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Liu J, Nam Y, Choi D, Choi Y, Lee SE, Oh H, Wang G, Lee SH, Liu Y, Hong S. MXene/Hydrogel-based bioelectronic nose for the direct evaluation of food spoilage in both liquid and gas-phase environments. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 256:116260. [PMID: 38613935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Various bioelectronic noses have been recently developed for mimicking human olfactory systems. However, achieving direct monitoring of gas-phase molecules remains a challenge for the development of bioelectronic noses due to the instability of receptor and the limitations of its surrounding microenvironment. Here, we report a MXene/hydrogel-based bioelectronic nose for the sensitive detection of liquid and gaseous hexanal, a signature odorant from spoiled food. In this study, a conducting MXene/hydrogel structure was formed on a sensor via physical adsorption. Then, canine olfactory receptor 5269-embedded nanodiscs (cfOR5269NDs) which could selectively recognize hexanal molecules were embedded in the three-dimensional (3D) MXene/hydrogel structures using glutaraldehyde as a linker. Our MXene/hydrogel-based bioelectronic nose exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity for monitoring hexanal in both liquid and gas phases. The bioelectronic noses could sensitively detect liquid and gaseous hexanal down to 10-18 M and 6.9 ppm, and they had wide detection ranges of 10-18 - 10-6 M and 6.9-32.9 ppm, respectively. Moreover, our bioelectronic nose allowed us to monitor hexanal levels in fish and milk. In this respect, our MXene/hydrogel-based bioelectronic nose could be a practical strategy for versatile applications such as food spoilage assessments in both liquid and gaseous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Youngju Nam
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Danmin Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Honggyu Oh
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangxian Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Deng H, Nakamoto T. Biosensors for Odor Detection: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1000. [PMID: 38131760 PMCID: PMC10741685 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Animals can easily detect hundreds of thousands of odors in the environment with high sensitivity and selectivity. With the progress of biological olfactory research, scientists have extracted multiple biomaterials and integrated them with different transducers thus generating numerous biosensors. Those biosensors inherit the sensing ability of living organisms and present excellent detection performance. In this paper, we mainly introduce odor biosensors based on substances from animal olfactory systems. Several instances of organ/tissue-based, cell-based, and protein-based biosensors are described and compared. Furthermore, we list some other biological materials such as peptide, nanovesicle, enzyme, and aptamer that are also utilized in odor biosensors. In addition, we illustrate the further developments of odor biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takamichi Nakamoto
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan;
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Deng H, Sukekawa Y, Mitsuno H, Kanzaki R, Nakamoto T. Active Tracking of Temporally Changing Gas-Phase Odor Mixture Using an Array of Cells Expressing Olfactory Receptors. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37466237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A cell expressing an olfactory receptor (OR) exhibits excellent odorant detection ability and thus is widely applied in odor biosensors. Most of those biosensors, however, could detect only liquid-phase nonchanging single-component odorants. In this paper, we raised up an odor biosensor for the active tracking of temporally changing gas-phase odor mixture by an array of cells expressing ORs. A thin stable liquid film covered the cell, thus allowing gas-phase odorants to penetrate. The online image processing generated individual cell brightness data which were used to compute the biosensor response. Based on the obtained responses, we adjusted the known odor components to be similar with the unknown odor. The function of our biosensor was validated by tracking the variable single-component odorant or the binary odor mixture. The influence from the sensor drift could be overcome by comparing the adjacent unknown and known odor responses. In the odor mixture quantification, adding the OR label to mixed cells and then quantifying separately (named as the pre-label method) was more efficient, while directly using the cell response pattern (named as the label-free method) was still capable even if the OR odor had cross-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Deng
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Sukekawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mitsuno
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nakamoto
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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