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Ge H, Gao X, Lin J, Zhao X, Wu X, Zhang H. Label-free SERS detection of prostate cancer based on multi-layer perceptron surrogate model method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123407. [PMID: 37717486 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Prior surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) research has shown that pre-processing is necessary before analysis. Pre-processing also typically serves the dual purposes of removing the auto-fluorescence background and minimizing data volatility. This method allows for a more accurate comparison of spectral traits and relative SERS peak strength. However, because there are so many different kinds of samples, it can take a long time, and there is no assurance that the approach chosen will work well with a particular kind of sample. Therefore, this study employed a deep learning technique called multi-layer perceptron (MLP) to simplify the pre-processing of blood plasma SERS samples in patients with prostate cancer (PC), as well as to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis using SERS technology. First of all, significant variations in peak intensity can be observed in the difference spectra, facilitating differentiation between PC and normal groups. Second, the data analysis was carried out in three different stages (raw data, defluorescenced data, and normalized data) using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), as well as PCA-multi-layer perceptron (PCA-MLP). Finally, when SERS data was analyzed using PCA-LDA, there were significant differences in classification accuracy across each stage (The classification accuracy of three different stages were 76.90%, 85.60%, 95.20%, respectively). However, when PCA-MLP was utilized for SERS data analysis, the classification accuracy remained consistently high and stable (The classification accuracy of three different stages were 92.00%, 92.40%, 96.70%, respectively). The experimental results of PCA-MLP for classifying specific SERS data indicate that analyzing raw data directly can simplify the experimental process and enhance the efficacy of SERS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyang Ge
- School of Opto-electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xingen Gao
- School of Opto-electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Juqiang Lin
- School of Opto-electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, and Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- School of Opto-electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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2
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Huang X, Sheng B, Tian H, Chen Q, Yang Y, Bui B, Pi J, Cai H, Chen S, Zhang J, Chen W, Zhou H, Sun P. Real-time SERS monitoring anticancer drug release along with SERS/MR imaging for pH-sensitive chemo-phototherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1303-1317. [PMID: 36970207 PMCID: PMC10031148 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ and real-time monitoring of responsive drug release is critical for the assessment of pharmacodynamics in chemotherapy. In this study, a novel pH-responsive nanosystem is proposed for real-time monitoring of drug release and chemo-phototherapy by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The Fe3O4@Au@Ag nanoparticles (NPs) deposited graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with a high SERS activity and stability are synthesized and labeled with a Raman reporter 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) to form SERS probes (GO-Fe3O4@Au@Ag-MPBA). Furthermore, doxorubicin (DOX) is attached to SERS probes through a pH-responsive linker boronic ester (GO-Fe3O4@Au@Ag-MPBA-DOX), accompanying the 4-MPBA signal change in SERS. After the entry into tumor, the breakage of boronic ester in the acidic environment gives rise to the release of DOX and the recovery of 4-MPBA SERS signal. Thus, the DOX dynamic release can be monitored by the real-time changes of 4-MPBA SERS spectra. Additionally, the strong T2 magnetic resonance (MR) signal and NIR photothermal transduction efficiency of the nanocomposites make it available for MR imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT). Altogether, this GO-Fe3O4@Au@Ag-MPBA-DOX can simultaneously fulfill the synergistic combination of cancer cell targeting, pH-sensitive drug release, SERS-traceable detection and MR imaging, endowing it great potential for SERS/MR imaging-guided efficient chemo-phototherapy on cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bingbing Sheng
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hemi Tian
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiuxia Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yingqi Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Brian Bui
- Department of Physics, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huaihong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shanze Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Haibo Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Pinghua Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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3
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Bai X, Lin J, Wu X, Lin Y, Zhao X, Du W, Gao J, Hu Z, Xu Q, Li T, Yu Y. Label-free detection of bladder cancer and kidney cancer plasma based on SERS and multivariate statistical algorithm. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121336. [PMID: 35605419 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we mainly aimed to investigate the diagnostic potential of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bladder cancer and kidney cancer which are the most common cancers of the urinary system, and evaluate the classification ability of three statistical algorithms: principal component analysis-linear discriminate analysis (PCA-LDA), partial least square-random forest (PLS-RF), and partial least square-support vector machine (PLS-SVM). The plasma of 26 bladder cancer patients, 38 kidney cancer patients and 39 normal subjects was mixed with the same volume of silver nanoparticles, respectively, and then high-quality SERS signal was obtained. The SERS spectra in the range of 400-1800 cm-1 were compared and analyzed. There were some significant differences in SERS peak intensity, which may reflect the changes in the content of some biomacromolecules in the plasma of cancer patients. Based on the three algorithms of PCA-LDA, PLS-RF and PLS-SVM, the classification accuracy of SERS spectra of plasma from cancer patients and normal subjects was 98.1%, 100% and 100%, respectively. In addition, the classification accuracy of the three diagnostic algorithms to classify the SERS spectra of bladder cancer and kidney cancer was 81.3%, 91.7%, and 98.4%, respectively. This exploratory work demonstrates that SERS combined with PLS-SVM algorithm has superior performance for clinical screening of bladder cancer and kidney cancer through peripheral plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, and Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juqiang Lin
- School of opto-electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yamin Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, and Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, and Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, and Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, and Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeqin Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, and Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingjiang Xu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Tao Li
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Yun Yu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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4
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Lian H, Li Y, Saravanakumar S, Jiang H, Li Z, Wang J, Xu L, Zhao W, Han G. Metal halide perovskite quantum dots for amphiprotic bio-imaging. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhou Y, Huang X, Hu X, Tong W, Leng Y, Xiong Y. Recent advances in colorimetry/fluorimetry-based dual-modal sensing technologies. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113386. [PMID: 34119839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tailored to the increasing demands for sensing technologies, the fabrication of dual-modal sensing technologies through combining two signal transduction channels into one method has been proposed and drawn considerable attention. The integration of two sensing signals not only promotes the analytical efficiency with reduced assumption, but also improves the analytical performances with enlarged detection linear range, enhanced accuracy, and boosted application flexibility. The two top-rated output signals for developing dual-modal sensors are colorimetric and fluorescent signals because of their outstanding merits for point of care applications and real-time sensitive sensing. Given the rapid development of material chemistry and nanotechnology, the recent decade has witnessed great advance in colorimetric/fluorimetric signal based dual-modal sensing technologies. The new sensing strategy leads to a broad avenue for various applications in disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and food safety because of the complementary and synergistic effects of the two output signals. In this state-of-the-art review, we comprehensively summarize different types of colorimetric/fluorimetric dual-modal sensing methods by highlighting representative research in the last 5 years, digging into their sensing methodologies, particularly the working principles of the signal transduction systems. Then, the challenges and future prospects for boosting further development of this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- School of Qianhu, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Weipeng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Yuankui Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China.
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China; Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
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6
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Fu Y, Zou Y, Bian L, Guo Y, Huang H. Illumination modulation for reflective and fluorescent separation. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1120-1123. [PMID: 32108785 DOI: 10.1364/ol.384624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present, to the best of our knowledge, a novel illumination modulation method for reflective and fluorescent separation by using only one spectral image. Specifically, we present an optical system using off-the-shelf devices to generate high frequency illumination, which is desirable in reflective-fluorescent separation tasks. In addition, we employ the total variation regularization scheme to account for spectral-spatial correlation, which makes our method robust to noise. Experiments on both simulated and real data verify the effectiveness and practicality of our method.
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7
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Yang Z, Xu J, Zong S, Xu S, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Chen C, Wang C, Wang Z, Cui Y. Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals-Phospholipid Micelles and Their Biological Applications: Multiplex Cellular Imaging and in Vitro Tumor Targeting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47671-47679. [PMID: 31633335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are promising optical materials in many fields. However, their poor moisture stability, significant toxicity, and difficulty to be further functionalized greatly hinder their applications in bioimaging. Here, a universal strategy is demonstrated by simply encapsulating CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) NCs into phospholipids to achieve CsPbX3-phospholipid micelles (CsPbX3@phospholipid) as probes for multiplex encoding cellular imaging or tumor-targeted imaging. The layer of phospholipids endows CsPbX3 NCs with superior water-resistant characteristics, the ability to be further biofunctionalized, and greatly improved biocompatibility. The CsPbX3@phospholipid micelles exhibited strong luminescence with narrow fwhm in water for more than four months. Specifically, even after being modified with folic acid, the bright fluorescence of the micelles was well retained, which were employed for the targeting of Hela cells. Finally, the greatly reduced toxicity of the CsPbX3@phospholipid micelles was verified using HeLa cells and zebrafish as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Yang
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Shenfei Zong
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Shuhong Xu
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Chen Chen
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Zhuyuan Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
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8
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Bhardwaj V, Kaushik A, Khatib ZM, Nair M, McGoron AJ. Recalcitrant Issues and New Frontiers in Nano-Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1369. [PMID: 31849645 PMCID: PMC6897283 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Packaging of old pharma drugs into new packaging “nanoparticles” is called nano-pharmacology and the products are called nano-based drugs. The inception of nano-pharmacology research and development (R&D) is marked by the approval of the first nano-based drug Doxil® in 1995 by the Food and Drug Administration. However, even after more than two decades, today, there are only ∼20 nano-based drugs in the market to treat cancers and brain diseases. In this article we share the perspectives of nanotechnology scientists, engineers, and clinicians on the roadblocks in nano-pharmacology R&D. Also, we share our opinion on new frontiers in the field of nano-pharmacology R&D that may allow rapid and efficient transfer of nano-pharma technologies from R&D to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, United States
| | - Ziad M Khatib
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anthony J McGoron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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9
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Taylor J, Milton J, Willett M, Wingfield J, Mahajan S. What do we actually see in intracellular SERS? Investigating nanosensor-induced variation. Faraday Discuss 2019; 205:409-428. [PMID: 28901362 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs), predominantly gold (AuNPs), are easily internalised into cells and commonly employed as nanosensors for reporter-based and reporter-free intracellular SERS applications. While AuNPs are generally considered non-toxic to cells, many biological and toxicity studies report that exposure to NPs induces cell stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the upregulated transcription of pro-inflammatory genes, which can result in severe genotoxicity and apoptosis. Despite this, the extent to which normal cellular metabolism is affected by AuNP internalisation remains a relative unknown along with the contribution of the uptake itself to the SERS spectra obtained from within so called 'healthy' cells, as indicated by traditional viability tests. This work aims to interrogate the perturbation created by treatment with AuNPs under different conditions and the corresponding effect on the SERS spectra obtained. We characterise the changes induced by varying AuNP concentrations and medium serum compositions using biochemical assays and correlate them to the corresponding intracellular reporter-free SERS spectra. The different serum conditions lead to different extents of nanoparticle internalisation. We observe that changes in SERS spectra are correlated to an increasing amount of internalisation, confirmed qualitatively and quantitatively by confocal imaging and ICP-MS analysis, respectively. We analyse spectra and characterise changes that can be attributed to nanoparticle induced changes. Thus, our study highlights a need for understanding condition-dependent NP-cell interactions and standardisation of nanoparticle treatments in order to establish the validity of intracellular SERS experiments for use in all arising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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10
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Zhai Z, Nie M, Guan Y, Zhang F, Chen L, Du W, Liu G, Tian Y, Huang Q. A microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy approach for assessing the particle number effect of AgNPs on cytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:529-535. [PMID: 30015200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have well-known antibacterial properties and are widely applied in various medical products and general commodities. Although many studies have addressed the toxicity of Ag NPs to mammalian cells, the direct relationship between the number of Ag NPs in living cells and the corresponding cell toxicity has not yet been explicitly demonstrated. In this work, a simple and reusable microfluidic device composed of a quartz cover slip and a glass plate with etched micro-channel and micro-wells was employed for separating and trapping single living cells. The device was silanized to render the surface hydrophobic. For simplicity, HeLa cells as the model cancer cells were used in the study, which were pipette-loaded into an array of micro wells based on dead-end filling. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was then employed to examine the living cancer cells and assessed number and distribution of Ag NPs in the cells. Combined with the cell viability assay, we therefore correlated the number of Ag NPs in the cell with the toxicity to the cell directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and IonBeam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Mengyue Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and IonBeam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; School of Physical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenbin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and IonBeam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; University of Science and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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11
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Taylor J, Huefner A, Li L, Wingfield J, Mahajan S. Nanoparticles and intracellular applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 141:5037-55. [PMID: 27479539 PMCID: PMC5048737 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectrocopy (SERS) offers ultrasensitive vibrational fingerprinting at the nanoscale. Its non-destructive nature affords an ideal tool for interrogation of the intracellular environment, detecting the localisation of biomolecules, delivery and monitoring of therapeutics and for characterisation of complex cellular processes at the molecular level. Innovations in nanotechnology have produced a wide selection of novel, purpose-built plasmonic nanostructures capable of high SERS enhancement for intracellular probing while microfluidic technologies are being utilised to reproducibly synthesise nanoparticle (NP) probes at large scale and in high throughput. Sophisticated multivariate analysis techniques unlock the wealth of previously unattainable biomolecular information contained within large and multidimensional SERS datasets. Thus, with suitable combination of experimental techniques and analytics, SERS boasts enormous potential for cell based assays and to expand our understanding of the intracellular environment. In this review we trace the pathway to utilisation of nanomaterials for intracellular SERS. Thus we review and assess nanoparticle synthesis methods, their toxicity and cell interactions before presenting significant developments in intracellular SERS methodologies and how identified challenges can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Anna Huefner
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. and Sector for Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jonathan Wingfield
- Discovery Sciences, Screening and Compound Management, AstraZeneca, Unit 310 - Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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12
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Guo Z, Jia Y, Song X, Lu J, Lu X, Liu B, Han J, Huang Y, Zhang J, Chen T. Giant Gold Nanowire Vesicle-Based Colorimetric and SERS Dual-Mode Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Vibrio parahemolyticus. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6124-6130. [PMID: 29701459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for the detection of Vibrio parahemolyticus (VP) usually need tedious, labor-intensive processes, and have low sensitivity, which further limits their practical applications. Herein, we developed a simple and efficient colorimetry and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) dual-mode immunosensor for sensitive detection of VP, by employing giant Au vesicles with anchored tiny gold nanowires (AuNW) as a smart probe. Due to the larger specific surface and special hollow structure of giant Au vesicles, silver staining would easily lead to vivid color change for colorimetric analysis and further amplify SERS signals. The t-test was further used to determine if two sets of data from colorimetry and SERS were significantly different from each other. The result shows that there was no significant difference between data from the two methods. Two sets of data can mutually validate each other and avoid false positive and negative detection. The designed colorimetry-SERS dual-mode sensor would be very promising in various applications such as food safety inspection, personal healthcare, and on-site environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Guo
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , P.R. China
| | - Yaru Jia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Song
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China
| | - Baoqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China
| | - Youju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China
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13
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Zhou Y, Zhou J, Wang F, Yang H. Polydopamine-based functional composite particles for tumor cell targeting and dual-mode cellular imaging. Talanta 2018; 181:248-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Yue S, Sun X, Wang N, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen M, Wang J. SERS-Fluorescence Dual-Mode pH-Sensing Method Based on Janus Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:39699-39707. [PMID: 29063750 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-fluorescence dual-mode pH-sensing method based on Janus microgels was developed, which combined the advantages of high specificity offered by SERS and fast imaging afforded by fluorescence. Dual-mode probes, pH-dependent 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, and carbon dots were individually encapsulated in the independent hemispheres of Janus microparticles fabricated via a centrifugal microfluidic chip. On the basis of the obvious volumetric change of hydrogels in different pHs, the Janus microparticles were successfully applied for sensitive and reliable pH measurement from 1.0 to 8.0, and the two hemispheres showed no obvious interference. The proposed method addressed the limitation that sole use of the SERS-based pH sensing usually failed in strong acidic media. The gastric juice pH and extracellular pH change were measured separately in vitro using the Janus microparticles, which confirmed the validity of microgels for pH sensing. The microparticles exhibited good stability, reversibility, biocompatibility, and ideal semipermeability for avoiding protein contamination, and they have the potential to be implantable sensors to continuously monitor pH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yue
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Yaning Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zhangrun Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Mingli Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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15
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Markerfreie molekulare Bildgebung biologischer Zellen und Gewebe durch lineare und nichtlineare Raman-spektroskopische Ansätze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Iwan W. Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
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16
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Label-Free Molecular Imaging of Biological Cells and Tissues by Linear and Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopic Approaches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4392-4430. [PMID: 27862751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique in bioanalysis and imaging of biomaterials owing to its unique capability of generating spectroscopic fingerprints. Imaging cells and tissues by Raman microspectroscopy represents a nondestructive and label-free approach. All components of cells or tissues contribute to the Raman signals, giving rise to complex spectral signatures. Resonance Raman scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering can be used to enhance the signals and reduce the spectral complexity. Raman-active labels can be introduced to increase specificity and multimodality. In addition, nonlinear coherent Raman scattering methods offer higher sensitivities, which enable the rapid imaging of larger sampling areas. Finally, fiber-based imaging techniques pave the way towards in vivo applications of Raman spectroscopy. This Review summarizes the basic principles behind medical Raman imaging and its progress since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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17
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Zhai Z, Zhang F, Chen X, Zhong J, Liu G, Tian Y, Huang Q. Uptake of silver nanoparticles by DHA-treated cancer cells examined by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in a microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1306-1313. [PMID: 28247889 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00053g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the synthesis and application of biocompatible and sensitive SERS nanoparticles for the study of uptake of nanoparticles into living cells in a microfluidic chip through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The nanoparticles were fabricated as beta-cyclodextrin-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag@CD NPs) modified with para-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) and folic acid (FA) on the surface. The p-ATP molecules act as the Raman reporter while the FA tags have high affinity for folate receptors (FR) that are over-expressed on the surface cancerous cells, so that the nanoparticles can enter the cells and be monitored by the Raman reporter. Therefore, the nanoparticles could be utilized not only as cell invaders due to endocytosis but also as a SERS sensitive probe to monitor the effect of FR-targeted drugs such as dihydroartemisinin (DHA) that induce the population change of FR on the membrane of living cells. As a result, we have successfully demonstrated that we are able to employ the Ag@CD@p-ATP@FA NPs to evaluate the number of NPs entering living cells quantitatively and correspondingly the drug effect on cancer cells in a well-controlled way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhai
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and School of Physical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gang Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Chen P, Wang Z, Zong S, Zhu D, Chen H, Zhang Y, Wu L, Cui Y. pH-sensitive nanocarrier based on gold/silver core-shell nanoparticles decorated multi-walled carbon manotubes for tracing drug release in living cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 75:446-51. [PMID: 26360244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We fabricate a multifunctional nanocarrier based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with gold/silver core-shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for tracking the intracellular drug release process. In the demonstrated nanocarrier, the Au@Ag NPs adsorbed on the surface of MWCNTs were labeled with the pH-dependent SERS reporter 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (4MBA) for SERS based pH sensing. FITC was conjugated on MWCNTs to provide fluorescence signal for tracing the MWCNTs. Fluorescent doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the model drug which can be loaded onto MWCNTs via π-π stacking and released from the MWCNTs under acidic condition. By detecting the SERS spectrum of 4MBA, the pH value around the nanocarrier could be monitored. Besides, by tracing the fluorescence of FITC and DOX, we can also investigate the drug release process in cells. Experimental results show that the proposed nanocarrier retained a well pH-sensitive performance in living cells, and the DOX detached from MWCNTs inside the lysosomes and entered into the cytoplasm with the MWCNTs being left in lysosomes. To further investigate the drug release dynamics, 2-D color-gradient pH mapping were plotted, which were calculated from the SERS spectra of 4MBA. The detailed release process and carrier distribution have been recorded as environmental pH changes during cell endocytosis. Furthermore, we also confirmed that the proposed nanocarrier has a good biocompatibility. It indicates that the designed nanocarrier have a great potential in intraceable drug delivery, cancer cells imaging and pH monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhuyuan Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Shenfei Zong
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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19
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Fang PP, Lu X, Liu H, Tong Y. Applications of shell-isolated nanoparticles in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Wang X, Li S, Shi Y, Chuan X, Li J, Zhong T, Zhang H, Dai W, He B, Zhang Q. The development of site-specific drug delivery nanocarriers based on receptor mediation. J Control Release 2014; 193:139-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Chen H, Wang Z, Zong S, Wu L, Chen P, Zhu D, Wang C, Xu S, Cui Y. SERS-fluorescence monitored drug release of a redox-responsive nanocarrier based on graphene oxide in tumor cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17526-33. [PMID: 25272041 DOI: 10.1021/am505160v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A redox-responsive drug carrier based on nanoscale graphene oxide (NGO) loaded with Ag nanoparticles, whose intracellular release behavior can be investigated by SERS-fluorescence combined spectroscopy, is presented. In this demonstrated drug carrier, to make the carrier integrated with the redox responsive property, we utilized disulfide linkages to load drug molecules to the surfaces of NGO directly, which can be cleaved by glutathione (GSH). Covalent drug loading and GSH-responsive release strategy can reduce the influence of the surface diffusion barriers introduced by multifunctionalization. Interestingly, the intracellular real-time drug release dynamics can be monitored by the combined SERS-fluorescence signals of the drugs, while the distribution of the drug carrier can simultaneously be tracked by the intrinsic SERS signals of NGO in the whole process. Our results show that upon the internalization of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded nanocarriers into living cells, DOX was efficiently released under a GSH regulated reducing environment. Because tumor cells generally exhibit a higher concentration of GSH than normal ones, this drug carrier should have potential in the field of tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu China
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