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Wongsa C, Udomsom S, Budwong A, Kiwfo K, Grudpan K, Paengnakorn P. Sequential Injection Amperometric System Coupling with Bioreactor for In-Line Glucose Monitoring in Cell Culture Application. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196665. [PMID: 36235202 PMCID: PMC9573359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We proposed a specially designed sequential injection (SI) amperometric system coupling with a bioreactor for in-line glucose monitoring in cell culture. The system is composed of three main parts which are the bioreactor, SI system, and electrochemical detection unit. The bioreactor accommodates six individual cell culture units which can be operated separately under different conditions. The SI system enables automatic in-line sampling and in-line sample dilution, with a specially designed mixing unit; therefore, it has the benefits of fast analysis time and less contamination risk. The use of 3D-printed microfluidic components, a mixing channel, and a flow cell helped to reduce operational time and sample volume. A disposable screen-printed electrode (SPE), modified with glucose oxidase (GOD), carbon nanotube, and gold nanoparticle, was used for detection. The developed system provided a linear range up to 3.8 mM glucose in cell culture media. In order to work with cell culture in higher glucose media, the in-line sample dilution can be applied. The developed SI system was demonstrated with mouse fibroblast (L929) cell culture. The results show that glucose concentration obtained from the SI system is comparable with that obtained from the conventional colorimetric method. This work can be further developed and applied for in vitro cell-based experiments in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyanut Wongsa
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Suruk Udomsom
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Budwong
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kiwfo
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kate Grudpan
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pathinan Paengnakorn
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Cesari A, Casulli MA, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. NMR Investigation of the Supramolecular Complex Formed by a Phenylboronic Acid-Ferrocene Electroactive Probe and Native or Derivatized β-Cyclodextrin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116045. [PMID: 35682727 PMCID: PMC9181428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Specifically designed electrochemical sensors are standing out as alternatives to enzyme-based biosensors for the sensing of metabolites. In our previous works, we developed a new electrochemical assay based on cyclodextrin supramolecular complexes. A ferrocene moiety (Fc) was chemically modified by phenylboronic acid (4-Fc-PB) and combined with two different kinds of cyclodextrins (CDs): β-CD and β-CD modified by a dipicolylamine group (dpa-p-HB-β-CDs) for the sensing of fructose and adenosine-triphosphate (ATP), respectively. The aim of the present work is to better comprehend the features underlining the aforementioned complex formation. For the first time, a study about inclusion phenomena between the 4-Fc-PB electroactive probe with β-CD and with dpa-p-HB-β-CD was performed by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In particular, we focused on providing insights on the interaction involved and on the calculation of the binding constant of 4-Fc-PB/β-CD supramolecular complex, and elucidation about a drift in the time observed during the control experiments of the electrochemical measurements for the 4-Fc-PB/dpa-p-HB-β-CD supramolecular complex. In this sense, this paper represents a step further in the explanation of the electrochemical results obtained, pointing out the nature of the interactions present both in the formation of the inclusions and in the sensing with the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cesari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Casulli
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (T.H.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (T.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan; (T.H.); (T.H.)
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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2O 2) Released from Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091475. [PMID: 35564184 PMCID: PMC9103167 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is by far the most common cause of death worldwide. There are more than 200 types of cancer known hitherto depending upon the origin and type. Early diagnosis of cancer provides better disease prognosis and the best chance for a cure. This fact prompts world-leading scientists and clinicians to develop techniques for the early detection of cancer. Thus, less morbidity and lower mortality rates are envisioned. The latest advancements in the diagnosis of cancer utilizing nanotechnology have manifested encouraging results. Cancerous cells are well known for their substantial amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The common methods for the detection of H2O2 include colorimetry, titration, chromatography, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, and chemiluminescence. These methods commonly lack selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility and have prolonged analytical time. New biosensors are reported to circumvent these obstacles. The production of detectable amounts of H2O2 by cancerous cells has promoted the use of bio- and electrochemical sensors because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and miniaturized point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Thus, this review will emphasize the principles, analytical parameters, advantages, and disadvantages of the latest electrochemical biosensors in the detection of H2O2. It will provide a summary of the latest technological advancements of biosensors based on potentiometric, impedimetric, amperometric, and voltammetric H2O2 detection. Moreover, it will critically describe the classification of biosensors based on the material, nature, conjugation, and carbon-nanocomposite electrodes for rapid and effective detection of H2O2, which can be useful in the early detection of cancerous cells.
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Kastenhofer J, Rajamanickam V, Libiseller-Egger J, Spadiut O. Monitoring and control of E. coli cell integrity. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:1-12. [PMID: 33485861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli is often done by translocation of the product across the inner membrane (IM) into the periplasm, where it is retained by the outer membrane (OM). While the integrity of the IM is strongly coupled to viability and impurity release, a decrease in OM integrity (corresponding to increased "leakiness") leads to accumulation of product in the extracellular space, strongly impacting the downstream process. Whether leakiness is desired or not, differential monitoring and control of IM and OM integrity are necessary for an efficient E. coli bioprocess in compliance with the guidelines of Quality by Design and Process Analytical Technology. In this review, we give an overview of relevant monitoring tools, summarize the research on factors affecting E. coli membrane integrity and provide a brief discussion on how the available monitoring technology can be implemented in real-time control of E. coli cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kastenhofer
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vignesh Rajamanickam
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Libiseller-Egger
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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McBeth C, Paterson A, Sharp D. Pad-printed Prussian blue doped carbon ink for real-time peroxide sensing in cell culture. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Casulli MA, Taurino I, Hashimoto T, Carrara S, Hayashita T. Electrochemical Assay for Extremely Selective Recognition of Fructose Based on 4-Ferrocene-Phenylboronic Acid Probe and β-Cyclodextrins Supramolecular Complex. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003359. [PMID: 33035400 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to highlight a novel electrochemical assay for an extremely-selective detection of fructose thanks to the use of a supramolecular complex between β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) and a chemically modified ferrocene with boronic acid named 4-Fc-PB/natural-β-CDs. Another kind of β-CDs, the 4-Fc-PB/3-phenylboronic-β-CDs, is proposed for the detection of glucose. The novel electrochemical probe is fully characterized by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, while the superior electrochemical performance is assessed in terms of sensitivity and detection limit. The novelty of the present work consists in the role of CDs that for the first time are employed in electrochemistry with a unique detection mechanism based on specific chemical interactions with the target molecule by the introduction of proper binding groups. A highly selective detection of fructose is obtained and it is believed that the proposed mechanism of detection represents a new way to electrochemically sense other molecules by varying the combination of specific groups of the supramolecular complex. The findings are of impactful importance since a quick, easy, cheap, and extremely selective detection of fructose is not yet available in the market, here achieved by using electrochemical methods which are a very growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Casulli
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University Yotsuya Campus, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Irene Taurino
- Integrated System Laboratory (LSI), INF 338 (Bâtiment INF), Station 14, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University Yotsuya Campus, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Sandro Carrara
- Integrated System Laboratory (LSI), INF 338 (Bâtiment INF), Station 14, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University Yotsuya Campus, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
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7
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Single-Use Printed Biosensor for L-Lactate and Its Application in Bioprocess Monitoring. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a profound need in bioprocess manufacturing for low-cost single-use sensors that allow timely monitoring of critical product and production attributes. One such opportunity is screen-printed enzyme-based electrochemical sensors, which have the potential to enable low-cost online and/or off-line monitoring of specific parameters in bioprocesses. In this study, such a single-use electrochemical biosensor for lactate monitoring is designed and evaluated. Several aspects of its fabrication and use are addressed, including enzyme immobilization, stability, shelf-life and reproducibility. Applicability of the biosensor to off-line monitoring of bioprocesses was shown by testing in two common industrial bioprocesses in which lactate is a critical quality attribute (Corynebacterium fermentation and mammalian Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultivation). The specific response to lactate of the screen-printed biosensor was characterized by amperometric measurements. The usability of the sensor at typical industrial culture conditions was favorably evaluated and benchmarked with commonly used standard methods (HPLC and enzymatic kits). The single-use biosensor allowed fast and accurate detection of lactate in prediluted culture media used in industrial practice. The design and fabrication of the biosensor could most likely be adapted to several other critical bioprocess analytes using other specific enzymes. This makes this single-use screen-printed biosensor concept a potentially interesting and versatile tool for further applications in bioprocess monitoring.
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Shafiee A, Ghadiri E, Kassis J, Williams D, Atala A. Energy Band Gap Investigation of Biomaterials: A Comprehensive Material Approach for Biocompatibility of Medical Electronic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E105. [PMID: 31963748 PMCID: PMC7019985 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, tissue engineering has witnessed significant technological and scientific advancements. Progress in both stem cell science and additive manufacturing have established new horizons in research and are poised to bring improvements in healthcare closer to reality. However, more sophisticated indications such as the scale-up fabrication of biological structures (e.g., human tissues and organs) still require standardization. To that end, biocompatible electronics may be helpful in the biofabrication process. Here, we report the results of our systematic exploration to seek biocompatible/degradable functional electronic materials that could be used for electronic device fabrications. We investigated the electronic properties of various biomaterials in terms of energy diagrams, and the energy band gaps of such materials were obtained using optical absorption spectroscopy. The main component of an electronic device is manufactured with semiconductor materials (i.e., Eg between 1 to 2.5 eV). Most biomaterials showed an optical absorption edge greater than 2.5 eV. For example, fibrinogen, glycerol, and gelatin showed values of 3.54, 3.02, and 3.0 eV, respectively. Meanwhile, a few materials used in the tissue engineering field were found to be semiconductors, such as the phenol red in cell culture media (1.96 eV energy band gap). The data from this research may be used to fabricate biocompatible/degradable electronic devices for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Shafiee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Elham Ghadiri
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Jareer Kassis
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - David Williams
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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9
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Moore B, Sanford R, Zhang A. Case study: The characterization and implementation of dielectric spectroscopy (biocapacitance) for process control in a commercial GMP CHO manufacturing process. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2782. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Moore
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, Research Triangle Park; North Carolina
| | - Ryan Sanford
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, Research Triangle Park; North Carolina
| | - An Zhang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, Research Triangle Park; North Carolina
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10
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Kieninger J, Weltin A, Flamm H, Urban GA. Microsensor systems for cell metabolism - from 2D culture to organ-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1274-1291. [PMID: 29619452 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microsensor systems for cell metabolism are essential tools for investigation and standardization in cell culture. Electrochemical and optical read-out schemes dominate, which enable the marker-free, continuous, online recording of transient effects and deliver information beyond microscopy and end-point tests. There has been much progress in microfluidics and microsensors, but the translation of both into standard cell culture procedures is still limited. Within this critical review, we discuss different cell culture formats ranging from standard culture vessels to dedicated microfluidic platforms. Key aspects are the appropriate supply of cells, mass transport of metabolites to the sensors and generation of stimuli. Microfluidics enable the transition from static to dynamic conditions in culture and measurement. We illustrate the parameters oxygen (respiration), pH (acidification), glucose and lactate (energy metabolism) as well as short-lived reactive species (ROS/RNS) from the perspective of microsensor integration in 2D and 3D cell culture. We discuss different sensor principles and types, along with their limitations, microfabrication technologies and materials. The state-of-the-art of microsensor platforms for cell culture is discussed with respect to sensor performance, the number of parameters and timescale of application. That includes the advances from 2D culture to the increasingly important 3D approaches, with specific requirements for organotypic microtissues, spheroids and solid matrix cultures. We conclude on the current progress, potential, benefits and limitations of cell culture monitoring systems from monolayer culture to organ-on-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Hughes G, Pemberton RM, Nicholas P, Hart JP. Fabrication of Miniaturised Screen-printed Glucose Biosensors, Using a Water-based Ink, and the Evaluation of their Electrochemical Behaviour. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Hughes
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences; University of the West of England, Bristol; Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY
| | - R. M. Pemberton
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences; University of the West of England, Bristol; Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY
| | - P. Nicholas
- The Gwent Group, Gwent Electronic Materials; Gwent Group Ltd.; Monmouth House, Mamhilad Park Pontypool NP4 OHZ UK
| | - J. P. Hart
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences; University of the West of England, Bristol; Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY
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12
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Biosensing Technologies for Medical Applications, Manufacturing, and Regenerative Medicine. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-018-0123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Carminati M, Ferrari G, Vergani M, Sampietro M. The role of micro-scale current sensing in biomedicine: A unifying view and design guidelines. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:3201-4. [PMID: 26736973 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The electrical activity of cells is regulated by ion fluxes and chemical signaling between them is sustained by redox-reactive molecules. Consequently, current sensing represents a straightforward way to interface electronics with biology and a common detection tool in several applications spanning from patch-clamp and nanopores to micro-scale impedance tracking. Reaching pA resolution at the ms timescale represents a challenge for the readout circuit and here all the criticalities involved in the optimal design of the sensing electrode are reviewed. Advantages vs. drawbacks and risks of the use of silicon as active vs. passive substrate respectively are illustrated by means of experimental examples.
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14
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Zhang D, Jiang J, Chen J, Zhang Q, Lu Y, Yao Y, Li S, Logan Liu G, Liu Q. Smartphone-based portable biosensing system using impedance measurement with printed electrodes for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Pemberton RM, Cox T, Tuffin R, Drago GA, Griffiths J, Pittson R, Johnson G, Xu J, Sage IC, Davies R, Jackson SK, Kenna G, Luxton R, Hart JP. Fabrication and evaluation of a micro(bio)sensor array chip for multiple parallel measurements of important cell biomarkers. SENSORS 2014; 14:20519-32. [PMID: 25360580 PMCID: PMC4279497 DOI: 10.3390/s141120519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the design and development of an integrated electrochemical cell culture monitoring system, based on enzyme-biosensors and chemical sensors, for monitoring indicators of mammalian cell metabolic status. MEMS technology was used to fabricate a microwell-format silicon platform including a thermometer, onto which chemical sensors (pH, O2) and screen-printed biosensors (glucose, lactate), were grafted/deposited. Microwells were formed over the fabricated sensors to give 5-well sensor strips which were interfaced with a multipotentiostat via a bespoke connector box interface. The operation of each sensor/biosensor type was examined individually, and examples of operating devices in five microwells in parallel, in either potentiometric (pH sensing) or amperometric (glucose biosensing) mode are shown. The performance characteristics of the sensors/biosensors indicate that the system could readily be applied to cell culture/toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Pemberton
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Timothy Cox
- QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK.
| | - Rachel Tuffin
- QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK.
| | - Guido A Drago
- Applied Enzyme Technology Ltd., Monmouth House, Mamhilad Park, Pontypool NP4 OHZ, UK.
| | - John Griffiths
- Uniscan Instruments Ltd., Sigma House, Burlow Rd., Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JB, UK.
| | - Robin Pittson
- Gwent Electronic Materials Ltd., Monmouth House, Mamhilad Park, Pontypool NP4 OHZ, UK.
| | - Graham Johnson
- Uniscan Instruments Ltd., Sigma House, Burlow Rd., Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JB, UK.
| | - Jinsheng Xu
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Ian C Sage
- QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK.
| | - Rhodri Davies
- QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK.
| | - Simon K Jackson
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Gerry Kenna
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, UK.
| | - Richard Luxton
- Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - John P Hart
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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