Fluorescence turn-on sensing of protein based on mannose functionalized perylene bisimides and its fluorescence imaging

Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications

Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.

Fluorescent glycoconjugates and their applications

Fluorescent glycoconjugates are discussed for their applications in biology in vitro, in cell assays and in animal models. Advantages and limitations are presented for each design using a fluorescent core conjugated with glycosides, or vice versa.

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014

This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.

Chameleonic Dye Adapts to Various Environments Shining on Macrocycles or Peptide and Polysaccharide Aggregates

This work describes latent fluorescence particles (LFPs) based on a new environmentally sensitive carbazole compound aggregated in water and their use as sensors for probing various cavitands and the different stages of aggregating systems. Cyclodextrins (CDs), cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n], n = 6, 7, 8), and a resorcinarene capsule were used to study the dynamic nature of the LFPs. The fluorescence was dramatically enhanced by a proposed disaggregation-induced emission enhancement (DIEE) mechanism with specific features for CB[n]. Then, the aggregated states of the dipeptides Leu-Leu, Phe-Phe, and Fmoc-Leu-Leu (vesicles, crystals, fibers) were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy thanks to the adaptive and emissive behavior of the LFPs, allowing us to study an interesting polymorphism phenomenon. The LFPs have then been used in the sensing of the aggregation of the polysaccharide alginate, for which distinct fluorescence turn-on is detected upon stepwise biopolymer assembly, and for amylose detection. The carbazole particles not only adapt to various environments but also display multicolor fluorescent signals. They can be used for the fast probing of the aggregation propensity of newly prepared molecules or biologically relevant compounds or to accelerate the discovery of new macrocycles or of self-assembling peptides in water.

Nanotechnology in Glycomics: Applications in Diagnostics, Therapy, Imaging, and Separation Processes

This review comprehensively covers the most recent achievements (from 2013) in the successful integration of nanomaterials in the field of glycomics. The first part of the paper addresses the beneficial properties of nanomaterials for the construction of biosensors, bioanalytical devices, and protocols for the detection of various analytes, including viruses and whole cells, together with their key characteristics. The second part of the review focuses on the application of nanomaterials integrated with glycans for various biomedical applications, that is, vaccines against viral and bacterial infections and cancer cells, as therapeutic agents, for in vivo imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and for selective drug delivery. The final part of the review describes various ways in which glycan enrichment can be effectively done using nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers with polymer thickness controlled at the nanoscale, with a subsequent analysis of glycans by mass spectrometry. A short section describing an active glycoprofiling by microengines (microrockets) is covered as well.

Perylenediimide-based glycoclusters as high affinity ligands of bacterial lectins: synthesis, binding studies and anti-adhesive properties

Rapid access to perylenediimide-based glycoclusters allowed their evaluation as high affinity ligands of bacterial lectins and their potential as anti-adhesive antibacterials.

Supramolecular assembly of fluorogenic glyco-dots from perylenediimide-based glycoclusters for targeted imaging of cancer cells

Supramolecular self-assembly between perylenediimide-based glycoclusters and a red-emitting fluorophore produces structurally uniform and stable glyco-dots amenable to targeted fluorogenic imaging of liver and triple-negative breast cancer cells.

A phased strategy to differentiate human CD14+monocytes into classically and alternatively activated macrophages and dendritic cells

There are currently several in vitro strategies to differentiate human CD14(+) monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the M1 or M2 macrophage cell types. Each cell type is then verified using flow cytometric analysis of cell-surface markers. Human CD14(+) monocytes have the potential to differentiate into M1 and M2 macrophages, both of which demonstrate varying degrees of cell-surface antigen overlap. Using multiple surface markers with current macrophage polarization protocols, our data reveal several limitations of currently used methods, such as highly ambiguous cell types that possess cell-surface marker overlap and functional similarities. Utilizing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and two phases of cytokine exposure, we have developed a protocol to differentiate human monocytes into M1, M2, or dendritic cells (DCs) with greater efficiency and fidelity relative to macrophages and DCs that are produced by commonly used methods. This is achieved via alterations in cytokine composition, dosing, and incubation times, as well as improvements in verification methodology. Our method reliably reproduces human in vitro monocyte-derived DCs and macrophage models that will aid in better defining and understanding innate and adaptive immunity, as well as pathologic states.

Supramolecular aggregates as sensory ensembles

Recent research progress in sensing based on induced supramolecular aggregation or disaggregation.

Carbohydrates in Supramolecular Chemistry

Carbohydrates are involved in a variety of biological processes. The ability of sugars to form a large number of hydrogen bonds has made them important components for supramolecular chemistry. We discuss recent advances in the use of carbohydrates in supramolecular chemistry and reveal that carbohydrates are useful building blocks for the stabilization of complex architectures. Systems are presented according to the scaffold that supports the glyco-conjugate: organic macrocycles, dendrimers, nanomaterials, and polymers are considered. Glyco-conjugates can form host-guest complexes, and can self-assemble by using carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions and other weak interactions such as π-π interactions. Finally, complex supramolecular architectures based on carbohydrate-protein interactions are discussed.