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Chen X, Dai D, Ma J, Yu Z, Zhao J, Yi C. An MMP-2 Responsive Nanotheranostic Probe Enabled Synergistic Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis and MR/CT Assessment of Therapeutic Response In Situ. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300962. [PMID: 37499265 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a facile and green synthesis of a new multifunctional nanotheranostic probe for the synergistic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in situ assessment of therapeutic response. The probe is synthesized through a one-step self-assembly of two exquisitely designed peptide-amphiphilic block copolymers (PEG-DTIPA-KGPLGVRK-MTX and Pal-GGGGHHHHD-TCZ) under mild conditions, requiring minimal energy input. The resultant probe demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, water solubility, and colloidal stability. It exhibits a strong IL-6R targeting ability toward inflamed joints, and releases drugs in an MMP-2-responsive manner. The co-loading of methotrexate(MTX) and tocilizumab (TCZ) into the probe enables synergistic RA therapy with improved efficacy by simultaneously decreasing the activity of adenosine synthetase and interfering with the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. In addition, the resultant probe exhibits a high r1 relaxation rate (7.00 mm-1 s-1 ) and X-ray absorption capability (69.04 Hu mm-1 ), enabling sensitive MR and CT dual-modal imaging for simultaneous evaluation of synovial thickness and bone erosion. Both in vitro experiments using lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells and in vivo experiments using collagen-induced arthritis mice demonstrate the probe's high effectiveness in synergistically inhibiting inflammation. This study provides new insights into RA theranostics, therapeutic monitoring, the design of multifunctional theranostic probes, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Deshen Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Junping Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zipei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Junkai Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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2
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Xiao M, Xu N, He A, Yu Z, Chen B, Jin B, Jiang L, Yi C. A smartphone-based fluorospectrophotometer and ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe for on-site quantitation of pesticide residue. iScience 2023; 26:106553. [PMID: 37123231 PMCID: PMC10139973 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective and user-friendly quantitation at points-of-need plays an important role in food safety inspection, environmental monitoring, and biomedical analysis. This study reports a stand-alone smartphone-based fluorospectrophotometer (the SBS) installed with a custom-designed application (the SBS-App) for on-site quantitation of pesticide using a ratiometric sensing scheme. The SBS can collect fluorescence emission spectra in the wavelength range of 380-760 nm within 5 s. A ratiometric fluorescence probe is facilely prepared by directly mixing the blue-emissive carbon nanodots (the Fe3+-specific fluorometric indicator) and red-emissive quantum dots (the internal standard) at a ratio of 11.6 (w/w). Based on the acetylcholinesterase/choline oxidase dual enzyme-mediated cascade catalytic reactions of Fe2+/Fe3+ transformation, a ratiometric fluorescence sensing scheme is developed. The practicability of the SBS is validated by on-site quantitation of chlorpyrifos in apple and cabbage with a comparable accuracy to the GC-MS method, offering a scalable solution to establish a cost-effective surveillance system for pesticide pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Ningxia Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Aitong He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zipei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Baohui Jin
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
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3
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Hou M, Chen W, Zhao J, Dai D, Yang M, Yi C. Facile synthesis and in vivo bioimaging applications of porphyrin derivative-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Wang Q, Shi Y, Chen W, Yang M, Yi C. Synthesis of fluorescent nanoprobe with simultaneous response to intracellular pH and Zn 2+ for tumor cell distinguishment. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:9. [PMID: 33389210 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel dual-functional nanoprobe was designed and synthesized by facile assembly of quinoline derivative (PEIQ) and meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP) via electrostatic interaction for simultaneous sensing of fluorescence of Zn2+ and pH. Under the single-wavelength excitation at 400 nm, this nanoprobe not only exhibits "OFF-ON" green fluorescence at 512 nm by specific PEIQ-Zn2+ chelation, but also presents red fluorescence enhancement at 654 nm by H+-triggered TCPP release. The nanoprobe demonstrated excellent sensing performance with a good linear range (Zn2+, 1-40 μM; pH, 5.0-8.0), low detection limit (Zn2+, 0.88 μM), and simultaneous response towards Zn2+ and pH in pure aqueous solution within 2 min. More importantly, this dual-functional nanoprobe demonstrates the capability of discerning cancerous cells from normal cells, as evidenced by the fact that cancerous HepG2 cells in tumor microenvironment exhibit substantially higher red fluorescence and significantly lower green fluorescence than normal HL-7702 cells. The simultaneous, real-time fluorescence imaging of multiple analytes in a living system could be significant for cell analysis and tracking, cancer diagnosis, and even fluorescence-guided surgery of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments (Guangdong Province), School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Shi
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wandi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments (Guangdong Province), School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments (Guangdong Province), School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao J, Chen X, Ho KH, Cai C, Li CW, Yang M, Yi C. Nanotechnology for diagnosis and therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: Evolution towards theranostic approaches. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Liu J, Xue H, Liu Y, Bu T, Jia P, Shui Y, Wang L. Visual and fluorescent detection of mercury ions using a dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence nanomixture of carbon dots cooperating with gold nanoclusters. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 223:117364. [PMID: 31323491 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (II) ions (Hg2+), as one of the most toxic heavy metals, can cause irreversible damage to human health even at very low concentration due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation. Herein, a facile ratiometric fluorescence nanomixture based on carbon dots‑gold nanoclusters (CDs-Au NCs) was constructed for quantitative detection of Hg2+. Lysine functionalized carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method, while gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) were synthesized via using chicken egg white (CEW) as reducer and stabilizer. The novel nanomixture exhibited two strong emission peaks at 450 nm and 665 nm under 390 nm excitation, and showed pink fluorescence under UV light. Interestingly, the fluorescence of the CDs-Au NCs nanomixture was selectively response to Hg2+. The fluorescence of Au NCs at 665 nm was decreased when Hg2+ was presented in the solution, while the fluorescence of CDs at 450 nm stayed constant. The fluorescence color changed from pink to blue obviously with increasing the concentration of Hg2+, which indicated that CDs-Au NCs could be used for visual detection Hg2+ by the naked eye. Under optimal conditions, this ratiometric fluorescent sensor could detect Hg2+ accurately and possess a great sensitivity with a detection limit of 63 nM. In addition, this method was applied to detect Hg2+ in real water samples with great recoveries, suggesting its potential in practical application with simplicity, environmentally friendly and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanyue Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Bu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhang Shui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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7
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Hu X, Shi J, Shi Y, Li W, Arslan M, Zhang W, Huang X, Li Z, Xu Y, Li Y, Zou X. A ratiometric fluorescence sensor for ultra-sensitive detection of trypsin inhibitor in soybean flour using gold nanocluster@carbon nitride quantum dots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3341-3351. [PMID: 31073729 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanocluster@carbon nitride quantum dot nanocomposites protected by bovine serum albumin (BSA-AuNC@CNQDs) were designed as a ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor for ultra-sensitive detection of trypsin inhibitor (TI). CNQDs were prepared via thermal treatment of carbon nitride powder. BSA-CNQDs acted as templates to synthesize BSA-AuNC@CNQDs with dual-emission peaks at 450 and 650 nm. Trypsin can catalyze the hydrolysis of BSA and decompose BSA-AuNC@CNQDs resulting in fluorescence quenching. The fluorescence quenching at 650 nm was prevented by the addition of TI to inhibit the activity of trypsin. The nanosensor-trypsin system showed a satisfactory ability toward TI detection. The ratiometric responses (the ratio of intensity at 650 to 450 nm, I650/I450) had an excellent linearity (R2 = 0.981) with logarithmic values of TI concentrations in the broad range of 1-10,000 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD, 0.089 ng/mL) indicates ultra-sensitive detection of TI can be achieved. Additionally, TI in soybean flour was detected by the proposed ratiometric method with satisfactory recoveries (98.15-105.52%) and less than 6% of coefficient of variation. This study reveals that BSA-AuNC@CNQDs have potential applications in detection of TI in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiyong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenting Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanxiao Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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pH controlled green luminescent carbon dots derived from benzoxazine monomers for the fluorescence turn-on and turn-off detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:516-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Ansari SN, Saini AK, Kumari P, Mobin SM. An imidazole derivative-based chemodosimeter for Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions through “ON–OFF–ON” switching with intracellular Zn2+ detection. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi01127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole derivative-based chemodosimeter (HL) for selective detection of Zn2+ and Cu2+ metal ions and intracellular Zn2+ sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufi N. Ansari
- Discipline of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Anoop K. Saini
- Discipline of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Bio-Medical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Discipline of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Bio-Medical Engineering
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10
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A ratiometric fluorescent core-shell nanoprobe for sensing and imaging of zinc(II) in living cell and zebrafish. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:523. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Yang M, Tang Q, Meng Y, Liu J, Feng T, Zhao X, Zhu S, Yu W, Yang B. Reversible "Off-On" Fluorescence of Zn 2+-Passivated Carbon Dots: Mechanism and Potential for the Detection of EDTA and Zn 2. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7767-7775. [PMID: 29886743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Zn2+-passivated carbon dots (named Z-CDs) were synthesized from zinc gluconate for the first time through a one-step pyrolysis treatment. The mechanism of Zn2+-enhanced fluorescence was carefully investigated, and a new strategy to passivate the surfaces of CDs by Zn2+ was proposed. Inspired by the complexation reaction between Zn2+ and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a reversible "off-on" fluorescent nanosensor for the detection of EDTA and Zn2+ was constructed based on the depassivation and repassivation of Z-CDs, with a limit of detection as low as 3.2 × 10-7 M and 5.1 × 10-7 M, respectively. The proposed Z-CD-based nanosensor had been further utilized for EDTA and Zn2+ monitoring in tap water with excellent recovery. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report of a fluorescence-based sensor of EDTA and a turn-on sensor of Zn2+ based on CDs with reversible detection capability. Also, benefiting from the low toxicity of zinc, Z-CDs were applied for multicolor bioimaging and in vitro detection in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shoujun Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , 35 Convent Dr , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 United States
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Huang X, Song J, Yung BC, Huang X, Xiong Y, Chen X. Ratiometric optical nanoprobes enable accurate molecular detection and imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2873-2920. [PMID: 29568836 PMCID: PMC5926823 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exploring and understanding biological and pathological changes are of great significance for early diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Optical sensing and imaging approaches have experienced major progress in this field. Particularly, an emergence of various functional optical nanoprobes has provided enhanced sensitivity, specificity, targeting ability, as well as multiplexing and multimodal capabilities due to improvements in their intrinsic physicochemical and optical properties. However, one of the biggest challenges of conventional optical nanoprobes is their absolute intensity-dependent signal readout, which causes inaccurate sensing and imaging results due to the presence of various analyte-independent factors that can cause fluctuations in their absolute signal intensity. Ratiometric measurements provide built-in self-calibration for signal correction, enabling more sensitive and reliable detection. Optimizing nanoprobe designs with ratiometric strategies can surmount many of the limitations encountered by traditional optical nanoprobes. This review first elaborates upon existing optical nanoprobes that exploit ratiometric measurements for improved sensing and imaging, including fluorescence, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and photoacoustic nanoprobes. Next, a thorough discussion is provided on design strategies for these nanoprobes, and their potential biomedical applications for targeting specific biomolecule populations (e.g. cancer biomarkers and small molecules with physiological relevance), for imaging the tumor microenvironment (e.g. pH, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, enzyme and metal ions), as well as for intraoperative image guidance of tumor-resection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. and MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bryant C Yung
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 213 Smith Chemistry Bldg., Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Li Y, Hu X, Zhang X, Cao H, Huang Y. Unconventional application of gold nanoclusters/Zn-MOF composite for fluorescence turn-on sensitive detection of zinc ion. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:145-152. [PMID: 29776540 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to organic solvent-induced aggregation of Au nanoclusters (AuNCs), herein, we reported aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) of AuNCs in an aqueous media through confinement of AuNCs by in situ formed Zn-MOF for detecting Zn2+. Glutathione capped AuNCs (GSH-AuNCs) was synthesized through reduction of Au3+ by glutathione. Zn2+ could significantly enhance the fluorescence of GSH-AuNCs upon addition of 2-methylimidazole, which was attributed to the formation of Zn-MOF. XRD and TEM were used to characterize the in situ formed Zn-MOF. Zn2+ induced aggregation was demonstrated by dynamic light scattering and TEM. The quantum yields (QYs) of AuNCs after aggregation induced by in situ formed Zn-MOF attained to 36.6%, which was nearly 9 times that of the sole AuNCs. On this basis, a fluorogenic sensor was reported for Zn2+ detection with a linear range from 12.3 nM to 24.6 μM and a detection limit of 6 nM (S/N = 3). The proposed sensor was successfully applied to assay the content of zinc in human serum, milk, water, and zinc sulfate syrup oral solution samples. The novel strategy proposed in this work may open a new window of interest in an unconventional application of gold nanoclusters/MOF nanoscale platform for metal ion detection and nutritional assessment of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xue Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Chongqing Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China.
| | - Yuming Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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14
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Rong M, Deng X, Chi S, Huang L, Zhou Y, Shen Y, Chen X. Ratiometric fluorometric determination of the anthrax biomarker 2,6-dipicolinic acid by using europium(III)-doped carbon dots in a test stripe. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Chen L, Song Z, Liu X, Guo L, Li MJ, Fu F. Barbituric acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for ratiometric fluorescent detection of Cu2+. Analyst 2018; 143:1609-1614. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an02089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ratiometric and visual fluorescent sensor for Cu2+ ions based on barbituric acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets was designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- and College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Zhiping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- and College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Xueting Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- and College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Liangqia Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- and College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Mei-jin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- and College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Fengfu Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- and College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
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16
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Zhang Z, Pei K, Yang Q, Dong J, Yan Z, Chen J. A nanosensor made of sulfur–nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for “off–on” sensing of hypochlorous acid and Zn(ii) and its bioimaging properties. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03159b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a facile one-step solvothermal strategy for the fabrication of sulfur–nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (SNCDs) using p-phenylenediamine and cysteamine hydrochloride as the precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Zhang
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ke Pei
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine
- Jinzhong 030619
- China
| | - Qiulian Yang
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jiayu Dong
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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17
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Acebo C, Ramis X, Serra A. Improved epoxy thermosets by the use of poly(ethyleneimine) derivatives. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Epoxy resins are commonly used as thermosetting materials due to their excellent mechanical properties, high adhesion to many substrates and good heat and chemical resistances. This type of thermosets is intensively used in a wide range of fields, where they act as fiber-reinforced materials, general-purpose adhesives, high-performance coatings and encapsulating materials. These materials are formed by the chemical reaction of multifunctional epoxy monomers forming a polymer network produced through an irreversible way. In this article the improvement of the characteristics of epoxy thermosets using different hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) derivatives will be explained.
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18
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Synthesis of Two Coumarin-Derived Schiff Bases and Investigation of theirs Selectivity for Zn2+. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:1331-1337. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Chen Y, Mei T, Chen Y, Wang J, Li J, Wang X. 8-aminoquinoline functionalized graphene oxide for simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Xu N, Yuan Y, Yin JH, Wang X, Meng L. One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of luminescent silicon-based nanoparticles for highly specific detection of oxytetracycline via ratiometric fluorescent strategy. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino groups terminated luminescent SiNPs have been designed for ratiometric visual detection of OTC in vitro and milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin 132022
- China
| | - Yaqing Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin 132022
- China
| | - Jian-Hang Yin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin 132022
- China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin 132022
- China
| | - Lei Meng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin 132022
- China
- College of Science
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21
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Rao H, Dai Y, Ge H, Liu X, Chen B, Zou P, Wang X, Wang Y. Visual and fluorescence detection of pyrogallol based on a ratiometric fluorescence-enzyme system. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01158j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic illustration of the synthesis of a CQDs@SiO2@CdTe QD nanohybrid as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Rao
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
| | - Yongcheng Dai
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ge
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
| | - Bingyao Chen
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Zou
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
| | - Xianxiang Wang
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
| | - Yanying Wang
- College of Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya’an 625014
- P. R. China
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22
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Pan Y, Shi Y, Chen J, Wong CM, Zhang H, Li MJ, Li CW, Yi C. Grafting polyethylenimine with quinoline derivatives for targeted imaging of intracellular Zn 2+ and logic gate operations. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:561-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Development of dual-emission ratiometric probe-based on fluorescent silica nanoparticle and CdTe quantum dots for determination of glucose in beverages and human body fluids. Food Chem 2016; 204:444-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Yang J, Fang H, Fang X, Xu X, Yang Y, Rui J, Wu C, Wang S, Xu H. A novel tetrahydroquinazolin-2-amine-based high selective fluorescent sensor for Zn2+ from nopinone. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Zhang L, Wang D, Huang H, Liu L, Zhou Y, Xia X, Deng K, Liu X. Preparation of Gold-Carbon Dots and Ratiometric Fluorescence Cellular Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:6646-55. [PMID: 26905318 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized novel gold-carbon dots (GCDs) with unique properties by microwave-assisted method. The characterization of high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), XRD, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer demonstrates that GCDs are composed of carbon and Au. Tiny Au clusters are dispersed in a 2 nm-size carbon skeleton, which integrates the properties of typical CDs and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), displaying fascinating peroxidase-like activity and single excitation/dual emission. Dual emission of the GCDs exhibits different fluorescent response to the target species and enables the GCDs to be exploited for sensing and bioimaging. The highly photostable and biocompatible GCDs were applied to dual fluorescent imaging for breast cancer cells and normal rat osteoblast cells under a single excitation. Moreover, ratiometric fluorescence imaging was used to monitor Fe(3+) level in normal rat osteoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Haowen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Keqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050, China
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26
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Sun Z, Cui G, Li H, Liu Y, Tian Y, Yan S. Multifunctional optical sensing probes based on organic–inorganic hybrid composites. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5194-5216. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01468b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several hybrid sensing materials, which are prepared by the covalent grafting of organic fluorescent molecules onto inorganic supports, have emerged as a novel and promising class of hybrid sensing probes and have attracted tremendous interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Guijia Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yaxi Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Shiqiang Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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27
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Rao H, Liu W, Lu Z, Wang Y, Ge H, Zou P, Wang X, He H, Zeng X, Wang Y. Silica-coated carbon dots conjugated to CdTe quantum dots: a ratiometric fluorescent probe for copper(II). Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Fluorescent carbon dots for sensitive determination and intracellular imaging of zinc(II) ion. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Niu C, Liu Q, Shang Z, Zhao L, Ouyang J. Dual-emission fluorescent sensor based on AIE organic nanoparticles and Au nanoclusters for the detection of mercury and melamine. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8457-8465. [PMID: 25891477 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00554j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence probe is designed and developed by linking two parts, positively charged aggregation-induced emission (AIE) organic fluorescence nanoparticles (OFNs) as the reference and negatively charged Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) as the response, by electrostatic attraction for the first time. This probe can be used for not only visual but quantitative determination of Hg(2+) as well as melamine, because red fluorescence of Au NCs can be quenched by mercury ions and recovered by melamine, due to the strong affinity metallophilic Hg(2+)-Au interaction and stronger affinity Hg(2+)-N. During this process, the green fluorescence of AIE-OFNs remains constant owing to the protection of ε-polylysine (ε-Ply). In addition, the prepared dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence probe has good biocompatibility, indicating the potential of the probe in applications of biological imaging and detection. The results revealed that this dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence probe broadens the application of AIE-based organic fluorescent nanoparticles, and presents a new method to prepare more sensitive, biocompatible, and visual ratiometric fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Niu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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30
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Li Y, Ma Q, Li G, Su X. A naked-eye pH-modulated ratiometric photoluminescence sensor based on dual-emission quantum dot@silica nanoparticles for Zn2+ and IO3−. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and selective ratiometric photoluminescence (PL) sensor comprised of dual-emission quantum dots (QDs)@silica nanoparticles has been developed for the detection of Zn2+ and IO3−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Xingguang Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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31
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Caltagirone C, Bettoschi A, Garau A, Montis R. Silica-based nanoparticles: a versatile tool for the development of efficient imaging agents. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4645-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review a selection of the most recent examples of imaging techniques applied to silica-based NPs for imaging is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caltagirone
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Alexandre Bettoschi
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Alessandra Garau
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Riccardo Montis
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
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