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Harrison MS, Driscoll BG, Farnsworth J, Hinton A, Peppi M, McLean W, Parham K. Automated Western Blot Analysis of Ototoxin-Induced Prestin Burst in the Blood after Cyclodextrin Exposure. Otol Neurotol 2023; 44:e653-e659. [PMID: 37590840 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Ototoxin cyclodextrin (CDX) will induce a burst in serum prestin when quantified with automated Western blot analysis. BACKGROUND In the clinical realm, we primarily rely on audiological measures for diagnosis and surveillance of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and have limited therapeutic options. We have proposed a blood-based biomarker approach to overcome this challenge by measuring the outer hair cell's (OHC) electromotile protein, prestin, in the blood. Previously, we demonstrated a burst in serum prestin after cisplatin exposure using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA. METHODS Guinea pigs were treated with either 3,000 or 4,000 mg/kg CDX, and serum samples were obtained through 3 days after exposure. Serum prestin levels were quantified using automated blot analysis, western and hair cell counts were obtained. RESULTS Both 3,000 and 4,000 mg/kg resulted in robust OHC loss, although more variability was seen at the lower dose. Automated Western blot analysis demonstrated that the prestin profile after CDX exposure is different than baseline. Specifically, a new ~134- kDa band accounted for the prestin burst after ototoxin ablation of OHCs at both doses. CONCLUSIONS We reproduced the prestin burst seen after cisplatin administration using CDX. Automated Western blot western analysis revealed that a ~a ~ 134- kDa species of prestin is responsible for the burst. We suggest that the induced band may be a prestin dimer, which could serve as a biomarker for early detection of ototoxicity in the clinical setting. These results add further promise to the potential of serum prestin to serve as an ototoxicity biomarker when using therapeutics with ototoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kourosh Parham
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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Wilkirson EC, Singampalli KL, Li J, Dixit DD, Jiang X, Gonzalez DH, Lillehoj PB. Affinity-based electrochemical sensors for biomolecular detection in whole blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04627-5. [PMID: 36917265 PMCID: PMC10011785 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
The detection and/or quantification of biomarkers in blood is important for the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of a variety of diseases and medical conditions. Among the different types of sensors for detecting molecular biomarkers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small-molecule drugs, affinity-based electrochemical sensors offer the advantages of high analytical sensitivity and specificity, fast detection times, simple operation, and portability. However, biomolecular detection in whole blood is challenging due to its highly complex matrix, necessitating sample purification (i.e., centrifugation), which involves the use of bulky, expensive equipment and tedious sample-handling procedures. To address these challenges, various strategies have been employed, such as purifying the blood sample directly on the sensor, employing micro-/nanoparticles to enhance the detection signal, and coating the electrode surface with blocking agents to reduce nonspecific binding, to improve the analytical performance of affinity-based electrochemical sensors without requiring sample pre-processing steps or laboratory equipment. In this article, we present an overview of affinity-based electrochemical sensor technologies that employ these strategies for biomolecular detection in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Wilkirson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kavya L Singampalli
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiran Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Desh Deepak Dixit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Diego H Gonzalez
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter B Lillehoj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Zamzami M, Alamoudi S, Ahmad A, Choudhry H, Khan MI, Hosawi S, Rabbani G, Shalaan ES, Arkook B. Direct Identification of Label-Free Gram-Negative Bacteria with Bioreceptor-Free Concentric Interdigitated Electrodes. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:179. [PMID: 36831945 PMCID: PMC9953431 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This investigation demonstrates an electrochemical method for directly identifying unlabeled Gram-negative bacteria without other additives or labeling agents. After incubation, the bacterial cell surface is linked to the interdigitated electrode through electroadsorption. Next, these cells are exposed to a potential difference between the two electrodes. The design geometry of an electrode has a significant effect on the electrochemical detection of Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, electrode design geometry is a crucial factor that needs to be considered when designing electrodes for electrochemical sensing. They provide the area for the reaction and are responsible for transferring electrons from one electrode to another. This work aims to study the available design in the commercial market to determine the most suitable electrode geometry with a high detection sensitivity that can be used to identify and quantify bacterial cells in normal saline solutions. To work on detecting bacterial cells without the biorecognition element, we have to consider the microelectrode's design, which makes it very susceptible to bacteria size. The concentration-dilution technique measures the effect of the concentration on label-free Gram-negative bacteria in a normal saline solution without needing bio-recognized elements for a fast screening evaluation. This method's limit of detection (LOD) cannot measure concentrations less than 102 CFU/mL and cannot distinguish between live and dead cells. Nevertheless, this approach exhibited excellent detection performance under optimal experimental conditions and took only a few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samer Alamoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Hosawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulam Rabbani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - El-Sayed Shalaan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassim Arkook
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Mahshid SS, Higazi AM, Ogier JM, Dabdoub A. Extracellular Biomarkers of Inner Ear Disease and Their Potential for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104033. [PMID: 34957708 PMCID: PMC8948604 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic testing has become a mainstay of patient care, using easily obtained samples such as blood or urine to facilitate sample analysis at the point-of-care. These tests rely on the detection of disease or organ-specific biomarkers that have been well characterized for a particular disorder. Currently, there is no rapid diagnostic test for hearing loss, which is one of the most prevalent sensory disorders in the world. In this review, potential biomarkers for inner ear-related disorders, their detection, and quantification in bodily fluids are described. The authors discuss lesion-specific changes in cell-free deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), micro-ribonucleic acids (microRNAs), proteins, and metabolites, in addition to recent biosensor advances that may facilitate rapid and precise detection of these molecules. Ultimately, these biomarkers may be used to provide accurate diagnostics regarding the site of damage in the inner ear, providing practical information for individualized therapy and assessment of treatment efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadat Mahshid
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Aliaa Monir Higazi
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
- Department of Clinical and Chemical PathologyMinia UniversityMinia61519Egypt
| | - Jacqueline Michelle Ogier
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Alain Dabdoub
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5G 2C4Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 1A8Canada
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: Recently, it has been hypothesized that blood prestin concentration levels may reflect cochlear damage and thus serve as an easily measurable, early sensorineural hearing loss (HL) biomarker. This is a scoping review aiming to identify and critically appraise current evidence on prestin blood levels and their temporal variation in rodents and humans with normal hearing and with sensorineural HL. Design: This study was designed and held according to PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. With no limitation with regards to study type, animal and human studies focusing on prestin blood levels in normal hearing and in sensorineural HL were sought in major databases such as Medline, Central Scopus, PROSPERO, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Results were then hand-searched. A data charting form was developed including the parameters of interest. Results: Seven studies focusing on measuring prestin blood levels by means of ELISA in rodents and human subjects with normal hearing and noise-induced, drug-induced, or idiopathic sudden HL were found eligible and were included in the analysis. According to these proof-of-concept studies, prestin can be detected in the circulation of subjects with no HL; however, normal ranges remain unclear. After cochlear damage, blood prestin levels seem to initially rise and then return to near or below baseline. The degree of their change relates with subjects’ degree of HL, damaged cochlear region and recovery. Prestin blood levels and their temporal variation seem to correlate with cochlear damage; however, methodological weaknesses, such as small sample size, lack of detailed phenotyping, insufficient exclusion of confounding factors, and short follow-up, do not allow for robust conclusions. Conclusions: Current findings support the value of studying blood prestin levels in normal hearing and HL and highlight a need for larger-scale longitudinal research.
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Mahshid SS, Flynn SE, Mahshid S. The potential application of electrochemical biosensors in the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective on the rapid diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 176:112905. [PMID: 33358285 PMCID: PMC7746140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors combine the selectivity of electrochemical signal transducers with the specificity of biomolecular recognition strategies. Although they have been broadly studied in different areas of diagnostics, they are not yet fully commercialized. During the COVID-19 pandemic, electrochemical platforms have shown the potential to address significant limitations of conventional diagnostic platforms, including accuracy, affordability, and portability. The advantages of electrochemical platforms make them a strong candidate for rapid point-of-care detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting not only viral RNA but antigens and antibodies. Herein, we reviewed advancements in electrochemical biosensing platforms towards the detection of SARS-CoV-2 through studying similar viruses. The complicated nature of conventional tests restricted the availability and distribution of COVID-19 tests. Electrochemical detection methods can stand as potential rapid tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Electrochemical biosensors combine signal selectivity and molecular specificity for rapid accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2. The electrochemical biosensors demonstrate trail-blazing sensitivity and specificity, outmatching conventional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadat Mahshid
- Biological Sciences Department, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | | | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada.
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