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Torabi M, Yaghoobi F, Shervedani RK, Kefayat A, Ghahremani F, Harsini PR. Mn(II) & Gd(III) Deferrioxamine Complex Contrast Agents & Temozolomide Cancer Prodrug Immobilized on Folic Acid Targeted Graphene/Polyacrylic Acid Nanocarrier: MRI Efficiency, Drug Stability & Interactions with Cancer Cells. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Arkaban H, Shervedani RK, Torabi M, Norouzi-Barough L. Fabrication of a biocompatible & biodegradable targeted theranostic nanocomposite with pH-Controlled drug release ability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Tang L, Zhang A, Zhang Z, Zhao Q, Li J, Mei Y, Yin Y, Wang W. Multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials for cancer photoimmunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:141-163. [PMID: 35001556 PMCID: PMC8822595 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy and immunotherapy in combination is regarded as the ideal therapeutic modality to treat both primary and metastatic tumors. Immunotherapy uses different immunological approaches to stimulate the immune system to identify tumor cells for targeted elimination. Phototherapy destroys the primary tumors by light irradiation, which induces a series of immune responses through triggering immunogenic cancer cell death. Therefore, when integrating immunotherapy with phototherapy, a novel anti-cancer strategy called photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is emerging. This synergistic treatment modality can not only enhance the effectiveness of both therapies but also overcome their inherent limitations, opening a new era for the current anti-cancer therapy. Recently, the advancement of nanomaterials affords a platform for PIT. From all these nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials stand out as ideal mediators in PIT due to their unique physiochemical properties. Inorganic nanomaterials can not only serve as carriers to transport immunomodulatory agents in immunotherapy owing to their excellent drug-loading capacity but also function as photothermal agents or photosensitizers in phototherapy because of their great optical characteristics. In this review, the recent advances of multifunctional inorganic nanomaterial-mediated drug delivery and their contributions to cancer PIT will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Aining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Arkaban H, Karimi Shervedani R, Yaghoobi F, Kefayat A, Ghahremani F. Imaging and therapeutic capabilities of the AuNPs@MnCO3/Mn3O4, coated with PAA and integrated with folic acid, doxorubicin and propidium iodide for murine breast cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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5
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Liu X, Rong P. Recent Advances of Manganese-Based Hybrid Nanomaterials for Cancer Precision Medicine. Front Oncol 2021; 11:707618. [PMID: 34722253 PMCID: PMC8548572 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.707618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer precision medicine (CPM) could tailor the best treatment for individual cancer patients, while imaging techniques play important roles in its application. With the characteristics of noninvasion, nonionized, radiation-free, multidimensional imaging function, and real-time monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effective way for early tumor detection, and it has become a tower of strength in CPM imaging techniques. Due to linkage with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent (CA), which was long used in MRI, has been restricted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we would like to introduce the manganese (Mn)-based CAs that could significantly increase the safety of MRI CAs by realizing more superior performance and functions simultaneously in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Also, recent advances in Mn-based hybrid nanomaterials for CPM are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- Department of Radiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station of Clinical Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Department of Radiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Yáñez-Sedeño P, González-Cortés A, Campuzano S, Pingarrón JM. Multimodal/Multifunctional Nanomaterials in (Bio)electrochemistry: Now and in the Coming Decade. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2556. [PMID: 33352731 PMCID: PMC7766190 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanomaterials, defined as those able to achieve a combined effect or more than one function through their multiple functionalization or combination with other materials, are gaining increasing attention in the last years in many relevant fields, including cargo targeted delivery, tissue engineering, in vitro and/or in vivo diseases imaging and therapy, as well as in the development of electrochemical (bio)sensors and (bio)sensing strategies with improved performance. This review article aims to provide an updated overview of the important advances and future opportunities exhibited by electrochemical biosensing in connection to multifunctional nanomaterials. Accordingly, representative aspects of recent approaches involving metal, carbon, and silica-based multifunctional nanomaterials are selected and critically discussed, as they are the most widely used multifunctional nanomaterials imparting unique capabilities in (bio)electroanalysis. A brief overview of the main remaining challenges and future perspectives in the field is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.M.P.)
| | | | - Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.M.P.)
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7
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Jin A, Wang Y, Lin K, Jiang L. Nanoparticles modified by polydopamine: Working as "drug" carriers. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:522-541. [PMID: 32322763 PMCID: PMC7170807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the mechanism of mussel adhesion, polydopamine (PDA), a versatile polymer for surface modification has been discovered. Owing to its unique properties like extraordinary adhesiveness, excellent biocompatibility, mild synthesis requirements, as well as distinctive drug loading approach, strong photothermal conversion capacity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging facility, various PDA-modified nanoparticles have been desired as drug carriers. These nanoparticles with diverse nanostructures are exploited in multifunctions, consisting of targeting, imaging, chemical treatment (CT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), tissue regeneration ability, therefore have attracted great attentions in plenty biomedical applications. Herein, recent progress of PDA-modified nanoparticle drug carriers in cancer therapy, antibiosis, prevention of inflammation, theranostics, vaccine delivery and adjuvant, tissue repair and implant materials are reviewed, including preparation of PDA-modified nanoparticle drug carriers with various nanostructures and their drug loading strategies, basic roles of PDA surface modification, etc. The advantages of PDA modification in overcoming the existing limitations of cancer therapy, antibiosis, tissue repair and the developing trends in the future of PDA-modified nanoparticle drug carriers are also discussed. Multifunctional PDA-modified drug systems are introduced in terms of classification, synthesis and drug loading strategies. Basic roles of PDA surface modification in the drug systems are discussed. Biomedical applications and unique advantages of the PDA-modified nanoparticle working as drug carriers are illustrated. Challenges and perspectives for future development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anting Jin
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Kaili Lin
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
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Fusco L, Gazzi A, Peng G, Shin Y, Vranic S, Bedognetti D, Vitale F, Yilmazer A, Feng X, Fadeel B, Casiraghi C, Delogu LG. Graphene and other 2D materials: a multidisciplinary analysis to uncover the hidden potential as cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:5435-5488. [PMID: 32373222 PMCID: PMC7196289 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the main causes of death in the world; hence the development of more specific approaches for its diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed in clinical practice. Here we aim at providing a comprehensive review on the use of 2-dimensional materials (2DMs) in cancer theranostics. In particular, we focus on graphene-related materials (GRMs), graphene hybrids, and graphdiyne (GDY), as well as other emerging 2DMs, such as MXene, tungsten disulfide (WS2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), black phosphorus (BP), silicene, antimonene (AM), germanene, biotite (black mica), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and others. The results reported in the scientific literature in the last ten years (>200 papers) are dissected here with respect to the wide variety of combinations of imaging methodologies and therapeutic approaches, including drug/gene delivery, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. We provide a unique multidisciplinary approach in discussing the literature, which also includes a detailed section on the characterization methods used to analyze the material properties, highlighting the merits and limitations of the different approaches. The aim of this review is to show the strong potential of 2DMs for use as cancer theranostics, as well as to highlight issues that prevent the clinical translation of these materials. Overall, we hope to shed light on the hidden potential of the vast panorama of new and emerging 2DMs as clinical cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fusco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arianna Gazzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Guotao Peng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Neurology, Bioengineering, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Acelya Yilmazer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucia Gemma Delogu
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Wong XY, Sena-Torralba A, Álvarez-Diduk R, Muthoosamy K, Merkoçi A. Nanomaterials for Nanotheranostics: Tuning Their Properties According to Disease Needs. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2585-2627. [PMID: 32031781 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanotheranostics is one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs in nanomedicine. Most of the currently available diagnosis and therapies are invasive, time-consuming, and associated with severe toxic side effects. Nanotheranostics, on the other hand, has the potential to bridge this gap by harnessing the capabilities of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for combined therapeutics and diagnostics with markedly enhanced efficacy. However, nanomaterial applications in nanotheranostics are still in its infancy. This is due to the fact that each disease has a particular microenvironment with well-defined characteristics, which promotes deeper selection criteria of nanomaterials to meet the disease needs. In this review, we have outlined how nanomaterials are designed and tailored for nanotheranostics of cancer and other diseases such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune (particularly on rheumatoid arthritis), and cardiovascular diseases. The penetrability and retention of a nanomaterial in the biological system, the therapeutic strategy used, and the imaging mode selected are some of the aspects discussed for each disease. The specific properties of the nanomaterials in terms of feasibility, physicochemical challenges, progress in clinical trials, its toxicity, and their future application on translational medicine are addressed. Our review meticulously and critically examines the applications of nanotheranostics with various nanomaterials, including graphene, across several diseases, offering a broader perspective of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Wong
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Amadeo Sena-Torralba
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasturi Muthoosamy
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Centre of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Yaghoobi F, Karimi shervedani R, Torabi M, Kefayat A, Ghahremani F, Farzadniya A. Therapeutic effect of deferrioxamine conjugated to PEGylated gold nanoparticles and complexed with Mn(II) beside the CT scan and MRI diagnostic studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Samiei Foroushani M, Karimi Shervedani R, Kefayat A, Torabi M, Ghahremani F, Yaghoobi F. Folate-graphene chelate manganese nanoparticles as a theranostic system for colon cancer MR imaging and drug delivery: In-vivo examinations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Ambekar RS, Kandasubramanian B. A polydopamine-based platform for anti-cancer drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1776-1793. [PMID: 30838354 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world with around 9.6 million deaths in 2018, approximately 70% of which occurred in the middle- and low-income countries; moreover, the economic impact of cancer is significant and escalating day by day. The total annual economic cost of cancer treatment in 2010 was estimated at approximately US$ 1.16 trillion. Researchers have explored cancer mitigation therapies such as chemo-thermal therapy, chemo-photothermal therapy and photodynamic-photothermal therapy. These combinational therapies facilitate better control on the tunability of the carrier for effectively diminishing cancer cells than individual therapies such as chemotherapy, photothermal therapy and targeted therapy. All these therapies come under novel drug delivery systems in which anti-cancer drugs attack the cancerous cells due to various stimuli (e.g. pH, thermal, UV, IR, acoustic and magnetic)-responsive properties of the anti-cancer drug carriers. Compared to conventional drug delivery systems, the novel drug delivery systems have several advantages such as targeted drug release, sustained and consistent blood levels within the therapeutic window, and decreased dosing frequency. Among the numerous polymeric carriers developed for drug delivery, polydopamine has been found to be more suitable as a carrier for these drug delivery functions due to its easy and cost-effective fabrication, excellent biocompatibility, multi-drug carrier capacity and stimuli sensitivity. Therefore, in this review, we have explored polydopamine-based carriers for anti-cancer drug delivery systems to mitigate cancer and simultaneously discussed basic synthesis routes for polydopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh S Ambekar
- Rapid Prototype & Electrospinning Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, DIAT (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune-411025, India.
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