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Jin H, Lim HJ, Liles MR, Chua B, Son A. Switchable inhibitory behavior of divalent magnesium ion in DNA hybridization-based gene quantification. Analyst 2022; 147:4845-4856. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01164f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mg2+ ion is a switchable inhibitor that can cause either under or over-estimation at different concentrations in DNA hybridization based gene quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Jin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mark R. Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Beelee Chua
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahjeong Son
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Kim HR, An S, Hwang J. An integrated system of air sampling and simultaneous enrichment for rapid biosensing of airborne coronavirus and influenza virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112656. [PMID: 33010706 PMCID: PMC7518959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care risk assessment (PCRA) for airborne viruses requires a system that can enrich low-concentration airborne viruses dispersed in field environments into a small volume of liquid. In this study, airborne virus particles were collected to a degree above the limit of detection (LOD) for a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This study employed an electrostatic air sampler to capture aerosolized test viruses (human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1), and influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2)) in a continuously flowing liquid (aerosol-to-hydrosol (ATH) enrichment) and a concanavalin A (ConA)-coated magnetic particles (CMPs)-installed fluidic channel for simultaneous hydrosol-to-hydrosol (HTH) enrichment. The air sampler's ATH enrichment capacity (EC) was evaluated using the aerosol counting method. In contrast, the HTH EC for the ATH-collected sample was evaluated using transmission-electron-microscopy (TEM)-based image analysis and real-time qRT-PCR assay. For example, the ATH EC for HCoV-229E was up to 67,000, resulting in a viral concentration of 0.08 PFU/mL (in a liquid sample) for a viral epidemic scenario of 1.2 PFU/m3 (in air). The real-time qRT-PCR assay result for this liquid sample was "non-detectable" however, subsequent HTH enrichment for 10 min caused the "non-detectable" sample to become "detectable" (cycle threshold (CT) value of 33.8 ± 0.06).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rae Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanggwon An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Jin H, Yoon Y, Liles MR, Chua B, Son A. A simple reagent-less approach using electrical discharge as a substitution for chelating agent in addressing genomic assay inhibition by divalent cations. Analyst 2020; 145:6846-6858. [PMID: 33000771 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01666g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrical discharge treatment was shown to be a viable substitution for chelating agent in genomic assays. Divalent cation Mg2+ inhibits the performance of DNA hybridization based genomic assays by binding to the DNA and disrupting DNA hybridization. Until now, chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was the only option to address the presence of Mg2+ in samples. However, EDTA is a well-known environmental contaminant. In this work, we successfully employed electrical discharge instead of EDTA to render Mg2+ insipid. Its preliminary efficacy was first observed via circular dichroism (CD) and zeta potential analyses. After electrical discharge treatment, the reduction in CD shift at 280 nm was significant for samples with 10-3 and 10-8 M Mg2+. The zeta potential of Mg2+ laden samples were also restored from -4.71 ± 1.38 to -20.59 ± 6.37 mV after electrical discharge treatment. Both CD shift and change in zeta potential suggested that 2 min of electrical discharge treatment could prevent Mg2+ from binding to DNA. The complete efficacy of electrical discharge treatment was demonstrated with the performance recovery (within ∼15% of the control) of a genomic assay variant (NanoGene assay) while analyzing Mg2+ laden samples (10-5-10-3 M). Assuming 10 million samples are analyzed annually, the proposed electrical discharge treatment (∼50 mW per sample) would allow us to trade environmental contamination by ∼50 kg of hazardous EDTA with a single 250 W STC (standard test conditions) solar panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Jin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Tseng CC, Lu YC, Chang KC, Hung CC. Optimization of a Portable Adenosine Triphosphate Bioluminescence Assay Coupled with a Receiver Operating Characteristic Model to Assess Bioaerosol Concentrations on Site. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070975. [PMID: 32610699 PMCID: PMC7409044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid monitoring of the microbial content in indoor air is an important issue. In this study, we develop a method for applying a Coriolis sampler coupled with a portable ATP luminometer for characterization of the collection efficiency of bioaerosol samplers and then test this approach in field applications. The biological collection efficiencies of the Coriolis sampler and a BioSampler for collecting four different types of bioaerosols, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida famata and endospores of Bacillus subtilis, were compared in a chamber study. The results showed that the ATP assay may indicate the four microbes' viability, and that their defined viabilities were positively correlated with their culturability. In addition, the optimal sampling conditions of the Coriolis sampler were a 200 L/min flow rate and a sampling time of 30 min. Under these conditions, there was no significant difference in sampling performance between the BioSampler and Coriolis sampler. In field applications, the best ATP benchmark that corresponded to culturable levels of < 500 CFU/m3 was 287 RLUs (sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 80%) for bacteria and 370 RLUs (sensitivity: 79%; specificity: 82%) for fungi according to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Consequently, an ATP criterion is recommended for indicating whether the corresponding airborne culturable concentrations of microbes meet those of published guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Tseng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +886-3-8574179
| | - Yi-Chian Lu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Che Hung
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.H.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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Park M, Son A, Chua B. Microorganism-ionizing respirator with reduced breathing resistance suitable for removing airborne bacteria. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 276:437-446. [PMID: 32288253 PMCID: PMC7111273 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2018.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using microorganism-ionizing respirators with reduced breathing resistance to remove airborne bacteria. Using a miniaturized corona ionizer and two pairs of separator electrodes, airborne bacteria were ionized and removed from the airflow. Two microorganism-ionizing respirator designs were experimentally evaluated with flow rates ranging from ∼10 to 20 L/min and yielded airborne bacterial removal efficiencies of ∼75%-100%. Further, they were in close agreement with the analytical airborne particle removal efficiencies, at a similar range of flow rates. These flow rates also correspond to the breathing rates of standing and walking adults. More importantly, the breathing resistance could be reduced by more than 50% for flow rates of ∼200 L/min. Using manganese (IV) oxide coated mesh, the ozone concentration in the air outflow was reduced to less than 0.1 ppm, at a flow rate of ∼20 L/min, thus enabling safe use. The power consumption was less than 1 W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Park
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahjeong Son
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Beelee Chua
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Chua B, Son A. The Implications of Fragmented Genomic DNA Size Range on the Hybridization Efficiency in NanoGene Assay. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082646. [PMID: 30104470 PMCID: PMC6111406 DOI: 10.3390/s18082646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
DNA hybridization-based assays are well known for their ability to detect and quantify specific bacteria. Assays that employ DNA hybridization include a NanoGene assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and microarrays. Involved in DNA hybridization, fragmentation of genomic DNA (gDNA) is necessary to increase the accessibility of the probe DNA to the target gDNA. However, there has been no thorough and systematic characterization of different fragmented gDNA sizes and their effects on hybridization efficiency. An optimum fragmented size range of gDNA for the NanoGene assay is hypothesized in this study. Bacterial gDNA is fragmented via sonication into different size ranges prior to the NanoGene assay. The optimum size range of gDNA is determined via the comparison of respective hybridization efficiencies (in the form of quantification capabilities). Different incubation durations are also investigated. Finally, the quantification capability of the fragmented (at optimum size range) and unfragmented gDNA is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Beelee Chua
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Ahjeong Son
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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