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Liu L, Wang D, Luo Y, Liu Y, Guo Y, Yang GZ, Qiu G. Intraoperative assessment of microimplantation-induced acute brain inflammation with titanium oxynitride-based plasmonic biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116664. [PMID: 39159588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Implantable devices for brain-machine interfaces and managing neurological disorders have experienced rapid growth in recent years. Although functional implants offer significant benefits, issues related to transient trauma and long-term biocompatibility and safety are of significant concern. Acute inflammatory reaction in the brain tissue caused by microimplants is known to be an issue but remains poorly studied. This study presents the use of titanium oxynitride (TiNO) nanofilm with defined surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties for point-of-care characterizing of acute inflammatory responses during robot-controlled micro-neuro-implantation. By leveraging surface-enriched oxynitride, TiNO nanofilms can be biomolecular-functionalized through silanization. This label-free TiNO-SPR biosensor exhibits a high sensitivity toward the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 with a detection limit down to 6.3 fg ml-1 and a short assay time of 25 min. Additionally, intraoperative monitoring of acute inflammatory responses during microelectrode implantation in the mice brain has been accomplished using the TiNO-SPR biosensors. Through intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid sampling and point-of-care plasmonic biosensing, the rhythm of acute inflammatory responses induced by the robot-controlled brain microelectrodes implantation has been successfully depicted, offering insights into intraoperative safety assessment of invasive brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Danhua Wang
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yating Luo
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yao Guo
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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Yu M, Tang X, Yang S, Li Z, Chen C, Xie S. Surface Functionalized Titanium Nitride Electrode for CMOS Compatible Bioelectronic Devices. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400189. [PMID: 38632104 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of bioelectronic devices is heading toward high throughput and high resolution. Yet, most electrode materials utilized in electrical biosensing are not compatible with the manufacturing techniques of semiconductor chips, which somehow hinders the integration and miniaturization of these devices. Titanium nitride (TiN) is a durable and economical material that is widely used in CMOS-based integrated circuits, bioelectronic systems, electrocatalytic systems, etc. Considering different application scenarios, new and efficient methods are required to functionalize TiN surface. In this study, a surface functionalization approach by covalent grafting of an organic thin film containing hydroxyl groups on TiN surface via electroreduction of diazonium salt 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzenediazonium was presented. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) procedures were carried out at the potential ranges of -0.8 V~0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl) with varying numbers of potential cycles (i. e., 5, 25, and 50 cycles) in order to study the thickness of modification layer. Then, the electrochemical property, surface morphology, and chemical structures of the sample before and after modifications were investigated via multiple characterization techniques, such as CV, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc., thereby confirming the successful grafting of hydroxyl groups onto the TiN surface. The experiments on DNA synthesis aimed to explore the potential of modified TiN electrode as a novel platform for DNA data storage applications and the corresponding proof-of-principle was accomplished by the process of coupling Cy3-phosphoramidite. Finally, the experiments were successfully reproduced on the randomly selected sites of the modified TiN microarray chips demonstrating the potential of technical protocol to extend applications in future bioelectronic devices, such as bio-sensing, high-throughput DNA synthesis, and molecular manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Chengzhong Road 20, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Institute of Medical Chips, Ruijin Hospital, S, hanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ruijin No.2 Road 197, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Chengbei 235, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xiaohui Tang
- Institute of Medical Chips, Ruijin Hospital, S, hanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ruijin No.2 Road 197, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Chengbei 235, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Shijia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Institute of Medical Chips, Ruijin Hospital, S, hanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ruijin No.2 Road 197, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Chengbei 235, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Chang Chen
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Chengzhong Road 20, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Institute of Medical Chips, Ruijin Hospital, S, hanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ruijin No.2 Road 197, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Chengbei 235, Shanghai, 201800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Sijia Xie
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Chengzhong Road 20, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Institute of Medical Chips, Ruijin Hospital, S, hanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ruijin No.2 Road 197, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Chengbei 235, Shanghai, 201800, China
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Kabashin AV, Kravets VG, Grigorenko AN. Label-free optical biosensing: going beyond the limits. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6554-6585. [PMID: 37681251 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Label-free optical biosensing holds great promise for a variety of applications in biomedical diagnostics, environmental and food safety, and security. It is already used as a key tool in the investigation of biomolecular binding events and reaction constants in real time and offers further potential additional functionalities and low-cost designs. However, the sensitivity of this technology does not match the routinely used but expensive and slow labelling methods. Therefore, label-free optical biosensing remains predominantly a research tool. Here we discuss how one can go beyond the limits of detection provided by standard optical biosensing platforms and achieve a sensitivity of label-free biosensing that is superior to labelling methods. To this end we review newly emerging optical implementations that overcome current sensitivity barriers by employing novel structural architectures, artificial materials (metamaterials and hetero-metastructures) and using phase of light as a sensing parameter. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism of plasmonic phase biosensing and review hyper-sensitive transducers, which can achieve detection limits at the single molecule level (less than 1 fg mm-2) and make it possible to detect analytes at several orders of magnitude lower concentrations than so far reported in literature. We finally discuss newly emerging layouts based on dielectric nanomaterials, bound states in continuum, and exceptional points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Kabashin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7341 CNRS, LP3, Campus de Luminy-case 917, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.
| | - Vasyl G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Singh PDD, Murthy Z, Kumar Kailasa S. Metal nitrides nanostructures: Properties, synthesis and conceptualization in analytical methods developments for chemical analysis and separation, and in energy storage applications. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Negm A, Howlader MMR, Belyakov I, Bakr M, Ali S, Irannejad M, Yavuz M. Materials Perspectives of Integrated Plasmonic Biosensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7289. [PMID: 36295354 PMCID: PMC9611134 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the growing need for portable, compact, low-cost, and efficient biosensors, plasmonic materials hold the promise to meet this need owing to their label-free sensitivity and deep light-matter interaction that can go beyond the diffraction limit of light. In this review, we shed light on the main physical aspects of plasmonic interactions, highlight mainstream and future plasmonic materials including their merits and shortcomings, describe the backbone substrates for building plasmonic biosensors, and conclude with a brief discussion of the factors affecting plasmonic biosensing mechanisms. To do so, we first observe that 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides play a major role in enhancing the sensitivity of nanoparticle-based plasmonic biosensors. Then, we identify that titanium nitride is a promising candidate for integrated applications with performance comparable to that of gold. Our study highlights the emerging role of polymer substrates in the design of future wearable and point-of-care devices. Finally, we summarize some technical and economic challenges that should be addressed for the mass adoption of plasmonic biosensors. We believe this review will be a guide in advancing the implementation of plasmonics-based integrated biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Negm
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Matiar M. R. Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ilya Belyakov
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Bakr
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Shirook Ali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Technology, Sheridan College, Brampton, ON L6Y 5H9, Canada
| | | | - Mustafa Yavuz
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Mishra P, Debnath AK, Dutta Choudhury S. Titanium nitride as an alternative and reusable plasmonic substrate for fluorescence coupling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6256-6265. [PMID: 35229840 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of alternative plasmonic materials that can replace gold and silver is of long-standing interest in materials research. In this study, we have prepared and characterized thin films of TiN, an emerging plasmonic material, and examined its effectiveness for fluorescence coupling in metal-dielectric structures having TiN as the plasmonically active component. We have used a combination of experiment and reflectivity calculations to determine the nature and dispersion of the optical modes sustained by the metal-dielectric structures, which furthermore are adjustable by varying the thickness of the dielectric layer. Our results reveal that fluorophores placed on the TiN substrates can couple with the surface-plasmon mode and/or the waveguide modes supported by these structures, to provide polarized and directional emission over narrow angular ranges. The performance of TiN substrates for surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) and waveguide-coupled emission (WGCE) is found to be comparable with conventional Au substrates. Importantly, the TiN thin films are reusable, which is certainly advantageous for their use in SPCE or WGCE-based fluorescence sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Mishra
- Materials Processing & Corrosion Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Anil K Debnath
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sharmistha Dutta Choudhury
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
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7
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Nanoplasmonic biosensors: Theory, structure, design, and review of recent applications. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:338842. [PMID: 34711322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoplasmonic biosensing shows an immense potential to satisfy the needs of the global health industry - low-cost, fast, and portable automated systems; highly sensitive and real-time detection; multiplexing and miniaturization. In this review, we presented the theory of nanoplasmonic biosensing for popular detection schemes - SPR, LSPR, and EOT - and underline the consideration for nanostructure design, material selection, and their effects on refractometric sensing performance. Later, we covered the bottom-up and top-down nanofabrication methods for nanoplasmonic biosensors. Subsequently, we reviewed the recent examples of nanoplasmonic biosensors over a wide range of clinically relevant analytes in the diagnosis and prognosis of a wide range of diseases and conditions such as biomarker proteins, infectious bacteria, viral agents. Finally, we discussed the challenges of nanoplasmonic biosensing toward clinical translation and proposed strategic avenues to be competitive against current clinical detection methods. Hopefully, nanoplasmonic biosensing can realize its potential through successful demonstrations of clinical translation in the upcoming years.
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Wang Y, Zeng S, Crunteanu A, Xie Z, Humbert G, Ma L, Wei Y, Brunel A, Bessette B, Orlianges JC, Lalloué F, Schmidt OG, Yu N, Ho HP. Targeted Sub-Attomole Cancer Biomarker Detection Based on Phase Singularity 2D Nanomaterial-Enhanced Plasmonic Biosensor. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:96. [PMID: 34138312 PMCID: PMC7985234 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A zero-reflection-induced phase singularity is achieved through precisely controlling the resonance characteristics using two-dimensional nanomaterials. An atomically thin nano-layer having a high absorption coefficient is exploited to enhance the zero-reflection dip, which has led to the subsequent phase singularity and thus a giant lateral position shift. We have improved the detection limit of low molecular weight molecules by more than three orders of magnitude compared to current state-of-art nanomaterial-enhanced plasmonic sensors. Detection of small cancer biomarkers with low molecular weight and a low concentration range has always been challenging yet urgent in many clinical applications such as diagnosing early-stage cancer, monitoring treatment and detecting relapse. Here, a highly enhanced plasmonic biosensor that can overcome this challenge is developed using atomically thin two-dimensional phase change nanomaterial. By precisely engineering the configuration with atomically thin materials, the phase singularity has been successfully achieved with a significantly enhanced lateral position shift effect. Based on our knowledge, it is the first experimental demonstration of a lateral position signal change > 340 μm at a sensing interface from all optical techniques. With this enhanced plasmonic effect, the detection limit has been experimentally demonstrated to be 10-15 mol L-1 for TNF-α cancer marker, which has been found in various human diseases including inflammatory diseases and different kinds of cancer. The as-reported novel integration of atomically thin Ge2Sb2Te5 with plasmonic substrate, which results in a phase singularity and thus a giant lateral position shift, enables the detection of cancer markers with low molecular weight at femtomolar level. These results will definitely hold promising potential in biomedical application and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- CNRS, XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges, France
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- CNRS, XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges, France.
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Aurelian Crunteanu
- CNRS, XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges, France
| | - Zhenming Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Georges Humbert
- CNRS, XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges, France
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aude Brunel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges, France
| | - Barbara Bessette
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Orlianges
- CNRS, XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges, France
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges, France
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nanfang Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Mei Y, Li L, Chen N, Zhong C, Hu W. A microwell array structured surface plasmon resonance imaging gold chip for high-performance label-free immunoassay. Analyst 2020; 145:6395-6400. [PMID: 32744544 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) offers a compelling method for high-throughput, real-time, and label-free biomolecular interaction studies and immunoassays, but its performance suffers from limited intrinsic sensitivity and low-contrast SPRi images. Herein we report a high-performance SPRi chip featuring patterned microwell array constructed by photolithography of adhesive polydopamine (PDA) thin film on conventional gold chip. The chip allows for the facile construction of region-defined sensing array on its surface with improved intrinsic SPRi sensitivity due to the intensified surface plasmon wave (SPW) in the microwells. The immunoassay performance of the as-designed SPRi chip is evaluated by using anti-ochratoxin A (anti-OTA) monoclonal antibody as a model target. The results show that this microwell array structured gold chip exhibits ca. 18%-32% higher signal intensity than the conventional gold chip when detecting anti-OTA at different concentrations, and the noise remains at the same level, showing enhanced intrinsic sensitivity. Meanwhile, this microwell-structured chip affords clear and high-contrast SPRi images with well-defined sensing areas, which greatly facilitates the extraction and quantitative analysis of detection signals while efficiently suppressing the disturbance from background areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Mei
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, 2 Rd Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing 404100, China.
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Pan M, Yang J, Li S, Wen W, Wang J, Ding Y, Wang S. A Reproducible Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunochip for the Label-Free Detection of Amantadine in Animal-Derived Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-01424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Misra SK, Dighe K, Schwartz-Duval AS, Shang Z, Labriola LT, Pan D. In situ plasmonic generation in functional ionic-gold-nanogel scaffold for rapid quantitative bio-sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 120:77-84. [PMID: 30149216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conventional analytical techniques, which have been developed for high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection and quantification of relevant biomarkers, may not be as suitable for medical diagnosis in resource scarce environments as compared to point-of-care devices (POC). We have developed a new reactive sensing material which contains ionic gold entrapped within an agarose gel scaffold for POC quantification of ascorbic acid (AA) in tear fluid. Pathologically elevated concentration of AA in human tear fluid can serve as a biomarker for full-thickness injuries to the ocular surface, which are a medical emergency. This reactive sensing material will undergo colorimetric changes, quantitatively dependent on endogenous bio-reductants that are applied, as the entrapped ionic gold is reduced to form plasmonic nanoparticles. The capacity for this reactive material to function as a plasmonically driven biosensor, called 'OjoGel' (ojo-eye), was demonstrated with the endogenous reducing agent, AA. Through applications of AA of varied concentrations to the OjoGel, we demonstrated a quantitative colorimetric relationship between red (R) hexadecimal values and concentrations of AA in said treatments. This colorimetric relationship is directly resultant of plasmonic gold nanoparticle formation within the OjoGel scaffold. Using a commercially available mobile phone-based Pixel Picker® application, the OjoGel plasmonic sensing platform opens a new avenue for easy-to-use, rapid, and quantitative biosensing with low cost and accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Misra
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ketan Dighe
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Aaron S Schwartz-Duval
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zaixi Shang
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leanne T Labriola
- Ophthalmology Department, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA; Surgery Department, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA; Interdisciplinary Health Science Initiative, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA; Interdisciplinary Health Science Initiative, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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