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Puumala LS, Grist SM, Morales JM, Bickford JR, Chrostowski L, Shekhar S, Cheung KC. Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010053. [PMID: 36671887 PMCID: PMC9855810 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Puumala
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
| | - Jennifer M. Morales
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Justin R. Bickford
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sudip Shekhar
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Víšová I, Houska M, Vaisocherová-Lísalová H. Biorecognition antifouling coatings in complex biological fluids: a review of functionalization aspects. Analyst 2022; 147:2597-2614. [PMID: 35621143 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00436d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in biointerface research has highlighted the role of antifouling functionalizable coatings in the development of advanced biosensors for point-of-care bioanalytical and biomedical applications dealing with real-world complex samples. The resistance to nonspecific adsorption promotes the biorecognition performance and overall increases the reliability and specificity of the analysis. However, the process of modification with biorecognition elements (so-called functionalization) may influence the resulting antifouling properties. The extent of these effects concerning both functionalization procedures potentially changing the surface architecture and properties, and the physicochemical properties of anchored biorecognition elements, remains unclear and has not been summarized in the literature yet. This critical review summarizes these key functionalization aspects with respect to diverse antifouling architectures showing low or ultra-low fouling quantitative characteristics in complex biological media such as bodily fluids or raw food samples. The subsequent discussion focuses on the impact of functionalization on fouling resistance. Furthermore, this review discusses some of the drawbacks of available surface sensitive characterization methods and highlights the importance of suitable assessment of the resistance to fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Víšová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Houska
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Vaisocherová-Lísalová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Drozd M, Karoń S, Malinowska E. Recent Advancements in Receptor Layer Engineering for Applications in SPR-Based Immunodiagnostics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3781. [PMID: 34072572 PMCID: PMC8198293 DOI: 10.3390/s21113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rapid progress in the development of surface plasmon resonance-based immunosensing platforms offers wide application possibilities in medical diagnostics as a label-free alternative to enzyme immunoassays. The early diagnosis of diseases or metabolic changes through the detection of biomarkers in body fluids requires methods characterized by a very good sensitivity and selectivity. In the case of the SPR technique, as well as other surface-sensitive detection strategies, the quality of the transducer-immunoreceptor interphase is crucial for maintaining the analytical reliability of an assay. In this work, an overview of general approaches to the design of functional SPR-immunoassays is presented. It covers both immunosensors, the design of which utilizes well-known and often commercially available substrates, as well as the latest solutions developed in-house. Various approaches employing chemical and passive binding, affinity-based antibody immobilization, and the introduction of nanomaterial-based surfaces are discussed. The essence of their influence on the improvement of the main analytical parameters of a given immunosensor is explained. Particular attention is paid to solutions compatible with the latest trends in the development of label-free immunosensors, such as platforms dedicated to real-time monitoring in a quasi-continuous mode, the use of in situ-generated receptor layers (elimination of the regeneration step), and biosensors using recombinant and labelled protein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Drozd
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
- Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Karoń
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
- Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Malinowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
- Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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Qu JH, Leirs K, Escudero R, Strmšek Ž, Jerala R, Spasic D, Lammertyn J. Novel Regeneration Approach for Creating Reusable FO-SPR Probes with NTA Surface Chemistry. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:186. [PMID: 33451032 PMCID: PMC7828519 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have been exploited in numerous different contexts while continuously pushing boundaries in terms of improved sensitivity, specificity, portability and reusability. The latter has attracted attention as a viable alternative to disposable biosensors, also offering prospects for rapid screening of biomolecules or biomolecular interactions. In this context here, we developed an approach to successfully regenerate a fiber-optic (FO)-SPR surface when utilizing cobalt (II)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) surface chemistry. To achieve this, we tested multiple regeneration conditions that can disrupt the NTA chelate on a surface fully saturated with His6-tagged antibody fragments (scFv-33H1F7) over ten regeneration cycles. The best surface regeneration was obtained when combining 100 mM EDTA, 500 mM imidazole and 0.5% SDS at pH 8.0 for 1 min with shaking at 150 rpm followed by washing with 0.5 M NaOH for 3 min. The true versatility of the established approach was proven by regenerating the NTA surface for ten cycles with three other model system bioreceptors, different in their size and structure: His6-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike fragment (receptor binding domain, RBD), a red fluorescent protein (RFP) and protein origami carrying 4 RFPs (Tet12SN-RRRR). Enabling the removal of His6-tagged bioreceptors from NTA surfaces in a fast and cost-effective manner can have broad applications, spanning from the development of biosensors and various biopharmaceutical analyses to the synthesis of novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Huan Qu
- Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.-H.Q.); (K.L.); (R.E.)
| | - Karen Leirs
- Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.-H.Q.); (K.L.); (R.E.)
| | - Remei Escudero
- Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.-H.Q.); (K.L.); (R.E.)
| | - Žiga Strmšek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Ž.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Ž.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Dragana Spasic
- Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.-H.Q.); (K.L.); (R.E.)
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.-H.Q.); (K.L.); (R.E.)
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Gunnarsson A, Stubbs CJ, Rawlins PB, Taylor-Newman E, Lee WC, Geschwindner S, Hytönen V, Holdgate G, Jha R, Dahl G. Regenerable Biosensors for Small-Molecule Kinetic Characterization Using SPR. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2020; 26:730-739. [PMID: 33289457 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220975358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A key activity in small-molecule drug discovery is the characterization of compound-target interactions. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a flexible technique for this purpose, with a wide affinity range (micromoles to picomoles), low protein requirements, and the ability to characterize the kinetics of compound binding. However, a key requirement of SPR is the immobilization of the target protein to the surface of the sensor chip. The most commonly used immobilization techniques (covalent immobilization, streptavidin-biotin) are irreversible in nature, which can afford excellent baseline stability but impose limitations throughput for slowly dissociating compounds or unstable targets. Reversible immobilization (e.g., His-tag-Ni-NTA) is possible but typically precludes accurate quantification of slow dissociation kinetics due to baseline drift.Here we present our investigation of three immobilization strategies (dual-His-tagged target protein, His-tagged streptavidin, and switchavidin) that combine the robustness of irreversible immobilization with the flexibility of reversible immobilization. Each has its own advantages and limitations, and while a universal immobilization procedure remains to be found, these strategies add to the immobilization toolbox that enables previously out-of-scope applications. Such applications are highlighted in two examples that greatly increased throughput for the kinetic characterization of potent kinase inhibitors and kinetic profiling of covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Gunnarsson
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher J Stubbs
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip B Rawlins
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor Taylor-Newman
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.,Deptartment of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Wei-Chao Lee
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vesa Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
| | - Geoffrey Holdgate
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Rupam Jha
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Göran Dahl
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sato RH, Kosaka PM, Omori ÁT, Ferreira EA, Petri DFS, Malvar Ó, Domínguez CM, Pini V, Ahumada Ó, Tamayo J, Calleja M, Cunha RLOR, Fiorito PA. Development of a methodology for reversible chemical modification of silicon surfaces with application in nanomechanical biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 137:287-293. [PMID: 31125818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent tellurium compounds have a particular reactivity towards thiol compounds which are related to their biological properties. In this work, this property was assembled to tellurium-functionalized surfaces. These compounds were used as linkers in the immobilization process of thiolated biomolecules (such as DNA) on microcantilever surfaces. The telluride derivatives acted as reversible binding agents due to their redox properties, providing the regeneration of microcantilever surfaces and allowing their reuse for further biomolecules immobilizations, recycling the functional surface. Initially, we started from the synthesis of 4-((3-((4-methoxyphenyl) tellanyl) phenyl) amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid, a new compound, which was immobilized on a silicon surface. In nanomechanical systems, the detection involved a hybridization study of thiolated DNA sequences. Fluorescence microscopy technique was used to confirm the immobilization and removal of the telluride-DNA system and provided revealing results about the potentiality of applying redox properties to chalcogen derivatives at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli H Sato
- CCNH, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila M Kosaka
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro T Omori
- CCNH, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgard A Ferreira
- Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 01302-907, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise F S Petri
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 26077, São Paulo, SP, 05513-970, Brazil
| | - Óscar Malvar
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M Domínguez
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valerio Pini
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Ahumada
- Mecwins S.A, Plaza de la Encina 10-11, Núcleo 5, 2 B, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo L O R Cunha
- CCNH, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Fiorito
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Villa María (CIT VM - CONICET), Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555, Villa María, C.P, 5900, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Reddy SMM, Augustine G, Ayyadurai N, Shanmugam G. Biocytin-Based pH-Stimuli Responsive Supramolecular Multivariant Hydrogelator for Potential Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1382-1388. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samala Murali Mohan Reddy
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CLRI campus, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - George Augustine
- Biochemistry & Biotechnology Laboratory, CSIR, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | | | - Ganesh Shanmugam
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CLRI campus, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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