1
|
Wei-Wen Hsiao W, Fadhilah G, Lee CC, Endo R, Lin YJ, Angela S, Ku CC, Chang HC, Chiang WH. Nanomaterial-based biosensors for avian influenza virus: A new way forward. Talanta 2023; 265:124892. [PMID: 37451119 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Although human infections are rare, the virus has a high mortality rate when contracted. Appropriate detection methods are thus crucial for combatting this pathogen. There is a growing demand for rapid, selective, and accurate methods of identifying the virus. Numerous biosensors have been designed and commercialized to detect AIV. However, they all have considerable shortcomings. Nanotechnology offers a new way forward. Nanomaterials produce more eco-friendly, rapid, and portable diagnostic systems. They also exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity while achieving a low detection limit (LOD). This paper reviews state-of-the-art nanomaterial-based biosensors for AIV detection, such as those composed of quantum dots, gold, silver, carbon, silica, nanodiamond, and other nanoparticles. It also offers insight into potential trial protocols for creating more effective methods of identifying AIV and discusses key issues associated with developing nanomaterial-based biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Gianna Fadhilah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ryu Endo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 43210, USA
| | - Yu-Jou Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Stefanny Angela
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Ku
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hong D, Jo EJ, Bang D, Jung C, Lee YE, Noh YS, Shin MG, Kim MG. Plasmonic Approach to Fluorescence Enhancement of Mesoporous Silica-Coated Gold Nanorods for Highly Sensitive Influenza A Virus Detection Using Lateral Flow Immunosensor. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16607-16619. [PMID: 37595106 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic tests based on the lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) enable early identification of viral infection, owing to simple interpretation, short turnaround time, and timely isolation of patients to minimize viral transmission among communities. However, the LFI system requires improvement in the detection sensitivity to match the accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests. Fluorescence-based LFIs are more sensitive and specific than absorption-based LFIs, but their performance is significantly affected by fundamental issues related to the quantum yield and photobleaching of fluorophores. Metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF), which is a plasmonic effect in the vicinity of metallic nanoparticles, can be an effective strategy to improve the detection sensitivity of fluorescence-based LFIs. The key factors for obtaining a strong plasmonic effect include the distance and spectral overlap of the metal and fluorophore in the MEF system. In this study, MEF probes were designed based on core-shell nanostructures employing a gold nanorod core, mesoporous silica shell, and cyanine 5 fluorophore. To optimize the efficiency of MEF probes incorporated on the LFI platform (MEF-LFI), we experimentally and theoretically investigated the distance dependence of plasmonic coupling between cyanine 5 and gold nanorods by adjusting the shell thickness, resulting in significant fluorescence enhancement. The proposed MEF-LFI enabled highly sensitive detection of influenza A virus (IAV) nucleocapsid protein with a detection limit of 0.52 pg mL-1 within 20 min and showed high specificity and accuracy for determining IAV clinical samples. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of this method as an effective tool for molecular diagnosis under emergency conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donggu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Jo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Bang
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 208 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Seon Noh
- Nano Bio Research Center JBF, 123, Nanosandan-ro, Nam-Myun, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do 57248, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Putralis R, Korotkaja K, Kaukulis M, Rudevica Z, Jansons J, Nilova O, Rucins M, Krasnova L, Domracheva I, Plotniece M, Pajuste K, Sobolev A, Rumnieks F, Bekere L, Zajakina A, Plotniece A, Duburs G. Styrylpyridinium Derivatives for Fluorescent Cell Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1245. [PMID: 37765053 PMCID: PMC10535741 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of styrylpyridinium (SP) compounds was synthesised in order to study their spectroscopic and cell labelling properties. The compounds comprised different electron donating parts (julolidine, p-dimethylaminophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl), conjugated linkers (vinyl, divinyl), and an electron-withdrawing N-alkylpyridinium part. Geminal or bis-compounds incorporating two styrylpyridinium (bis-SP) moieties at the 1,3-trimethylene unit were synthesised. Compounds comprising a divinyl linker and powerful electron-donating julolidine donor parts possessed intensive fluorescence in the near-infrared region (maximum at ~760 nm). The compounds had rather high cytotoxicity towards the cancerous cell lines HT-1080 and MH-22A; at the same time, basal cytotoxicity towards the NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line ranged from toxic to harmful. SP compound 6e had IC50 values of 1.0 ± 0.03 µg/mL to the cell line HT-1080 and 0.4 µg/mL to MH-22A; however, the basal toxicity LD50 was 477 mg/kg (harmful). The compounds showed large Stokes' shifts, including 195 nm for 6a,b, 240 nm for 6e, and 325 and 352 nm for 6d and 6c, respectively. The highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) values were observed for 6a,b, which were 15.1 and 12.2%, respectively. The PLQY values for the SP derivatives 6d,e (those with a julolidinyl moiety) were 0.5 and 0.7%, respectively. Cell staining with compound 6e revealed a strong fluorescent signal localised in the cell cytoplasm, whereas the cell nuclei were not stained. SP compound 6e possessed self-assembling properties and formed liposomes with an average diameter of 118 nm. The obtained novel data on near-infrared fluorescent probes could be useful for the development of biocompatible dyes for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinis Putralis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Ksenija Korotkaja
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.); (Z.R.); (J.J.); (O.N.); (F.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Martins Kaukulis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Zhanna Rudevica
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.); (Z.R.); (J.J.); (O.N.); (F.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Juris Jansons
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.); (Z.R.); (J.J.); (O.N.); (F.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Olga Nilova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.); (Z.R.); (J.J.); (O.N.); (F.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Laura Krasnova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Ilona Domracheva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Mara Plotniece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Felikss Rumnieks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.); (Z.R.); (J.J.); (O.N.); (F.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Laura Bekere
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Anna Zajakina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (K.K.); (Z.R.); (J.J.); (O.N.); (F.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Gunars Duburs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (I.D.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (L.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang R, Liao T, Wang X, Zhai H, Yang D, Wang X, Wang H, Feng F. Second near-infrared fluorescent dye for lateral flow immunoassays rapid detection of influenza A/B virus. Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114847. [PMID: 35964731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid diagnostic point of care testing (POCT) system is of great significance to prevent and control human virus infection. Here reported an immunochromatographic strip technology. The second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescent dye encapsulated into polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, was integrated into a lateral flow assay platform to achieve excellent detection of influenza A/B. This surface-functionalized and mono-dispersed PS nanoparticles has been conjugated with influenza nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody as targets for influenza antigen-detection. This assay achieved the detection limit of 0.015 ng/mL for influenza A nucleoprotein and 4.3*10-5 HAU/mL (102.08 TCID50/mL) influenza A virus (influenza B: 0.037 ng/mL, 9.7*10-7 HAU/mL (100.43 TCID50/mL)). Compared with an Au-based lateral flow test strip, the strip's sensitivity is about 16-fold higher than it. Strip detection properties remain stable for 6 months under 4 °C to 30 °C storage. The assay's intra assay variation is 5.14% and the inter assay variation is 7.74%. Other potential endogenous and exogenous interfering substances (whole blood, nasal mucin, saliva, antipyretics, antihistamines and neuraminidase inhibitors) showed negative results, which verified the excellent specificity of this method. This assay was successfully applied to the POCT quantitative detection of influenza A/B virus, the sensitivity to influenza A and B viruses was 70% and 87.5% respectively, and the specificity was 100%. Therefore, these microspheres can be used as an effective material for rapid POCT detection in clinical specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runxuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biosensing, China, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Tao Liao
- WWHS Biotech, Inc, China, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Public Security, Northwest University of Political Science and Law, China, Xi'an, 710122, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biosensing, China, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biosensing, China, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biosensing, China, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biosensing, China, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China.
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biosensing, China, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Durairaj K, Than DD, Nguyen ATV, Kim HS, Yeo SJ, Park H. Cysteamine-Gold Coated Carboxylated Fluorescent Nanoparticle Mediated Point-of-Care Dual-Modality Detection of the H5N1 Pathogenic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147957. [PMID: 35887315 PMCID: PMC9320457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, point-of-care testing (POCT) is the most preferable on-site technique for disease detection and includes a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (FICT). The testing kits are generally insufficient in terms of signal enhancement, which is a major drawback of this approach. Sensitive and timely on-site POCT methods with high signal enhancement are therefore essential for the accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases. Herein, we prepare cysteamine-gold coated carboxylated europium chelated nanoparticle (Cys Au-EuNPs)-mediated POCT for the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV). Commercial nanoparticles were used for comparison. The spectral characteristics, surface morphologies, functional groups, surface charge and stability of the Cys AuNPs, EuNPs, and Cys Au-EuNPs were confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrometry, transmission electron microscope with Selected area electron diffraction (TEM-SAED), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and zeta potential analysis. The particle size distribution revealed an average size of ~130 ± 0.66 nm for the Cys Au-EuNPs. The Cys Au-EuNP-mediated RDT (colorimetric analysis) and FICT kit revealed a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 HAU/mL and 2.5 HAU/mL, respectively, for H5N1 under different titer conditions. The obtained LOD is eight-fold that of commercial nanoparticle conjugates. The photo luminance (PL) stability of ~3% the Cys Au-EuNPs conjugates that was obtained under UV light irradiation differs considerably from that of the commercial nanoparticle conjugates. Overall, the developed Cys Au-EuNPs-mediated dual-mode POCT kit can be used as an effective nanocomposite for the development of on-site monitoring systems for infectious disease surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaliannan Durairaj
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (K.D.); (D.D.T.); (A.T.V.N.)
| | - Duc Duong Than
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (K.D.); (D.D.T.); (A.T.V.N.)
| | - Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (K.D.); (D.D.T.); (A.T.V.N.)
| | - Hak Sung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (K.D.); (D.D.T.); (A.T.V.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arshad R, Sargazi S, Fatima I, Mobashar A, Rahdar A, Ajalli N, Kyzas GZ. Nanotechnology for Therapy of Zoonotic Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Lahore Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan 98167-43463 Iran
| | - Iqra Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Aisha Mobashar
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Lahore Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics University of Zabol Zabol P. O. Box. 98613–35856 Iran
| | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry International Hellenic University Kavala Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Development of a peptide aptamer pair-linked rapid fluorescent diagnostic system for Zika virus detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113768. [PMID: 34763153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid diagnostic system employing an antigen detection biosensing method is needed to discriminate between Zika virus (ZIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV) due to their close antigenic homology. We developed a novel peptide pair-based flow immunochromatographic test strip (FICT) assay to detect ZIKV. Peptide aptamers, P6.1 (KQERNNWPLTWT), P29.1 (KYTTSTLKSGV), and B2.33 (KRHVWVSLSYSCAEA) were designed by paratopes and modified against the ZIKV envelope protein based on the binding affinity. An antibody-free lateral FICT was developed using a pair of peptide aptamers. In the rapid diagnostic strip, the limit of detection (LOD) for the B2.33-P6.1 peptide pair for ZIKV was 2 × 104 tissue culture infective dose TCID50/mL. Significantly, FICT could discriminate ZIKV from DENV. The stability and performance of FICT were confirmed using human sera and urine, showing a comparable LOD value. Our study demonstrated that in silico modeling could be used to develop a novel peptide pair-based FICT assay for detecting ZIKV by a rapid diagnostic test.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu LD, Zhu J, Ding SN. Immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid proteins using novel red emission-enhanced carbon dot-based silica spheres. Analyst 2021; 146:5055-5060. [PMID: 34282816 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01010g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is imminent to develop a new type of rapid COVID-19 detection method with high sensitivity. Here, we used novel red emission-enhanced carbon dot (CD)-based silica (RCS) spheres as the signals of lateral flow immunochromatography (LFI) to ultrasensitively detect novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleocapsid proteins (SARS-CoV-2 NPs). The red emission of CDs can be enhanced and enriched in silica spheres by a simple way. The amino ends of the N-β-(aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxy anchor carboxyl-rich CDs and enhance the red emission, while the other end is embedded in the silica carrier. Then, the composite silica spheres werecoated with 3-(triethylsilyl) propylamine to protect the CDs, promote bioconjugation and obtain RCS spheres. The optimal emission peaks of the aqueous solution and the solid state of RCS spheres were at 634 nm and 638 nm, respectively, with quantum yields (QYs) of 48.5% and 35.7%, respectively. Their red emission has a wide excitation range (from the ultraviolet region to the red region), and the best excitation wavelength is about 580 nm. Two fluorescence detection modes of the RCS-LFI technology for the SARS-CoV-2 NP assay are available: the simple mode of observation under ultraviolet light has a sensitivity of 100 pg mL-1; the advanced mode of detection under a fluorescence microscope has a sensitivity of 10 pg mL-1. This assay also exhibits the advantages of fast detection speed, high specificity, and simple operation. In addition, the feasibility of this method in actual sample detection was verified in human serum by the standard-addition method, and the results show that the method has excellent practicability. We believe that this method will be a valuable supplement for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Di Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050630. [PMID: 34065291 PMCID: PMC8161317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu N, Liu Y, Li Y, Tang B, Liang X, Yang Y, Liu M, Liu X, Zhou Y. Rapid Quantum Dot Nanobead-mAb Probe-Based Immunochromatographic Assay for Antibody Monitoring of Trichinella spiralis Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2477-2486. [PMID: 33824586 PMCID: PMC8018372 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s304845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sensitive and selective point-of-care biosensor is an urgent pursuit of serological antibody detection to control parasite pathogen. For specific, quantitative and on-site screening of Trichinella spiralis infection in livestock, a quantum dot nanobead-monoclonal antibody (QB-mAb) probe-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed by introducing a competitive sandwich strategy (QB-CICA). Methods In the QB-CICA, QB-mAb probes competed with serum antibody for a particular epitope, followed by immunocomplexes binding to capture antibody on the test line. With the accumulation of target antibody, captured probes served as signal elements for fluorescent readout in a "turn off" mode, along with the fluorescence gradually weakened. The sensitivity and standard calibration curve of the QB-CICA were quantified using swine sera as negative control (n = 200) and artificial infected swine sera (n = 80) compared with a commercial ELISA kit. Besides, Trichinella spiralis-antibody targeting test ability of the QB-CICA, instead of other parasites or viruses antibodies (n = 10), was evaluated. Results The QB-CICA exhibited a good linear range, a low detection limit of 189.92 ng mL-1 and 100% selectivity that was higher than commercial ELISA kit (90%), as well as the same serological positive rate (100%) with commercial ELISA kit in different infection dose models. Conclusion Taking advantage of its simplicity, short response time (25 min), sensitivity and specificity, the proposed QB-CICA has potential applications for parasite-related antibody monitoring in food safety and clinical diagnosis fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongyan Liang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nguyen AVT, Dao TD, Trinh TTT, Choi DY, Yu ST, Park H, Yeo SJ. Sensitive detection of influenza a virus based on a CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dot-linked rapid fluorescent immunochromatographic test. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
12
|
Nguyen HC, Park H, Shin HJ, Nguyen NM, Nguyen ATV, Trinh TTT, Duong THY, Tuong HT, Hoang VT, Seo GE, Sohn HJ, Yeo SJ. Fluorescent Immunosorbent Assay for Chikungunya Virus Detection. Intervirology 2019; 62:145-155. [PMID: 31533104 DOI: 10.1159/000502823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When infected with the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 3% to 28% of CHIKV-infected individuals remain asymptomatic, necessitating the development of improved high-throughput screening methods to overcome the limitations of molecular diagnostics or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). OBJECTIVE In this study, two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting envelope 1 (E1) of CHIKV were developed and applied in a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) using coumarin-derived dendrimer as the fluorophore. METHODS The performance of the FLISA was compared with that of ELISA. RESULTS Using the two novel mAbs (2B5 and 2C8), FLISA could detect 1 × 105 PFU/mL of CHIKV, exhibiting a 2-fold lower limit of detection (LOD) compared to ELISA. The LOD of FICT corresponded to a comparative threshold value of 23.95 and 4 × 106 of RNA copy number/µL. In the presence of human sera and blood, virus detection by FLISA was 3-fold better than ELISA, with an LOD of 2 × 105 PFU/mL. Sera and blood interfered with the ELISA, resulting in 6 × 105 PFU/mL as the LOD. CONCLUSIONS FLISA using two novel mAbs and coumarin-derived dendrimer is a superior diagnostic assay for detecting CHIKV in human sera and blood, compared to conventional ELISA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huu Chien Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hai Yen Duong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi Tuong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao M, Huang L, Dong X, Xie K, Shen H, Huang C, Xiao W, Jin M, Tang Y. Integration of a 3D-printed read-out platform with a quantum dot-based immunoassay for detection of the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. Analyst 2019; 144:2594-2603. [PMID: 30830133 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks and potential epidemics of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus pose serious threats to human health and the global economy. As such, its timely and accurate detection is critically important. In the present study, positive hybridoma cells (6B3) were obtained, which were used to secrete high-titer avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 monoclonal antibodies (H7N9 mAb). Based on these mAbs, quantum dot-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (QD-LFICS) were developed for AIV H7N9 detection. Under optimized conditions, results from a commercial fluorescent strip reader indicated that the limit of detection of QD-LFICS was 0.0268 HAU. To achieve rapid on-site testing, a mini 3D-printed read-out platform was fabricated to allow observation of QD-LFICS by the naked eye. More importantly, QD-LFICS were found to be practical and specific for the detection of actual samples compared with a real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for antibody drug and immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guo L, Shao Y, Duan H, Ma W, Leng Y, Huang X, Xiong Y. Magnetic Quantum Dot Nanobead-Based Fluorescent Immunochromatographic Assay for the Highly Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin B 1 in Dark Soy Sauce. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4727-4734. [PMID: 30840438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we synthesized bifunctional magnetic fluorescent beads (MFBs) with a distinct core/shell structure by encapsulating octadecylamine-coated CdSe/ZnS QDs (OC-QDs) and oleic acid-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (OA-IONPs) into two polymer matrixes with different hydrophobic properties. The OC-QDs and OA-IONPs were mainly distributed in the outer layer of MFBs. The resultant MFBs displayed ca. 226-fold stronger fluorescence emission relative to the corresponding OC-QDs and retained ca. 45.4% of the saturation magnetization of the OA-IONPs. The MFBs were used to purify and enrich aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from dark soy sauce and then utilized as a fluorescent reporter of immunochromatographic assay (ICA) for the sensitive detection of AFB1. Under the optimal detection conditions, the MFB-based ICA (MFB-ICA) displayed a dynamic linear detection of AFB1 in sauce extract over the range of 5-150 pg/mL with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 27 ± 3 pg/mL ( n = 3). The detection limits for AFB1 in sauce extract and real dark soy sauce were 3 and 51 pg/mL, respectively, which are considerably better than those of the previously reported fluorescent bead-based ICA methods. The analytical performance of the proposed MFB-ICA in terms of selectivity and accuracy was investigated by analyzing AFB1-spiked dark soy sauce samples. The reliability of the proposed method was further confirmed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. With the combined advantages of QDs and IONPs, the resultant MFBs offer great potential as reporters of ICA for the sensitive detection of trace pollutants in complex matrix samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Yanna Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Gaoping Center for Comprehensive Inspection and Testing , Gaoping 048411 , P. R. China
| | - Yuankui Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Y, Fu Q, Xie J, Wang H, Tang Y. Development of a high sensitivity quantum dot-based fluorescent quenching lateral flow assay for the detection of zearalenone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2169-2175. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dziąbowska K, Czaczyk E, Nidzworski D. Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus-Current Trends. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040094. [PMID: 30340339 PMCID: PMC6315519 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The basic affairs connected to the influenza virus were reviewed in the article, highlighting the newest trends in its diagnostic methods. Awareness of the threat of influenza arises from its ability to spread and cause a pandemic. The undiagnosed and untreated viral infection can have a fatal effect on humans. Thus, the early detection seems pivotal for an accurate treatment, when vaccines and other contemporary prevention methods are not faultless. Public health is being attacked with influenza containing new genes from a genetic assortment between animals and humankind. Unfortunately, the population does not have immunity for mutant genes and is attacked in every viral outbreak season. For these reasons, fast and accurate devices are in high demand. As currently used methods like Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests lack specificity, time and cost-savings, new methods are being developed. In the article, various novel detection methods, such as electrical and optical were compared. Different viral elements used as detection targets and analysis parameters, such as sensitivity and specificity, were presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dziąbowska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland.
- SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Czaczyk
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland.
- SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dawid Nidzworski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland.
- SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Hu M, Xu L, Yang X, Chang Y, Zhu Y. Effect of edible fungal polysaccharides on improving influenza vaccine protection in mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1323326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghua Hu
- Joint Laboratory for the Research of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides-Chinese Academy of Science Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica and Infinitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yung Chang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yanhong Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|