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Sharma A, Kaur N, Singh N. An Encyclopedic Compendium on Chemosensing Supramolecular Metal-Organic Gels. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400258. [PMID: 38629210 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Chemosensing, an interdisciplinary scientific domain, plays a pivotal role ranging from environmental monitoring to healthcare diagnostics and (inter)national security. Metal-organic gels (MOGs) are recognized for their stability, selectivity, and responsiveness, making them valuable for chemosensing applications. Researchers have explored the development of MOGs based on different metal ions and ligands, allowing for tailored properties and sensitivities, and have even demonstrated their applications as portable sensors such as paper-based test strips for practical use. Herein, several studies related to MOGs development and their applications in the chemosensing field via UV-visible or luminance along with electrochemical approach are presented. These papers explored MOGs as versatile materials with their use in sensing bio or environmental analytes. This review provides a foundational understanding of key concepts, methodologies, and recent advancements in this field, fostering the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, 140001, Rupnagar, Panjab, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, 140001, Rupnagar, Panjab, India
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Wen H, Wang Y, Ji Y, Chen J, Xiao Y, Lu Q, Jiang C, Sheng Q, Nie Z, You Z. Effect of acute exposure of Hg on physiological parameters and transcriptome expression in silkworms ( Bombyx mori). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1405541. [PMID: 38919158 PMCID: PMC11196819 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1405541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination poses a global threat to the environment, given its elevated ecotoxicity. Herein, we employed the lepidopteran model insect, silkworm (Bombyx mori), to systematically investigate the toxic effects of Hg-stress across its growth and development, histomorphology, antioxidant enzyme activities, and transcriptome responses. High doses of Hg exposure induced evident poisoning symptoms, markedly impeding the growth of silkworm larvae and escalating mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Under Hg exposure, the histomorphology of both the midgut and fat body exhibited impairments. Carboxylesterase (CarE) activity was increased in both midgut and fat body tissues responding to Hg treatment. Conversely, glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels increased in the fat body but decreased in the midgut. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the response induced by Hg stress involved multiple metabolism processes. Significantly differently expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited strong associations with oxidative phosphorylation, nutrient metabolisms, insect hormone biosynthesis, lysosome, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, and ribosome pathways in the midgut or the fat body. The findings implied that exposure to Hg might induce the oxidative stress response, attempting to compensate for impaired metabolism. Concurrently, disruptions in nutrient metabolism and insect hormone activity might hinder growth and development, leading to immune dysfunction in silkworms. These insights significantly advance our theoretical understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying Hg toxicity in invertebrate organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Ji
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qixiang Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiying Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Sheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuoming Nie
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengying You
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Shu D, Xie W, Liu H, Li J, Jiao J, Mao G, Yang S, Zhang K. Fluorescence monitoring of refluxed tyrosinase using endoplasmic reticulum-localized enzymatic activity-based sensing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5618-5621. [PMID: 38713525 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
A tyrosinase-activatable fluorescent probe with endoplasmic reticulum targetability was developed for the first time. It can ratiometrically fluoresce and hence be used to monitor refluxed tyrosinase into the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunji Shu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Wenzhi Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Huihong Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Jinglong Jiao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Guojiang Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China.
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Zhuravlev A, Ezeriņa D, Ivanova J, Guriev N, Pugovkina N, Shatrova A, Aksenov N, Messens J, Lyublinskaya O. HyPer as a tool to determine the reductive activity in cellular compartments. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103058. [PMID: 38310683 PMCID: PMC10848024 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A multitude of cellular metabolic and regulatory processes rely on controlled thiol reduction and oxidation mechanisms. Due to our aerobic environment, research preferentially focuses on oxidation processes, leading to limited tools tailored for investigating cellular reduction. Here, we advocate for repurposing HyPer1, initially designed as a fluorescent probe for H2O2 levels, as a tool to measure the reductive power in various cellular compartments. The response of HyPer1 depends on kinetics between thiol oxidation and reduction in its OxyR sensing domain. Here, we focused on the reduction half-reaction of HyPer1. We showed that HyPer1 primarily relies on Trx/TrxR-mediated reduction in the cytosol and nucleus, characterized by a second order rate constant of 5.8 × 102 M-1s-1. On the other hand, within the mitochondria, HyPer1 is predominantly reduced by glutathione (GSH). The GSH-mediated reduction rate constant is 1.8 M-1s-1. Using human leukemia K-562 cells after a brief oxidative exposure, we quantified the compartmentalized Trx/TrxR and GSH-dependent reductive activity using HyPer1. Notably, the recovery period for mitochondrial HyPer1 was twice as long compared to cytosolic and nuclear HyPer1. After exploring various human cells, we revealed a potent cytosolic Trx/TrxR pathway, particularly pronounced in cancer cell lines such as K-562 and HeLa. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that HyPer1 can be harnessed as a robust tool for assessing compartmentalized reduction activity in cells following oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Zhuravlev
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Ivanova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Nikita Guriev
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Natalia Pugovkina
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Alla Shatrova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Nikolay Aksenov
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olga Lyublinskaya
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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Song Z, Fan C, Zhao J, Wang L, Duan D, Shen T, Li X. Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:811. [PMID: 37622897 PMCID: PMC10452626 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of numerous signaling pathways is orchestrated by redox regulation of cellular environments. Maintaining dynamic redox homeostasis is of utmost importance for human health, given the common occurrence of altered redox status in various pathological conditions. The cardinal component of the thioredoxin system, mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a vital role in supporting various physiological functions; however, its malfunction, disrupting redox balance, is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Accordingly, the dynamic monitoring of TrxR of live organisms represents a powerful direction to facilitate the comprehensive understanding and exploration of the profound significance of redox biology in cellular processes. A number of classic assays have been developed for the determination of TrxR activity in biological samples, yet their application is constrained when exploring the real-time dynamics of TrxR activity in live organisms. Fluorescent probes offer several advantages for in situ imaging and the quantification of biological targets, such as non-destructiveness, real-time analysis, and high spatiotemporal resolution. These benefits facilitate the transition from a poise to a flux understanding of cellular targets, further advancing scientific studies in related fields. This review aims to introduce the progress in the development and application of TrxR fluorescent probes in the past years, and it mainly focuses on analyzing their reaction mechanisms, construction strategies, and potential drawbacks. Finally, this study discusses the critical challenges and issues encountered during the development of selective TrxR probes and proposes future directions for their advancement. We anticipate the comprehensive analysis of the present TrxR probes will offer some glitters of enlightenment, and we also expect that this review may shed light on the design and development of novel TrxR probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Song
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Chengwu Fan
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Jintao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China;
| | - Tong Shen
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.S.); (C.F.); (L.W.)
| | - Xinming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.)
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Fluorescent molecular probes for imaging and detection of oxidases and peroxidases in biological samples. Methods 2023; 210:20-35. [PMID: 36634727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidases and peroxidases are two subclasses of oxidoreductases. The abnormal expression of oxidases (such as tyrosinase, cytochrome P450 oxidases, and monoamine oxidases) and peroxidases (such as glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and eosinophil peroxidase) is relative with some diseases. Therefore, the analysis of oxidases and peroxidases is great important for disease diagnosis and treatment. Fluorescent probes present simple protocol, high sensitivity and good stability in sensing field. Molecule fluorescent probes are constructed with chemical groups that tunes their fluorescence emission in response to binding events, chemical reactions, and the surrounding environment. A fluorescent probe is an efficient tool for visualizing the activity of enzymes in living organisms on the basis of its high specificity, sensitivity, and noninvasiveness characteristics. In this review, we focus on the sensing of oxidases and peroxidases by molecule fluorescent probes, and hope to bring new insight to wide researchers about oxidases and peroxidases in biological samples.
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Liu Y, He Z, Yang Y, Li X, Li Z, Ma H. New fluorescent probe with recognition moiety of bipiperidinyl reveals the rise of hepatocellular carboxylesterase activity during heat shock. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Xu P, Zhai L, Duan H, Chen H, Qin X, Qin Y, Zuo Y, Lian X, Yi H, Su X, He B, Zhang J. Branched Dodecaynes: Synthesis and their Optical Properties. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2022-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two homologous branched dodecaynes 1,3,5-{(4-<i>t</i>Bu)[2,3-(RC≡C)<sub>2</sub>]Ph(C≡C-C≡C)}<sub>3</sub>Ph (<b>2a</b>, R = H; <b>2b</b>, R = Ph) were synthesized and characterized in this work. According to steady-state spectroscopy, their electronic absorption and luminescent behaviors were investigated and compared. Simultaneously, as a typical structure of this class of dodecaynes, the molecular configuration of dodecayne <b>2a</b> was depicted by DFT simulation and the maximal absorption were supported by the subsequent TD-DFT calculations. In addition, the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission was also investigated. The experiment results showed that π-extended dodecayne <b>2b</b> with more distorted trigonal-planar possessed strong and stable ECL emission, indicating that it has potential application in ECL and luminescence fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhai
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiyuan Duan
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafeng Chen
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Qin
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjie Qin
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulan Zuo
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Lian
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Yi
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Bai He
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology, 66564, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
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Li X, Liu Y, Li X, Shi W, Ma H. An effective approach to develop targetable and responsive fluorescent probes for imaging of organelles based on cresyl violet scaffold. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 200:113929. [PMID: 34986440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes combined with confocal microscopy are recognized as a powerful tool for imaging living cells and even organelles due to their high sensitivity and resolution. However, many of analyte-activatable and organelle-targetable fluorescent probes are developed via tedious attempts, and a relatively predictable method to design such probes is still lacking. Herein, we put forward an effective synthetic strategy to construct both targetable and responsive probes for organelles based on the cresyl violet scaffold. The approach allows access to a variety of organelle-targeting fluorescent probes for an analyte of interest via introducing the corresponding targeting and recognition groups to the 5- and 9-positions of cresyl violet, respectively. The potency of the approach is exemplified by its application to develop four cresyl violet-based fluorophores with different organelle-targeting groups, and a mitochondrion-targeting ratiometric probe capable of imaging Pd0 in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Wen Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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A Fluorescent Probe to Detect Quick Disulfide Reductase Activity in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020377. [PMID: 35204259 PMCID: PMC8868778 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trx and Grx systems, two disulfide reductase systems, play critical roles in various cell activities. There are great differences between the thiol redox systems in prokaryotes and mammals. Though fluorescent probes have been widely used to detect these systems in mammalian cells. Very few methods are available to detect rapid changes in the redox systems of prokaryotes. Here we investigated whether Fast-TRFS, a disulfide-containing fluorescent probe utilized in analysis of mammalian thioredoxin reductase, could be used to detect cellular disulfide reducibility in bacteria. Fast-TRFS exhibited good substrate qualities for both bacterial thioredoxin and GSH-glutaredoxin systems in vitro, with Trx system having higher reaction rate. Moreover, the Fast-TRFS was used to detect the disulfide reductase activity in various bacteria and redox-related gene null E. coli. Some glutaredoxin-deficient bacteria had stronger fast disulfide reducibility. The Trx system was shown to be the predominant disulfide reductase for fast disulfide reduction rather than the Grx system. These results demonstrated that Fast-TRFS is a viable probe to detect thiol-dependent disulfide reductases in bacteria. It also indicated that cellular disulfide reduction could be classified into fast and slow reaction, which are predominantly catalyzed by E. coli Trx and Grx system, respectively.
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