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Nemati M, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Pourali A. Recent Advances in Impedimetric Biosensors Focusing on Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36576219 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2156771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is the most common cardiovascular disease and 85% of cardiovascular disease-related deaths are associated with it. The variation in the cardiac troponin concentration is considered as the most significant judge index for acute myocardial infarction diagnosis. Here, a comprehensive insights is given about the impedimetric methods as powerful electrochemical biosensing platforms for cardiac troponin evaluation. Focusing on nano materials, various impedimetric techniques including faradaic and non-faradaic techniques and different transducer modification techniques are addressed. The steps taken by each of the studied platforms to solve the existing problems are discussed and their advantages and drawbacks are highlighted. A glance at the provided table is given a mind into the features of each impedimetric sensors and their comparison are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboob Nemati
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Pourali
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Crapnell RD, Dempsey NC, Sigley E, Tridente A, Banks CE. Electroanalytical point-of-care detection of gold standard and emerging cardiac biomarkers for stratification and monitoring in intensive care medicine - a review. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:142. [PMID: 35279780 PMCID: PMC8917829 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Determination of specific cardiac biomarkers (CBs) during the diagnosis and management of adverse cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become commonplace in emergency department (ED), cardiology and many other ward settings. Cardiac troponins (cTnT and cTnI) and natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-pro-BNP) are the preferred biomarkers in clinical practice for the diagnostic workup of AMI, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and other types of myocardial ischaemia and heart failure (HF), while the roles and possible clinical applications of several other potential biomarkers continue to be evaluated and are the subject of several comprehensive reviews. The requirement for rapid, repeated testing of a small number of CBs in ED and cardiology patients has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) technology to circumvent the need for remote and lengthy testing procedures in the hospital pathology laboratories. Electroanalytical sensing platforms have the potential to meet these requirements. This review aims firstly to reflect on the potential benefits of rapid CB testing in critically ill patients, a very distinct cohort of patients with deranged baseline levels of CBs. We summarise their source and clinical relevance and are the first to report the required analytical ranges for such technology to be of value in this patient cohort. Secondly, we review the current electrochemical approaches, including its sub-variants such as photoelectrochemical and electrochemiluminescence, for the determination of important CBs highlighting the various strategies used, namely the use of micro- and nanomaterials, to maximise the sensitivities and selectivities of such approaches. Finally, we consider the challenges that must be overcome to allow for the commercialisation of this technology and transition into intensive care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nina C Dempsey
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Evelyn Sigley
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Ascanio Tridente
- Intensive Care Unit, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Warrington Road, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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3
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A versatile microfluidic paper chip platform based on MIPs for rapid ratiometric sensing of dual fluorescence signals. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ma Y, Li W, Xing R, Li P, Liu Z. Epitope-Imprinted Magnetic Nanoparticles as a General Platform for Efficient In Vitro Evolution of Protein-Binding Aptamers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2537-2544. [PMID: 32631049 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are usually created by in vitro selection using a strategy termed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Although numerous SELEX alternatives with improved selection efficiency have been developed, the overall success rate of SELEX at present is still not very ideal, which remains a great obstacle to aptamer-based research and application. In this study, an efficient and facile SELEX method was developed for in vitro screening of protein-binding aptamers, applying epitope-imprinted magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that exhibit highly favorable binding properties as a general affinity platform. As a proof of the principle, myoglobin (Mb) and β2-microglobulin were employed as two target proteins. Two satisfied aptamers toward each target protein, with the dissociation constant at the 10-8 M level and cross-reactivity less than 16.5%, were selected within three rounds, taking only 1 day. A dual aptamer-based fluorescence sandwich assay was constructed using a pair of the selected aptamers. The resulting assay allowed for quantitatively detecting Mb in human serum and distinguishing acute myocardial infarction patients from healthy individuals. The epitope-imprinted MNP-based SELEX is straightforward and generally applicable for a wide range of target proteins, providing a promising aptamer selection tool for aptamer-based research and real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rongrong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Şen-Doğan B, Okan M, Afşar-Erkal N, Özgür E, Zorlu Ö, Külah H. Enhancement of the Start-Up Time for Microliter-Scale Microbial Fuel Cells (µMFCs) via the Surface Modification of Gold Electrodes. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E703. [PMID: 32708083 PMCID: PMC7407754 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are biological fuel cells based on the oxidation of fuels by electrogenic bacteria to generate an electric current in electrochemical cells. There are several methods that can be employed to improve their performance. In this study, the effects of gold surface modification with different thiol molecules were investigated for their implementation as anode electrodes in micro-scale MFCs (µMFCs). Several double-chamber µMFCs with 10.4 µL anode and cathode chambers were fabricated using silicon-microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology. µMFC systems assembled with modified gold anodes were operated under anaerobic conditions with the continuous feeding of anolyte and catholyte to compare the effect of different thiol molecules on the biofilm formation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Performances were evaluated using polarization curves, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Scanning Electron Microcopy (SEM). The results showed that µMFCs modified with thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) (cysteamine and 11-MUA) resulted in more than a 50% reduction in start-up times due to better bacterial attachment on the anode surface. Both 11-MUA and cysteamine modifications resulted in dense biofilms, as observed in SEM images. The power output was found to be similar in cysteamine-modified and bare gold µMFCs. The power and current densities obtained in this study were comparable to those reported in similar studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Şen-Doğan
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (B.Ş.-D.); (M.O.)
| | - Meltem Okan
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (B.Ş.-D.); (M.O.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (E.Ö.); (Ö.Z.)
| | | | - Ebru Özgür
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (E.Ö.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Özge Zorlu
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (E.Ö.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (B.Ş.-D.); (M.O.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (E.Ö.); (Ö.Z.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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6
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Poly(imidazoled glycidyl methacrylate-co-diethyleneglycol methyl ether methacrylate) – A new copolymer with tunable LCST and UCST behavior in water. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Clarkson University; Potsdam, NY 13699-5810 USA
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Banerjee S, Cazeneuve C, Baghdadli N, Ringeissen S, Léonforte F, Leermakers FA, Luengo GS. Modeling of Polyelectrolyte Adsorption from Micellar Solutions onto Biomimetic Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8638-8651. [PMID: 28832151 PMCID: PMC5611677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Depositing cationic polyelectrolytes (PEs) from micellar solutions that include surfactants (SU) onto surfaces is a rich, complex, highly relevant, and challenging topic that covers a broad field of practical applications (e.g., from industrial to personal care). The role of the molecular architecture of the constituents of the PEs are often overruled, or at least and either, underestimated in regard to the surface properties. In this work, we aim to evaluate the effect of a model biomimetic surface that shares the key characteristics of the extreme surface of hair and its concomitant chemo- and physisorbed properties onto the deposition of a complex PEs:SU system. To tackle out the effect of the molecular architecture of the PEs, we consider (i) a purely linear and hydrophilic PE (P100) and (ii) a PE with lateral amphiphilic chains (PegPE). Using numerical self-consistent field calculations, we show that the architecture of the constituents interfere with the surface properties in a nonintuitive way such that, depending on the amphiphilicity and hydrophilicity of the PEs and the hydrophobicity of the surface, a re-entrant adsorbing transition can be observed, the lipid coverage of the model hair surface being the unique control parameter. Such a behavior is rationalized by the anticooperative associative properties of the coacervate micelles in solution, which is also controlled by the architecture of the PEs and SU. We now expect that PEs adsorption, as a rule, is governed by the molecular details of the species in solution as well as the surface specificities. We emphasize that molecular realistic modeling is essential to rationalize and optimize the adsorption process of, for example, polymer conditioning agents in water-rinsed cosmetic or textile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Banerjee
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
and Research, Stippeneng
4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Cazeneuve
- L’Oréal
Research and Innovation, 1 Av. Eugene Scheuller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Nawel Baghdadli
- L’Oréal
Research and Innovation, 1 Av. Eugene Scheuller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Stéphanie Ringeissen
- L’Oréal
Research and Innovation, 1 Av. Eugene Scheuller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Fabien Léonforte
- L’Oréal
Research and Innovation, 1 Av. Eugene Scheuller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Frans A.M. Leermakers
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
and Research, Stippeneng
4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo S. Luengo
- L’Oréal
Research and Innovation, 1 Av. Eugene Scheuller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
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On/off-switchable LSPR nano-immunoassay for troponin-T. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44027. [PMID: 28382946 PMCID: PMC5382532 DOI: 10.1038/srep44027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of immunosensors is a longstanding challenge. We have developed a re-usable troponin-T (TnT) immunoassay based on localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at gold nanorods (GNR). Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) was functionalised with anti-TnT to control the affinity interaction with TnT. The LSPR was extremely sensitive to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium as modulated by antigen binding after 20 min incubation at 37 °C. Computational modelling incorporating molecular docking, molecular dynamics and free energy calculations was used to elucidate the interactions between the various subsystems namely, IgG-antibody (c.f., anti-TnT), PNIPAAM and/or TnT. This study demonstrates a remarkable temperature dependent immuno-interaction due to changes in the PNIPAAM secondary structures, i.e., globular and coil, at above or below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). A series of concentrations of TnT were measured by correlating the λLSPR shift with relative changes in extinction intensity at the distinct plasmonic maximum (i.e., 832 nm). The magnitude of the red shift in λLSPR was nearly linear with increasing concentration of TnT, over the range 7.6 × 10−15 to 9.1 × 10−4 g/mL. The LSPR based nano-immunoassay could be simply regenerated by switching the polymer conformation and creating a gradient of microenvironments between the two states with a modest change in temperature.
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Mishra S, Ashaduzzaman M, Mishra P, Swart HC, Turner AP, Tiwari A. Stimuli-enabled zipper-like graphene interface for auto-switchable bioelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 89:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tu X, Muhammad P, Liu J, Ma Y, Wang S, Yin D, Liu Z. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Plasmonic Immunosandwich Assay for Fast and Ultrasensitive Determination of Trace Glycoproteins in Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12363-12370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pir Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuangshou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Danyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
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Léonforte F, Müller M. Functional Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/Poly(acrylic acid) Mixed Brushes for Controlled Manipulation of Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Léonforte
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Katz E. Modified Electrodes and Electrochemical Systems Switchable by Temperature Changes. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Clarkson University; Potsdam NY 13699-5810 USA
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Osikoya AO, Parlak O, Murugan NA, Dikio ED, Moloto H, Uzun L, Turner AP, Tiwari A. Acetylene-sourced CVD-synthesised catalytically active graphene for electrochemical biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:496-504. [PMID: 27157880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated the use of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) grown-graphene to develop a highly-ordered graphene-enzyme electrode for electrochemical biosensing. The graphene sheets were deposited on 1.00mm thick copper sheet at 850°C using acetylene (C2H2) as carbon source in an argon (Ar) and nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. An anionic surfactant was used to increase wettability and hydrophilicity of graphene; thereby facilitating the assembly of biomolecules on the electrode surface. Meanwhile, the theoretical calculations confirmed the successful modification of hydrophobic nature of graphene through the anionic surface assembly, which allowed high-ordered immobilisation of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the graphene. The electrochemical sensing activities of the graphene-electrode was explored as a model for bioelectrocatalysis. The bioelectrode exhibited a linear response to glucose concentration ranging from 0.2 to 9.8mM, with sensitivity of 0.087µA/µM/cm2 and a detection limit of 0.12µM (S/N=3). This work sets the stage for the use of acetylene-sourced CVD-grown graphene as a fundamental building block in the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors and other bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Applied Chemistry and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Onur Parlak
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Virtual Laboratory for Molecular Probes, Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ezekiel Dixon Dikio
- Applied Chemistry and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Harry Moloto
- Applied Chemistry and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anthony Pf Turner
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Tekidag AB, UCS, Mjärdevi Science Park, Teknikringen 4A, SE 583 30 Linköping, Sweden; Vinoba Bhave Research Institute, Sirsa Road, Saidabad, Allahabad 221508, India.
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Akkilic N, Leermakers FAM, de Vos WM. Responsive polymer brushes for controlled nanoparticle exposure. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17871-17878. [PMID: 26462550 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose the design of a novel mixed polymer brush system that could act as a selective sensor with a distinct on-off switch. In the proposed system, a (single) nanoparticle (such as an antibody) is end-attached to a responsive chain, which is surrounded by a brush of nonresponsive chains. The collapse of the responsive chain leads to a protected state, where the nanoparticle is hidden in the polymer brush, while swelling of the responsive chain brings the nanoparticle outside of the brush into an exposed and active state. We investigate this system by numerical self-consistent field theory and predict a first-order like transition between the active state and the protective state at a critical decrease in solvent quality for the responsive chain. We show that by careful design of the brush parameters such as grafting density and chain length, for a given particle size, it is possible to fine-tune the desired switching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namik Akkilic
- Membrane Science and Technology, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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