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Xia N, Gao F, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang Y. Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors by the Signal Amplification of Enzyme- or Nanozyme-Based Catalysis Plus Redox Cycling. Molecules 2024; 29:2796. [PMID: 38930860 PMCID: PMC11206384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked electrochemical immunosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive and selective detection of various targets in clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental analysis. In order to improve the performances of conventional immunoassays, significant efforts have been made to couple enzyme-linked or nanozyme-based catalysis and redox cycling for signal amplification. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the development of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling for signal amplification. The special features of redox cycling reactions and their synergistic functions in signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaliang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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2
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Liu R, Liu Y, Li C, Agyapong DAY, Feng J, Tang L, Zeng H. Sensitive detection of HSP70 using a current-amplified biosensor based on antibody-loaded PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au modified ITO chip. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:272. [PMID: 38634999 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A biosensing electrochemical platform for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been developed by integrating a three-electrode indium tin oxide (ITO) on a chip. The platform includes modifications to the reference electrode and working electrode for the detection of HSP70. The new platform is constructed by assembly of HSP70 antibody on PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode to create a high HSP70 sensitive surface. The PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode is obtained by immersing the ITO electrode into the PS-AuNPs@Cys solution and performing constant potential deposition at -1.4 V (Ag/AgCl). The PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au film deposited on ITO glass provides a desirable substrate for the immobilization of the HSP70 antibody and improves the loading of antibody between PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au and the electrode resulting in a significant amplification. Under optimal conditions, the fabricated sensor demonstrates a linear range extending from 0.1 ng mL- 1 to 1000 ng mL- 1, with an impressive detection limit of 25.7 pg mL- 1 (S/N = 3). The developed immunoassay method successfully detected the HSP70 content in normal human blood samples and outperformed the ELISA method commonly used for clinical sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruming Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Chaoyu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Dorothy Araba Yakoba Agyapong
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Juan Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Lixia Tang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
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Chen YA, Shie MY, Ho CC, Ye SW, Chen IWP, Shih YY, Shen YF, Chen YW. A novel label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of heat shock protein 70 of lung adenocarcinoma cell line following paclitaxel treatment using l-cysteine-functionalized Au@MnO 2/MoO 3 nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29847-29861. [PMID: 37842680 PMCID: PMC10568263 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The future trend in achieving precision medicine involves the development of non-invasive cancer biomarker sensors that offer high accuracy, low cost, and time-saving benefits for risk clarification, early detection, disease detection, and therapeutic monitoring. A facile approach for the synthesis of MoO3 nanosheets was developed by thermally oxidizing MoS2 nanosheets in air followed by thermal annealing. Subsequently, Au@MnO2 nanocomposites were prepared using a combined hydrothermal process and in situ chemical synthesis. In this study, we present a novel immunosensor design strategy involving the immobilization of antiHSP70 antibodies on Au@MnO2/MoO3 nanocomposites modified on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) using EDC/NHS chemistry. This study establishes HSP70 as a potential biomarker for monitoring therapeutic response during anticancer therapy. Impedance measurements of HSP70 on the Au@MnO2/MoO3/SPE immunosensor using EIS showed an increase in impedance with an increase in HSP70 concentration. The electrochemical immunosensor demonstrated a good linear response in the range of 0.001 to 1000 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.17 pg mL-1 under optimal conditions. Moreover, the immunosensor was effective in detecting HSP70 at low concentrations in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line following Paclitaxel treatment, indicating its potential for early detection of the HSP70 biomarker in organ-on-a-chip and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Chen
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital Taichung City 404332 Taiwan
| | - Ming-You Shie
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital Taichung City 404332 Taiwan
- The Master Program for Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University Taichung City 406040 Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University Taichung City 40447 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Ho
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University Taichung City 41354 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Ye
- The Master Program for Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University Taichung City 406040 Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Peter Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yin Shih
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital Taichung City 404332 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University Taichung City 41354 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital Taichung City 404332 Taiwan
- The Master Program for Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University Taichung City 406040 Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University Taichung City 41354 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University Taichung City 40447 Taiwan
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Negahdary M, Hirata MH, Sakata SK, Ciconelli RM, Bastos GM, Borges JB, Thurow HS, Junior ATS, Sampaio MF, Guimarães LB, Maeda BS, Angnes L. Sandwich-like electrochemical aptasensing of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70): Application in diagnosis/prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1242:340716. [PMID: 36657883 PMCID: PMC9729787 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this research, by using aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles (aptamer-AuNPs) and a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Acropora-like gold (ALG) nanostructure, a sandwich-like system provided for sensitive detection of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70), which applied as a functional biomarker in diagnosis/prognosis of COVID-19. Initially, the surface of the GCE was improved with rGO and ALG nanostructures, respectively. Then, an aptamer sequence as the first part of the bioreceptor was covalently bound on the surface of the GCE/rGO/ALG nanostructures. After adding the analyte, the second part of the bioreceptor (aptamer-AuNPs) was immobilized on the electrode surface to improve the diagnostic performance. The designed aptasensor detected HSP70 in a wide linear range, from 5 pg mL-1 to 75 ng mL-1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of ∼2 pg mL-1. The aptasensor was stable for 3 weeks and applicable in detecting 40 real plasma samples of COVID-19 patients. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 85%, respectively, compared with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Negahdary
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil,Corresponding author
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange Kazumi Sakata
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, National Commission of Nuclear Energy (IPEN/CNEN - SP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Medeiros Bastos
- Research and Education Division, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Bassani Borges
- Research and Education Division, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Strelow Thurow
- Research and Education Division, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alceu Totti Silveira Junior
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ferraz Sampaio
- Research and Education Division, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Sussumu Maeda
- Research and Education Division, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil,Corresponding author
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Negahdary M, Angnes L. An aptasensing platform for detection of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) using a modified gold electrode with lady fern-like gold (LFG) nanostructure. Talanta 2022; 246:123511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maniya NH, Parashar K, Kadam LN, Srivastava DN. Electrochemical detection of heat shock protein 70 over cost-effective plastic chip electrode platform. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Recent Progress in Electrochemical Immunosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100360. [PMID: 34677316 PMCID: PMC8533705 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors used for medical diagnosis work by analyzing physiological fluids. Antibodies have been frequently used as molecular recognition molecules for the specific binding of target analytes from complex biological solutions. Electrochemistry has been introduced for the measurement of quantitative signals from transducer-bound analytes for many reasons, including good sensitivity. Recently, numerous electrochemical immunosensors have been developed and various strategies have been proposed to detect biomarkers. In this paper, the recent progress in electrochemical immunosensors is reviewed. In particular, we focused on the immobilization methods using antibodies for voltammetric, amperometric, impedimetric, and electrochemiluminescent immunosensors.
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Tethered Lipid Membranes as a Nanoscale Arrangement towards Non-Invasive Analysis of Acute Pancreatitis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070755. [PMID: 34210023 PMCID: PMC8301313 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular heat shock proteins (HSPs) mediate immunological functions and are involved in pathologies such as infection, stress, and cancer. Here, we demonstrated the dependence of an amount of HSP70 and HSP90 in serum vs. severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) on a cohort of 49 patients. Tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) have been developed to investigate HSPs’ interactions with tBLMs that can be probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results revealed that HSP70 and HSP90 interact via different mechanisms. HSP70 shows the damage of the membrane, while HSP90 increases the insulation properties of tBLM. These findings provide evidence that EIS offers a novel approach for the study of the changes in membrane integrity induced by HSPs proteins. Herein, we present an alternative electrochemical technique, without any immunoprobes, that allows for the monitoring of HSPs on nanoscaled tBLM arrangement in biologics samples such us human urine. This study demonstrates the great potential of tBLM to be used as a membrane based biosensor for novel, simple, and non-invasive label-free analytical system for the prediction of AP severity.
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Moretta R, De Stefano L, Terracciano M, Rea I. Porous Silicon Optical Devices: Recent Advances in Biosensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1336. [PMID: 33668616 PMCID: PMC7917735 DOI: 10.3390/s21041336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the leading advancements in porous silicon (PSi) optical-biosensors, achieved over the past five years. The cost-effective fabrication process, the high internal surface area, the tunable pore size, and the photonic properties made the PSi an appealing transducing substrate for biosensing purposes, with applications in different research fields. Different optical PSi biosensors are reviewed and classified into four classes, based on the different biorecognition elements immobilized on the surface of the transducing material. The PL signal modulation and the effective refractive index changes of the porous matrix are the main optical transduction mechanisms discussed herein. The approaches that are commonly employed to chemically stabilize and functionalize the PSi surface are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Moretta
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (L.D.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Luca De Stefano
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (L.D.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Monica Terracciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rea
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (L.D.S.); (I.R.)
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10
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Wu L, Wang Y, Zhou S, Zhu Y, Chen X. Enzyme-induced Cu 2+/Cu + conversion as the electrochemical signal for sensitive detection of ethyl carbamate. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1151:338256. [PMID: 33608078 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (t-ELISA) method suffers from its relatively low sensitivity or accuracy in the detection of trace level of analyte in complicated samples. In this work, to extend the application of ELISA in practical samples, a newly electrochemical immunoassay (ECIA) was developed based on an enzyme-induced Cu2+/Cu+ conversion for the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC). Wherein, three rounds of signal transformation-the catalysis of ALP enzyme, the conversion of Cu2+/Cu+ and signal output of square wave voltammetry (SWV), can be realized to obtain higher sensitivity as compared to t-ELISA. The ECIA method combines the advantages of electrochemistry and ELISA, behaving superior detection performance, such as good selectivity, high sensitivity, and low background signal. For the wine samples, the method showed a linear detection range from 2.5 nM to 2.5 × 104 nM with a limit of detection of 2.28 nM (S/N = 3), which reveals that the ECIA sensor is a promising platform for the detection of trace level of EC in practical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China; College of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou, 570228, PR China.
| | - Yasheng Wang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China
| | - Shuhong Zhou
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China
| | - Yongheng Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, And Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China.
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Boosting electrochemical immunosensing performance by employing acetaminophen as a peroxidase substrate. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Starzec K, Cristea C, Tertis M, Feier B, Wieczorek M, Kościelniak P, Kochana J. Employment of electrostriction phenomenon for label-free electrochemical immunosensing of tetracycline. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 132:107405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Oliveira GCMD, Carvalho JHDS, Brazaca LC, Vieira NCS, Janegitz BC. Flexible platinum electrodes as electrochemical sensor and immunosensor for Parkinson's disease biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 152:112016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wang CF, Sun XY, Su M, Wang YP, Lv YK. Electrochemical biosensors based on antibody, nucleic acid and enzyme functionalized graphene for the detection of disease-related biomolecules. Analyst 2020; 145:1550-1562. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The application of biomacromolecule functionalized graphene electrochemical biosensors in the detection of pathogens and disease markers was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Feng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- Baoding 071002
- China
| | - Xin-Yue Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- Baoding 071002
- China
| | - Ming Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- Baoding 071002
- China
| | - Yi-Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- Baoding 071002
- China
| | - Yun-Kai Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- Baoding 071002
- China
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Porous graphene-black phosphorus nanocomposite modified electrode for detection of leptin. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 137:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Immunosensors are compact tools on which antibody and antigen interactions are formed. The specific interaction between antibody and antigen is detected by using a transducer and an electrical signal is measured. This specific interaction between these molecules makes immunosensor very attractive for several applications in different fields. Electrochemical immunosensors are successful devices in selective and sensitive detection of several analytes. Electrochemical transducing methods such as voltammetric, potentiometric, conductometric or impedimetric have been utilized in different applications due to their excellent properties such as being low-cost, sensitivity and simplicity. In this chapter, the fundamentals of electrochemical immunosensors are summarized and different applications in food, environmental and clinical analyses are investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydin
- Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Muhammet Aydin
- Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Novel nanomaterial of porous graphene functionalized black phosphorus as electrochemical sensor platform for bisphenol A detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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