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Fatkullin M, Menzelintsev V, Lipovka A, Dogadina E, Plotnikov E, Brazovskiy K, Li S, Ma L, Cheng C, Porokhova E, Khlusov I, Qiu L, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Smart Graphene Textiles for Biopotential Monitoring: Laser-Tailored Electrochemical Property Enhancement. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1809-1819. [PMID: 38587867 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
While most of the research in graphene-based materials seeks high electroactive surface area and ion intercalation, here, we show an alternative electrochemical behavior that leverages graphene's potential in biosensing. We report a novel approach to fabricate graphene/polymer nanocomposites with near-record conductivity levels of 45 Ω sq-1 and enhanced biocompatibility. This is realized by laser processing of graphene oxide in a sandwich structure with a thin (100 μm) polyethylene terephthalate film on a textile substrate. Such hybrid materials exhibit high conductivity, low polarization, and stability. In addition, the nanocomposites are highly biocompatible, as evidenced by their low cytotoxicity and good skin adhesion. These results demonstrate the potential of graphene/polymer nanocomposites for smart clothing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Fatkullin
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | | | - Anna Lipovka
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Shuang Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lang Ma
- Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ekaterina Porokhova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Microfluidic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Moskovskii Trakt 2, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Igor Khlusov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Microfluidic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Moskovskii Trakt 2, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Li Qiu
- Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Raul D Rodriguez
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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Abyzova E, Petrov I, Bril’ I, Cheshev D, Ivanov A, Khomenko M, Averkiev A, Fatkullin M, Kogolev D, Bolbasov E, Matkovic A, Chen JJ, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Universal Approach to Integrating Reduced Graphene Oxide into Polymer Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4622. [PMID: 38139874 PMCID: PMC10747855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronics have sparked significant interest in the development of electrically conductive polymer-based composite materials. While efforts are being made to fabricate these composites through laser integration techniques, a versatile methodology applicable to a broad range of thermoplastic polymers remains elusive. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms driving the formation of such composites are not thoroughly understood. Addressing this knowledge gap, our research focuses on the core processes determining the integration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with polymers to engineer coatings that are not only flexible and robust but also exhibit electrical conductivity. Notably, we have identified a particular range of laser power densities (between 0.8 and 1.83 kW/cm2), which enables obtaining graphene polymer composite coatings for a large set of thermoplastic polymers. These laser parameters are primarily defined by the thermal properties of the polymers as confirmed by thermal analysis as well as numerical simulations. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that conductivity can be achieved by two mechanisms-rGO integration and polymer carbonization. Additionally, high-speed videos allowed us to capture the graphene oxide (GO) modification and melt pool formation during laser processing. The cross-sectional analysis of the laser-processed samples showed that the convective flows are present in the polymer substrate explaining the observed behavior. Moreover, the practical application of our research is exemplified through the successful assembly of a conductive wristband for wearable devices. Our study not only fills a critical knowledge gap but also offers a tangible illustration of the potential impact of laser-induced rGO-polymer integration in materials science and engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abyzova
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Petrov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Bril’
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Cheshev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Alexey Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Khomenko
- ILIT RAS−Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 140700 Shatura, Russia
| | - Andrey Averkiev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Fatkullin
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Kogolev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniy Bolbasov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Aleksandar Matkovic
- Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jin-Ju Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Raul D. Rodriguez
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniya Sheremet
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
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Functional Two-Dimensional Materials for Bioelectronic Neural Interfacing. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14010035. [PMID: 36662082 PMCID: PMC9863167 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Realizing the neurological information processing by analyzing the complex data transferring behavior of populations and individual neurons is one of the fast-growing fields of neuroscience and bioelectronic technologies. This field is anticipated to cover a wide range of advanced applications, including neural dynamic monitoring, understanding the neurological disorders, human brain-machine communications and even ambitious mind-controlled prosthetic implant systems. To fulfill the requirements of high spatial and temporal resolution recording of neural activities, electrical, optical and biosensing technologies are combined to develop multifunctional bioelectronic and neuro-signal probes. Advanced two-dimensional (2D) layered materials such as graphene, graphene oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides and MXenes with their atomic-layer thickness and multifunctional capabilities show bio-stimulation and multiple sensing properties. These characteristics are beneficial factors for development of ultrathin-film electrodes for flexible neural interfacing with minimum invasive chronic interfaces to the brain cells and cortex. The combination of incredible properties of 2D nanostructure places them in a unique position, as the main materials of choice, for multifunctional reception of neural activities. The current review highlights the recent achievements in 2D-based bioelectronic systems for monitoring of biophysiological indicators and biosignals at neural interfaces.
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Rodriguez RD, Fatkullin M, Garcia A, Petrov I, Averkiev A, Lipovka A, Lu L, Shchadenko S, Wang R, Sun J, Li Q, Jia X, Cheng C, Kanoun O, Sheremet E. Laser-Engineered Multifunctional Graphene-Glass Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206877. [PMID: 36038983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glass electronics inspire the emergence of smart functional surfaces. To evolve this concept to the next level, developing new strategies for scalable, inexpensive, and electrically conductive glass-based robust nanocomposites is crucial. Graphene is an attractive material as a conductive filler; however, integrating it firmly into a glass with no energy-intensive sintering, melting, or harsh chemicals has not been possible until now. Moreover, these methods have very limited capability for fabricating robust patterns for electronic circuits. In this work, a conductive (160 OΩ sq-1 ) and resilient nanocomposite between glass and graphene is achieved via single-step laser-induced backward transfer (LIBT). Beyond conventional LIBT involving mass transfer, this approach simultaneously drives chemical transformations in glass including silicon compound formation and graphene oxide (GO) reduction. These processes take place together with the generation and transfer of the highest-quality laser-reduced GO (rGO) reported to date (Raman intensity ratio ID /IG = 0.31) and its integration into the glass. The rGO-LIBT nanocomposite is further functionalized with silver to achieve a highly sensitive (10-9 m) dual-channel plasmonic optical and electrochemical sensor. Besides the electrical circuit demonstration, an electrothermal heater is fabricated that reaches temperatures above 300 °C and continuously operates for over 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul D Rodriguez
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Maxim Fatkullin
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Aura Garcia
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Ilia Petrov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Andrey Averkiev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Anna Lipovka
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin ave. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Liliang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, P. R. China
| | | | - Ranran Wang
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Qiu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, P. R. China
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Professorship Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
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Graphene-Based Flexible Electrode for Electrocardiogram Signal Monitoring. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly aging society and increased concern for personal cardiovascular health, novel, flexible electrodes suitable for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal monitoring are in demand. Based on the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of graphene and the rapid development of graphene device fabrication technologies, graphene-based ECG electrodes have recently attracted much attention, and many flexible graphene electrodes with excellent performance have been developed. To understand the current research progress of graphene-based ECG electrodes and help researchers clarify current development conditions and directions, we systematically review the recent advances in graphene-based flexible ECG electrodes. Graphene electrodes are classified as bionic, fabric-based, biodegradable, laser-induced/scribed, modified-graphene, sponge-like, invasive, etc., based on their design concept, structural characteristics, preparation methods, and material properties. Moreover, some categories are further divided into dry or wet electrodes. Then, their performance, including electrode–skin impedance, signal-to-noise ratio, skin compatibility, and stability, is analyzed. Finally, we discuss possible development directions of graphene ECG electrodes and share our views.
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Faisal SN, Amjadipour M, Izzo K, Singer JA, Bendavid A, Lin CT, Iacopi F. Non-invasive on-skin sensors for brain machine interfaces with epitaxial graphene. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34874291 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Brain-machine interfaces are key components for the development of hands-free, brain-controlled devices. Electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes are particularly attractive for harvesting the neural signals in a non-invasive fashion.Approach.Here, we explore the use of epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on silicon carbide on silicon for detecting the EEG signals with high sensitivity.Main results and significance.This dry and non-invasive approach exhibits a markedly improved skin contact impedance when benchmarked to commercial dry electrodes, as well as superior robustness, allowing prolonged and repeated use also in a highly saline environment. In addition, we report the newly observed phenomenon of surface conditioning of the EG electrodes. The prolonged contact of the EG with the skin electrolytes functionalize the grain boundaries of the graphene, leading to the formation of a thin surface film of water through physisorption and consequently reducing its contact impedance more than three-fold. This effect is primed in highly saline environments, and could be also further tailored as pre-conditioning to enhance the performance and reliability of the EG sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Nayeem Faisal
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mojtaba Amjadipour
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Kimi Izzo
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - James Aaron Singer
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Avi Bendavid
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Chin-Teng Lin
- Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Francesca Iacopi
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Garg R, Roman DS, Wang Y, Cohen-Karni D, Cohen-Karni T. Graphene nanostructures for input-output bioelectronics. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:041304. [PMID: 35005709 PMCID: PMC8717360 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate the electrophysiology of electrically active cells and tissues has enabled a deeper understanding of healthy and diseased tissue states. This has primarily been achieved via input/output (I/O) bioelectronics that interface engineered materials with biological entities. Stable long-term application of conventional I/O bioelectronics advances as materials and processing techniques develop. Recent advancements have facilitated the development of graphene-based I/O bioelectronics with a wide variety of functional characteristics. Engineering the structural, physical, and chemical properties of graphene nanostructures and integration with modern microelectronics have enabled breakthrough high-density electrophysiological investigations. Here, we review recent advancements in 2D and 3D graphene-based I/O bioelectronics and highlight electrophysiological studies facilitated by these emerging platforms. Challenges and present potential breakthroughs that can be addressed via graphene bioelectronics are discussed. We emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach across materials science, micro-fabrication, and bioengineering to develop the next generation of I/O bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Garg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daniel San Roman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Yingqiao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Devora Cohen-Karni
- Preclinical education biochemistry, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, Pennsylvania 15601, USA
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Sardini E, Serpelloni M, Tonello S. Printed Electrochemical Biosensors: Opportunities and Metrological Challenges. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E166. [PMID: 33158129 PMCID: PMC7694196 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Printed electrochemical biosensors have recently gained increasing relevance in fields ranging from basic research to home-based point-of-care. Thus, they represent a unique opportunity to enable low-cost, fast, non-invasive and/or continuous monitoring of cells and biomolecules, exploiting their electrical properties. Printing technologies represent powerful tools to combine simpler and more customizable fabrication of biosensors with high resolution, miniaturization and integration with more complex microfluidic and electronics systems. The metrological aspects of those biosensors, such as sensitivity, repeatability and stability, represent very challenging aspects that are required for the assessment of the sensor itself. This review provides an overview of the opportunities of printed electrochemical biosensors in terms of transducing principles, metrological characteristics and the enlargement of the application field. A critical discussion on metrological challenges is then provided, deepening our understanding of the most promising trends in order to overcome them: printed nanostructures to improve the limit of detection, sensitivity and repeatability; printing strategies to improve organic biosensor integration in biological environments; emerging printing methods for non-conventional substrates; microfluidic dispensing to improve repeatability. Finally, an up-to-date analysis of the most recent examples of printed electrochemical biosensors for the main classes of target analytes (live cells, nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and electrolytes) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sardini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Mauro Serpelloni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sarah Tonello
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy
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