventional foodborne pathogen or toxin detection methods, including microbiological assay, nucleic acid-based assays, immunological assays, and instrumental analytical method, are time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive. Because of the fast response and high sensitivity, cell-based biosensors are promising novel tools for food safety risk assessment and monitoring. This review focuses on the properties of mammalian cell-based biosensors and applications in the detection of foodborne pathogens (bacteria and viruses) and toxins (bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and marine toxins). We discuss mammalian cell adhesion and how it is involved in the establishment of 3D cell culture models for mammalian cell-based biosensors, as well as evaluate their limitations for commercialization and further development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
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11
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Crowell LL, Yakisich JS, Aufderheide B, Adams TNG. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E832. [PMID: 32878225 PMCID: PMC7570252 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an electrokinetic method that allows for the characterization of intrinsic dielectric properties of cells. EIS has emerged in the last decade as a promising method for the characterization of cancerous cells, providing information on inductance, capacitance, and impedance of cells. The individual cell behavior can be quantified using its characteristic phase angle, amplitude, and frequency measurements obtained by fitting the input frequency-dependent cellular response to a resistor-capacitor circuit model. These electrical properties will provide important information about unique biomarkers related to the behavior of these cancerous cells, especially monitoring their chemoresistivity and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. There are currently few methods to assess drug resistant cancer cells, and therefore it is difficult to identify and eliminate drug-resistant cancer cells found in static and metastatic tumors. Establishing techniques for the real-time monitoring of changes in cancer cell phenotypes is, therefore, important for understanding cancer cell dynamics and their plastic properties. EIS can be used to monitor these changes. In this review, we will cover the theory behind EIS, other impedance techniques, and how EIS can be used to monitor cell behavior and phenotype changes within cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi L. Crowell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Brian Aufderheide
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Tayloria N. G. Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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12
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Akther F, Little P, Li Z, Nguyen NT, Ta HT. Hydrogels as artificial matrices for cell seeding in microfluidic devices. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43682-43703. [PMID: 35519701 PMCID: PMC9058401 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel-based artificial scaffolds and its incorporation with microfluidic devices play a vital role in shifting in vitro models from two-dimensional (2D) cell culture to in vivo like three-dimensional (3D) cell culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Akther
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Mechanical Medical & Process Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Hang T. Ta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
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13
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Morgan K, Gamal W, Samuel K, Morley SD, Hayes PC, Bagnaninchi P, Plevris JN. Application of Impedance-Based Techniques in Hepatology Research. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010050. [PMID: 31878354 PMCID: PMC7019217 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of end-point assays and techniques available to monitor hepatic cell cultures and study toxicity within in vitro models. These commonly focus on one aspect of cell metabolism and are often destructive to cells. Impedance-based cellular assays (IBCAs) assess biological functions of cell populations in real-time by measuring electrical impedance, which is the resistance to alternating current caused by the dielectric properties of proliferating of cells. While the uses of IBCA have been widely reported for a number of tissues, specific uses in the study of hepatic cell cultures have not been reported to date. IBCA monitors cellular behaviour throughout experimentation non-invasively without labelling or damage to cell cultures. The data extrapolated from IBCA can be correlated to biological events happening within the cell and therefore may inform drug toxicity studies or other applications within hepatic research. Because tight junctions comprise the blood/biliary barrier in hepatocytes, there are major consequences when these junctions are disrupted, as many pathologies centre around the bile canaliculi and flow of bile out of the liver. The application of IBCA in hepatology provides a unique opportunity to assess cellular polarity and patency of tight junctions, vital to maintaining normal hepatic function. Here, we describe how IBCAs have been applied to measuring the effect of viral infection, drug toxicity /IC50, cholangiopathies, cancer metastasis and monitoring of the gut-liver axis. We also highlight key areas of research where IBCAs could be used in future applications within the field of hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Morgan
- The University of Edinburgh Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Heath Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (S.D.M.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wesam Gamal
- James Nasmyth Building, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK;
| | - Kay Samuel
- The Jack Copland Centre, Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 52 Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK;
| | - Steven D. Morley
- The University of Edinburgh Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Heath Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (S.D.M.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Peter C. Hayes
- The University of Edinburgh Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Heath Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (S.D.M.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - John N. Plevris
- The University of Edinburgh Hepatology Laboratory, Division of Heath Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (S.D.M.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.P.)
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A Review of Electrical Impedance Characterization of Cells for Label-Free and Real-Time Assays. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-019-3401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Kim YT, Bohjanen S, Bhattacharjee N, Folch A. Partitioning of hydrogels in 3D-printed microchannels. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3086-3093. [PMID: 31502633 PMCID: PMC8806468 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels allow for controlling the diffusion rate and amount of solute according to the hydrogel network and thus have found many applications in drug delivery, biomaterials, toxicology, and tissue engineering. This paper describes a 3D-printed microfluidic chip for the straightforward partitioning of hydrogel barriers between microchannels. We use a previously-reported 3-channel architecture whereby the middle channel is filled with a hydrogel - acting like a porous barrier for diffusive transport - and the two side channels act as sink and source; the middle channel communicates with the side channels via orthogonal, small capillary channels that are also responsible for partitioning the hydrogel during filling. Our 3D-printed microfluidic chip is simple to fabricate by stereolithography (SL), inexpensive, reproducible, and convenient, so it is more adequate for transport studies than a microchip fabricated by photolithographic procedures. The chip was fabricated in a resin made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) (MW = 258) (PEG-DA-258). The SL process allowed us to print high aspect ratio (37 : 1) capillary channels (27 μm-width and 1 mm-height) and enable the trapping of liquid-phase hydrogels in the hydrogel barrier middle channel. We studied the permeability of hydrogel barriers made of PEG-DA (MW = 700) (PEG-DA-700, 10% polymer content by wt. in water) - as a model of photopolymerizable barriers - and agarose (MW = 120 000, 2% polymer content by wt. in water) - as a model of thermally-gelled barriers. We measured the diffusion of fluorescein, 10k-dextran-Alexa 680 and BSA-Texas Red through these barriers. Fluorescein diffusion was observed through both 10% PEG-DA-700 and 2% agarose barriers while 10k-dextran-Alexa 680 and BSA-Texas Red diffused appreciably only through the 2% agarose hydrogel barrier. Our microfluidic chip facilitates the tuning of such barriers simply by altering the hydrogel materials. The straightforward trapping of selective barriers in 3D-printed microchannels should find wide applicability in drug delivery, tissue engineering, cell separation, and organ-on-a-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, 237 Sangidaehak-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Republic of Korea
| | - Sara Bohjanen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
| | - Nirveek Bhattacharjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
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Hedayatipour A, Aslanzadeh S, McFarlane N. CMOS based whole cell impedance sensing: Challenges and future outlook. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111600. [PMID: 31479988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing need for multi-analyte point-of-care diagnosis devices, cell impedance measurement is a promising technique for integration with other sensing modalities. In this comprehensive review, the theory underlying cell impedance sensing, including the history, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based implementations, and applications are critically assessed. Whole cell impedance sensing, also known as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) or electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is an approach for studying and diagnosing living cells in in-vitro and in-vivo environments. The technique is popular since it is label-free, non-invasive, and low cost when compared to standard biochemical assays. CMOS cell impedance measurement systems have been focused on expanding their applications to numerous aspects of biological, environmental, and food safety applications. This paper presents and evaluates circuit topologies for whole cell impedance measurement. The presented review compares several existing CMOS designs, including the classification, measurement speed, and sensitivity of varying topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hedayatipour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Shaghayegh Aslanzadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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18
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Hydrogels with self-healing ability, excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility prepared from oxidized gum arabic. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Santbergen MJ, van der Zande M, Bouwmeester H, Nielen MW. Online and in situ analysis of organs-on-a-chip. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Ahn J, Ahn JH, Yoon S, Nam YS, Son MY, Oh JH. Human three-dimensional in vitro model of hepatic zonation to predict zonal hepatotoxicity. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:22. [PMID: 30886645 PMCID: PMC6404355 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various hepatic models mimicking liver lobules have been investigated to evaluate the potential hepatotoxic effects of chemicals and drugs, but in vitro hepatic models of zonal hepatotoxicity have not yet been established. Herein, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) hepatic zonal channel to evaluate zone-specific hepatotoxicity. Based on the perivenous zone-3-like cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression patterns in metabolically active HepaRG cells treated with CHIR99021 (CHIR), which is an inducer of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, this culture model represents a novel tool for exploring hepatic zonation. Results We generated and validated a 3D hepatic zonal channel model in which 3D HepaRG cells were well distributed in agarose hydrogel channels, and a linear gradient of CHIR was generated according to the zonal distance. According to the results from imaging analyses and bioanalytical experiments, acetaminophen (APAP) caused cytotoxicity in the zone-3 region of the 3D hepatic zonal channel, and the levels of nonphosphorylated β-catenin, CYP2E, and apoptotic proteins were remarkably increased in the zone-3-like region. Finally, the applicability of the 3D hepatic zonal channel model for the high-throughput screening of zonal hepatotoxicity was successfully evaluated using hepatotoxic drugs, including tamoxifen, bromobenzene, and APAP. Conclusions The results indicated that tamoxifen induced cytotoxic effects, regardless of the zonal distance, while the zone-3-specific hepatotoxic drugs bromobenzene and APAP induced greater cytotoxic effects on cells in the zone-3-like region. This finding highlights the potential of our 3D hepatic zonation model as a valuable tool for replicating and evaluating zonal hepatotoxicity by mimicking the spatial features of liver lobules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0148-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Ahn
- 1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea.,2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Ahn
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- 1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- 3Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
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Guo J, Lin H, Wang J, Lin Y, Zhang T, Jiang Z. Recent advances in bio-affinity chromatography for screening bioactive compounds from natural products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:182-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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An Y, Jin T, Zhang F, He P. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) for profiling cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Cui P, Wang S. Application of microfluidic chip technology in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. J Pharm Anal 2018; 9:238-247. [PMID: 31452961 PMCID: PMC6704040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of pharmaceutical analytical methods represents one of the most significant aspects of drug development. Recent advances in microfabrication and microfluidics could provide new approaches for drug analysis, including drug screening, active testing and the study of metabolism. Microfluidic chip technologies, such as lab-on-a-chip technology, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, organs-on-chip and droplet techniques, have all been developed rapidly. Microfluidic chips coupled with various kinds of detection techniques are suitable for the high-throughput screening, detection and mechanistic study of drugs. This review highlights the latest (2010–2018) microfluidic technology for drug analysis and discusses the potential future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, #76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.,Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Screening & Analysis, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, #76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.,Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Screening & Analysis, Xi'an 710061, China
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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An approach for cell viability online detection based on the characteristics of lensfree cell diffraction fingerprint. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 107:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Agarwala S, Lee JM, Yeong WY, Layani M, Magdassi S. 3D Printed Bioelectronic Platform with Embedded Electronics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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DAQ based Impedance Measurement System for Low Cost and Portable Electrical Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-017-2103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Hong HJ, Koom WS, Koh WG. Cell Microarray Technologies for High-Throughput Cell-Based Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1293. [PMID: 28587242 PMCID: PMC5492771 DOI: 10.3390/s17061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the recent demand for high-throughput cellular assays, a lot of efforts have been made on miniaturization of cell-based biosensors by preparing cell microarrays. Various microfabrication technologies have been used to generate cell microarrays, where cells of different phenotypes are immobilized either on a flat substrate (positional array) or on particles (solution or suspension array) to achieve multiplexed and high-throughput cell-based biosensing. After introducing the fabrication methods for preparation of the positional and suspension cell microarrays, this review discusses the applications of the cell microarray including toxicology, drug discovery and detection of toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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29
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Hvastkovs EG, Rusling JF. Modern Approaches to Chemical Toxicity Screening. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2017; 3:18-22. [PMID: 29250606 PMCID: PMC5729768 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical toxicity has a serious impact on public health, and toxicity failures of drug candidates drive up drug development costs. Many in vitro bioassays exist for toxicity screening, and newer versions of these tend to be high throughput or high content assays, some of which rely on electrochemical detection. Toxicity very often results from metabolites of the chemicals we are exposed to, so it is important that assays feature metabolic conversion. Combining bioassays, computational predictions, and accurate chemical pathway elucidation presents our best chance for reliable toxicity prediction. Employing electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent approaches, cell-free microfluidic arrays can measure relative rates of formation of DNA-metabolite adduct formation (a measure of genotoxicity) as well as DNA oxidation levels resulting from enzyme-generated metabolites. Enzymes for several organ types can be studied simultaneously. These arrays can be used to identify the most reactive metabolites, and subsequent mechanistic details can then be investigated with high throughput LC-HPLC using enzyme/DNA-coated magnetic beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Ireland
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Lundstrom K. Cell-impedance-based label-free technology for the identification of new drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:335-343. [PMID: 28276704 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1297419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug discovery has progressed from relatively simple binding or activity screening assays to high-throughput screening of sophisticated compound libraries with emphasis on miniaturization and automation. The development of functional assays has enhanced the success rate in discovering novel drug molecules. Many technologies, originally based on radioactive labeling, have sequentially been replaced by methods based on fluorescence labeling. Recently, the focus has switched to label-free technologies in cell-based screening assays. Areas covered: Label-free, cell-impedance-based methods comprise of different technologies including surface plasmon resonance, mass spectrometry and biosensors applied for screening of anticancer drugs, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase and virus inhibitors, drug and nanoparticle cytotoxicity. Many of the developed methods have been used for high-throughput screening in cell lines. Cell viability and morphological damage prediction have been monitored in three-dimensional spheroid human HT-29 carcinoma cells and whole Schistosomula larvae. Expert opinion: Progress in label-free, cell-impedance-based technologies has facilitated drug screening and may enhance the discovery of potential novel drug molecules through, and improve target molecule identification in, alternative signal pathways. The variety of technologies to measure cellular responses through label-free cell-impedance based approaches all support future drug development and should provide excellent assets for finding better medicines.
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31
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Évora A, de Freitas V, Mateus N, Fernandes I. The effect of anthocyanins from red wine and blackberry on the integrity of a keratinocyte model using ECIS. Food Funct 2017; 8:3989-3998. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01239j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins enhanced the healing rate of keratinocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Évora
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Victor de Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Iva Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
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32
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In situ, dual-mode monitoring of organ-on-a-chip with smartphone-based fluorescence microscope. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:697-705. [PMID: 27474967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms enables improved simulation of the human kidney's response to nephrotoxic drugs. The standard method of analyzing nephrotoxicity from existing OOC has majorly consisted of invasively collecting samples (cells, lysates, media, etc.) from an OOC. Such disruptive analyses potentiate contamination, disrupt the replicated in vivo environment, and require expertize to execute. Moreover, traditional analyses, including immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoblot, and microplate immunoassay are essentially not in situ and require substantial time, resources, and costs. In the present work, the incorporation of fluorescence nanoparticle immunocapture/immunoagglutination assay into an OOC enabled dual-mode monitoring of drug-induced nephrotoxicity in situ. A smartphone-based fluorescence microscope was fabricated as a handheld in situ monitoring device attached to an OOC. Both the presence of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) on the apical brush-border membrane of 786-O proximal tubule cells within the OOC surface, and the release of GGT to the outflow of the OOC were evaluated with the fluorescence scatter detection of captured and immunoagglutinated anti-GGT conjugated nanoparticles. This dual-mode assay method provides a novel groundbreaking tool to enable the internal and external in situ monitoring of the OOC, which may be integrated into any existing OOCs to facilitate their subsequent analyses.
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Abstract
Routine in vitro bioassays and animal toxicity studies of drug and environmental chemical candidates fail to reveal toxicity in ∼30% of cases. This Feature article addresses research on new approaches to in vitro toxicity testing as well as our own efforts to produce high-throughput genotoxicity arrays and LC-MS/MS approaches to reveal possible chemical pathways of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G. Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Tran TB, Baek C, Min J. Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) with Microelectrode Arrays for Investigation of Cancer Cell-Fibroblasts Interaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153813. [PMID: 27088611 PMCID: PMC4835071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, including stromal cells, surrounding blood vessels and extracellular matrix components, has been defined as a crucial factor that influences the proliferation, drug-resistance, invasion and metastasis of malignant epithelial cells. Among other factors, the communications and interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells have been reported to play pivotal roles in cancer promotion and progression. To investigate these relationships, an on-chip co-culture model was developed to study the cellular interaction between A549—human lung carcinoma cells and MRC-5—human lung epithelial cells in both normal proliferation and treatment conditions. In brief, a co-culture device consisting of 2 individual fluidic chambers in parallel, which were separated by a 100 μm fence was utilized for cell patterning. Microelectrodes arrays were installed within each chamber including electrodes at various distances away from the confrontation line for the electrochemical impedimetric sensing assessment of cell-to-cell influence. After the fence was removed and cell-to-cell contact occurred, by evaluating the impedance signal responses representing cell condition and behavior, both direct and indirect cell-to-cell interactions through conditioned media were investigated. The impact of specific distances that lead to different influences of fibroblast cells on cancer cells in the co-culture environment was also defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Binh Tran
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoon Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Xiao B, Han MK, Viennois E, Wang L, Zhang M, Si X, Merlin D. Hyaluronic acid-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles for colon cancer-targeted combination chemotherapy. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17745-55. [PMID: 26455329 PMCID: PMC4618760 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based combination chemotherapy has been proposed as an effective strategy for achieving synergistic effects and targeted drug delivery for colon cancer therapy. Here, we fabricated a series of hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized camptothecin (CPT)/curcumin (CUR)-loaded polymeric NPs (HA-CPT/CUR-NPs) with various weight ratios of CPT to CUR (1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 4 : 1). The resultant spherical HA-CPT/CUR-NPs had a desirable particle size (around 289 nm), relative narrow size distribution, and slightly negative zeta potential. These NPs exhibited a simultaneous sustained release profile for both drugs throughout the time frame examined. Subsequent cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that the introduction of HA to the NP surface endowed NPs with colon cancer-targeting capability and markedly increased cellular uptake efficiency compared with chitosan-coated NPs. Importantly, the combined delivery of CPT and CUR in one HA-functionalized NP exerted strong synergistic effects. HA-CPT/CUR-NP (1 : 1) showed the highest antitumor activity among the three HA-CPT/CUR-NPs, resulting in an extremely low combination index. Collectively, our findings indicate that this HA-CPT/CUR-NP can be exploited as an efficient formulation for colon cancer-targeted combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA
| | - Moon Kwon Han
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA
| | - Emilie Viennois
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, 30033, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, 30033, USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA
| | - Xiaoying Si
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Didier Merlin
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, 30033, USA
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Caviglia C, Zór K, Canepa S, Carminati M, Larsen LB, Raiteri R, Andresen TL, Heiskanen A, Emnéus J. Interdependence of initial cell density, drug concentration and exposure time revealed by real-time impedance spectroscopic cytotoxicity assay. Analyst 2015; 140:3623-9. [PMID: 25868456 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the combined effect of the initial cell density (12,500, 35,000, 75,000, and 100,000 cells cm(-2)) and concentration of the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin on HeLa cells by performing time-dependent cytotoxicity assays using real-time electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A correlation between the rate of cell death and the initial cell seeding density was found at 2.5 μM doxorubicin concentration, whereas this was not observed at 5 or 100 μM. By sensing the changes in the cell-substrate interaction using impedance spectroscopy under static conditions, the onset of cytotoxicity was observed 5 h earlier than when using a standard colorimetric end-point assay (MTS) which measures changes in the mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, with the MTS assay no cytotoxicity was observed after 15 h of incubation with 2.5 μM doxorubicin, whereas the impedance showed at this time point cell viability that was below 25%. These results indicate that impedance detection reveals cytotoxic events undetectable when using the MTS assay, highlighting the importance of combining impedance detection with traditional drug toxicity assays towards a more in depth understanding of the effect of anti-cancer drugs on in vitro assays. Moreover, the detection of doxorubicin induced toxicity determined with impedance under static conditions proved to be 6 times faster than in perfusion culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caviglia
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Caviglia C, Zór K, Montini L, Tilli V, Canepa S, Melander F, Muhammad HB, Carminati M, Ferrari G, Raiteri R, Heiskanen A, Andresen TL, Emnéus J. Impedimetric toxicity assay in microfluidics using free and liposome-encapsulated anticancer drugs. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2204-12. [PMID: 25582124 DOI: 10.1021/ac503621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have developed a microfluidic cytotoxicity assay for a cell culture and detection platform, which enables both fluid handling and electrochemical/optical detection. The cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs doxorubicin (DOX), oxaliplatin (OX) as well as OX-loaded liposomes, developed for targeted drug delivery, was evaluated using real-time impedance monitoring. The time-dependent effect of DOX on HeLa cells was monitored and found to have a delayed onset of cytotoxicity in microfluidics compared with static culture conditions based on data obtained in our previous study. The result of a fluorescent microscopic annexin V/propidium iodide assay, performed in microfluidics, confirmed the outcome of the real-time impedance assay. In addition, the response of HeLa cells to OX-induced cytotoxicity proved to be slower than toxicity induced by DOX. A difference in the time-dependent cytotoxic response of fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080) to free OX and OX-loaded liposomes was observed and attributed to incomplete degradation of the liposomes, which results in lower drug availability. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent release of OX from OX-loaded liposomes was also confirmed using laryngopharynx carcinoma cells (FaDu). The comparison and the observed differences between the cytotoxic effects under microfluidic and static conditions highlight the importance of comparative studies as basis for implementation of microfluidic cytotoxic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caviglia
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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39
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Xie X, Liu R, Xu Y, Wang L, Lan Z, Chen W, Liu H, Lu Y, Cheng J. In vitro hyperthermia studied in a continuous manner using electric impedance sensing. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A platform based on the ECIS technique was constructed for analyzing heat-cell interactions and further in vitro hyperthermia studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwu Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Youchun Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology
- Beijing 102206
- China
| | - Ziyang Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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40
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Ramasamy S, Bennet D, Kim S. Drug and bioactive molecule screening based on a bioelectrical impedance cell culture platform. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:5789-809. [PMID: 25525360 PMCID: PMC4266242 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will present a brief discussion on the recent advancements of bioelectrical impedance cell-based biosensors, especially the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system for screening of various bioactive molecules. The different technical integrations of various chip types, working principles, measurement systems, and applications for drug targeting of molecules in cells are highlighted in this paper. Screening of bioactive molecules based on electric cell-substrate impedance sensing is a trial-and-error process toward the development of therapeutically active agents for drug discovery and therapeutics. In general, bioactive molecule screening can be used to identify active molecular targets for various diseases and toxicity at the cellular level with nanoscale resolution. In the innovation and screening of new drugs or bioactive molecules, the activeness, the efficacy of the compound, and safety in biological systems are the main concerns on which determination of drug candidates is based. Further, drug discovery and screening of compounds are often performed in cell-based test systems in order to reduce costs and save time. Moreover, this system can provide more relevant results in in vivo studies, as well as high-throughput drug screening for various diseases during the early stages of drug discovery. Recently, MEMS technologies and integration with image detection techniques have been employed successfully. These new technologies and their possible ongoing transformations are addressed. Select reports are outlined, and not all the work that has been performed in the field of drug screening and development is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Ramasamy
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Devasier Bennet
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyo Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea ; Graduate Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Ahn Y, Lee H, Lee D, Lee Y. Highly conductive and flexible silver nanowire-based microelectrodes on biocompatible hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18401-18407. [PMID: 25347028 DOI: 10.1021/am504462f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We successfully fabricated silver nanowire (AgNW)-based microelectrodes on various substrates such as a glass and polydimethylsiloxane by using a photolithographic process for the first time. The AgNW-based microelectrodes exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. We also demonstrated the direct transfer process of AgNW-based microelectrodes from a glass to a biocompatible polyacrylamide-based hydrogel. The AgNW-based microelectrodes on the biocompatible hydrogel showed excellent electrical performance. Furthermore, they showed great mechanical flexibility as well as superior stability under wet conditions. We anticipate that the AgNW-based microelectrodes on biocompatible hydrogel substrates can be a promising platform for realization of practical bioelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ahn
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , 50-1 Sang-Ri, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea
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42
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Hollow fiber cell fishing with high-performance liquid chromatography for rapid screening and analysis of an antitumor-active protoberberine alkaloid group from Coptis chinensis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:463-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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