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Hoshi K, Tu ATT, Shobo M, Kettisen K, Ye L, Bülow L, Hakamata Y, Furuya T, Asano R, Tsugawa W, Ikebukuro K, Sode K, Yamazaki T. Potential of Enzymatically Synthesized Hemozoin Analog as Th1 Cell Adjuvant. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1440. [PMID: 39269102 PMCID: PMC11397214 DOI: 10.3390/nano14171440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Hemozoin (Hz) is a heme crystal produced during malaria infection that stimulates immune cells, leading to the production of cytokines and chemokines. The immunostimulatory action of Hz has previously been applied in the development of alternative adjuvants. Crystallization of hemin is a chemical approach for producing Hz. Here, we focused on an enzymatic production method for Hz using the heme detoxification protein (HDP), which catalyzes heme dimer formation from hemin in Plasmodium. We examined the immunostimulatory effects of an enzymatically synthesized analog of Hz (esHz) produced by recombinant Plasmodium falciparum HDP. Enzymatically synthesized Hz stimulates a macrophage cell line and human peripheral mononuclear cells, leading to the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12p40. In mice, subcutaneous administration of esHz together with an antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), increased the OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G2c isotype level in the serum, whereas OVA-specific IgG1 was not induced. Our findings suggest that esHz is a useful Th-1 cell adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hoshi
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Anh Thi Tram Tu
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Magnetic and Biomedical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Ho Chi Minh City Campus, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Miwako Shobo
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Karin Kettisen
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Bülow
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yoji Hakamata
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
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Ko YJ, Lee ME, Cho BH, Kim M, Hyeon JE, Han JH, Han SO. Bioproduction of porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins using microbial cell factories: engineering, metabolic regulations, challenges, and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:373-387. [PMID: 36775664 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2168512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins have abundant π-electrons and strongly absorb visible light, some of which bind a metal ion in the center. Because of the structural and optical properties, they not only play critical roles as an essential component in natural systems but also have attracted much attention as a high value specialty chemical in various fields, including renewable energy, cosmetics, medicines, and foods. However, their commercial application seems to be still limited because the market price of porphyrins and phycobilins is generally expensive to apply them easily. Furthermore, their petroleum-based chemical synthesis is energy-intensive and emits a pollutant. Recently, to replace petroleum-based production, many studies on the bioproduction of metalloporphyrins, including Zn-porphyrin, Co-porphyrin, and heme, porphyrin derivatives including chlorophyll, biliverdin, and phycobilins, and their proteins including hemoproteins, phycobiliproteins, and phytochromes from renewable carbon sources using microbial cell factories have been reported. This review outlines recent advances in the bioproduction of porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins using microbial cell factories developed by various microbial biotechnology techniques, provides well-organized information on metabolic regulations of the porphyrin metabolism, and then critically discusses challenges and future perspectives. Through these, it is expected to be able to achieve possible solutions and insights and to develop an outstanding platform to be applied to the industry in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Hyeon
- Department of Next Generation Applied Sciences, The Graduate School of Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Han
- Department of Next Generation Applied Sciences, The Graduate School of Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yin T, Ye Y, Dong W, Jie G. Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer biosensing platform between g-C 3N 4 nanosheet and Ru-SiO 2@FA for dual-wavelength ratiometric detection of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp gene. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 215:114580. [PMID: 35917609 PMCID: PMC9299981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rational detection of syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial to prevention, control, and treatment of disease. Herein, a dual-wavelength ratiometric electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on resonance energy transfer (RET) between g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ru-SiO2@folic acid (FA) nanomaterials was designed to realize ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus (RdRp gene). Firstly, the unique g-C3N4 nanosheets displayed very intense and stable ECL at 460 nm, then the triple helix DNA was stably and vertically bound to g-C3N4 on electrode by high binding affinity between ssDNA and g-C3N4. Meanwhile, trace amounts of target genes were converted to a large number of output by three-dimensional (3D) DNA walker multiple amplification, and the output bridged a multifunctional probe Ru-SiO2@FA to electrode. Ru-SiO2@FA not only showed high ECL at 620 nm, but also effectively quenched g-C3N4 ECL. As a result, ECL decreased at 460 nm and increased at 620 nm, which was used to design a rational ECL biosensor for detection of SARS gene. The results show that the biosensor has excellent detection sensitivity for RdRp gene with a dynamic detection range of 1 fM to 10 nM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.18 fM. The dual-wavelength ratio ECL biosensor has inestimable value and application prospects in the fields of biosensing and clinical diagnosis.
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Bailly C. Pyronaridine: An update of its pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action. Biopolymers 2020; 112:e23398. [PMID: 33280083 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyronaridine (PYR) is an erythrocytic schizonticide with a potent antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium. The drug is used in combination with artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, in adults and children. The present review briefly retraces the discovery of PYR and recent antimalarial studies which has led to the approval of PYR/artesunate combination (Pyramax) by the European Medicines Agency to treat uncomplicated malaria worldwide. PYR also presents a marked antitumor activity and has revealed efficacy for the treatment of other parasitic diseases (notably Babesia and Trypanosoma infections) and to mitigate the Ebola virus propagation. On the one hand, PYR functions has an inhibitor of hemozoin (biomineral malaria pigment, by-product of hemoglobin digestion) formation, blocking the biopolymerization of β-hematin and thus facilitating the accumulation of toxic hematin into the digestive vacuole of the parasite. On the other hand, PYR is a bona fide DNA-intercalating agent and an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase 2, leading to DNA damages and cell death. Inhibition of hematin polymerization represents the prime mechanism at the origin of the antimalarial activity, whereas anticancer effects relies essentially on the interference with DNA metabolism, as with structurally related anticancer drugs like amsacrine and quinacrine. In addition, recent studies point to an immune modulatory activity of PYR and the implication of a mitochondrial oxidative pathway. An analogy with the mechanism of action of artemisinin drugs is underlined. In brief, the biological actions of pyronaridine are recapitulated to shed light on the diverse health benefits of this unsung drug.
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Norvaiša K, Kielmann M, Senge MO. Porphyrins as Colorimetric and Photometric Biosensors in Modern Bioanalytical Systems. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1793-1807. [PMID: 32187831 PMCID: PMC7383976 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in porphyrin chemistry have provided novel materials and exciting technologies for bioanalysis such as colorimetric sensor array (CSA), photo-electrochemical (PEC) biosensing, and nanocomposites as peroxidase mimetics for glucose detection. This review highlights selected recent advances in the construction of supramolecular assemblies based on the porphyrin macrocycle that provide recognition of various biologically important entities through the unique porphyrin properties associated with colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and photo-electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Lichtenberg-Strasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Lee JH, Kim HR, Lee JH, Lee SK, Chun Y, Han SO, Yoo HY, Park C, Kim SW. Enhanced In-Vitro Hemozoin Polymerization by Optimized Process using Histidine-Rich Protein II (HRPII). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1162. [PMID: 31288462 PMCID: PMC6680884 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive biopolymers, an important class of functional materials, have received attention in various fields because of their unique electrical, optical, and physical properties. In this study, the polymerization of heme into hemozoin was carried out in an in vitro system by the newly developed heme polymerase (histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-II)). The HRP-II was produced by recombinant E. coli BL21 from the Plasmodium falciparum gene. To improve the hemozoin production, the reaction conditions on the polymerization were investigated and the maximum production was achieved after about 790 μM at 34 °C with 200 rpm for 24 h. As a result, the production was improved about two-fold according to the stepwise optimization in an in vitro system. The produced hemozoin was qualitatively analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, it was confirmed that the enzymatically polymerized hemozoin had similar physical properties to chemically synthesized hemozoin. These results could represent a significant potential for nano-biotechnology applications, and also provide guidance in research related to hemozoin utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyeong Ryeol Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Dongyang Mirae University, 445, Gyeongin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08221, Korea
| | - Soo Kweon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Youngsang Chun
- Department of Interdisciplinary Bio-Micro System Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Korea.
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20, Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
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Biosynthesis of organic photosensitizer Zn-porphyrin by diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR)-mediated global upregulation of engineered heme biosynthesis pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14460. [PMID: 30262872 PMCID: PMC6160403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zn-porphyrin is a promising organic photosensitizer in various fields including solar cells, interface and biomedical research, but the biosynthesis study has been limited, probably due to the difficulty of understanding complex biosynthesis pathways. In this study, we developed a Corynebacterium glutamicum platform strain for the biosynthesis of Zn-coproporphyrin III (Zn-CP III), in which the heme biosynthesis pathway was efficiently upregulated. The pathway was activated and reinforced by strong promoter-induced expression of hemAM (encoding mutated glutamyl-tRNA reductase) and hemL (encoding glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase) genes. This engineered strain produced 33.54 ± 3.44 mg/l of Zn-CP III, while the control strain produced none. For efficient global regulation of the complex pathway, the dtxR gene encoding the transcriptional regulator diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) was first overexpressed in C. glutamicum with hemAM and hemL genes, and its combinatorial expression was improved by using effective genetic tools. This engineered strain biosynthesized 68.31 ± 2.15 mg/l of Zn-CP III. Finally, fed-batch fermentation allowed for the production of 132.09 mg/l of Zn-CP III. This titer represents the highest in bacterial production of Zn-CP III reported to date, to our knowledge. This study demonstrates that engineered C. glutamicum can be a robust biotechnological model for the production of photosensitizer Zn-porphyrin.
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