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Ayres LB, Pimentel GJC, Costa JNY, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Shimizu FM, Garcia CD, Lima RS. Ultradense Array of On-Chip Sensors for High-Throughput Electrochemical Analyses. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38997236 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
High-throughput sensors are valuable tools for enabling massive, fast, and accurate diagnostics. To yield this type of electrochemical device in a simple and low-cost way, high-density arrays of vertical gold thin-film microelectrode-based sensors are demonstrated, leading to the rapid and serial interrogation of dozens of samples (10 μL droplets). Based on 16 working ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) and 3 quasi-reference electrodes (QREs), a total of 48 sensors were engineered in a 3D crossbar arrangement that devised a low number of conductive lines. By exploiting this design, a compact chip (75 × 35 mm) can enable performing 16 sequential analyses without intersensor interferences by dropping one sample per UME finger. In practice, the electrical connection to the sensors was achieved by simply switching the contact among WE adjacent fingers. Importantly, a short analysis time was ensured by interrogating the UMEs with chronoamperometry or square wave voltammetry using a low-cost and hand-held one-channel potentiostat. As a proof of concept, the detection of Staphylococcus aureus in 15 samples was performed within 14 min (20 min incubation and 225 s reading). Additionally, the implementation of peptide-tethered immunosensors in these chips allowed the screening of COVID-19 from patient serum samples with 100% accuracy. Our experiments also revealed that dispensing additional droplets on the array (in certain patterns) results in the overestimation of the faradaic current signals, a phenomenon referred to as crosstalk. To address this interference, a set of analyses was conducted to design a corrective strategy that boosted the testing capacity by allowing using all on-chip sensors to address subsequent analyses (i.e., 48 samples simultaneously dispensed on the chip). This strategy only required grounding the unused rows of QRE and can be broadly adopted to develop high-throughput UME-based sensors. In practice, we could analyze 48 droplets (with [Fe(CN)6]4-) within ∼8 min using amperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Gabriel J C Pimentel
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana N Y Costa
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Maria H O Piazzetta
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Shimizu
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Renato S Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-590, Brazil
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2
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Costa JNY, Pimentel GJC, Poker JA, Merces L, Paschoalino WJ, Vieira LCS, Castro ACH, Alves WA, Ayres LB, Kubota LT, Santhiago M, Garcia CD, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Shimizu FM, Lima RS. Single-Response Duplexing of Electrochemical Label-Free Biosensor from the Same Tag. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303509. [PMID: 38245830 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexing is a valuable strategy to boost throughput and improve clinical accuracy. Exploiting the vertical, meshed design of reproducible and low-cost ultra-dense electrochemical chips, the unprecedented single-response multiplexing of typical label-free biosensors is reported. Using a cheap, handheld one-channel workstation and a single redox probe, that is, ferro/ferricyanide, the recognition events taking place on two spatially resolved locations of the same working electrode can be tracked along a single voltammetry scan by collecting the electrochemical signatures of the probe in relation to different quasi-reference electrodes, Au (0 V) and Ag/AgCl ink (+0.2 V). This spatial isolation prevents crosstalk between the redox tags and interferences over functionalization and binding steps, representing an advantage over the existing non-spatially resolved single-response multiplex strategies. As proof of concept, peptide-tethered immunosensors are demonstrated to provide the duplex detection of COVID-19 antibodies, thereby doubling the throughput while achieving 100% accuracy in serum samples. The approach is envisioned to enable broad applications in high-throughput and multi-analyte platforms, as it can be tailored to other biosensing devices and formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana N Y Costa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Gabriel J C Pimentel
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Júlia A Poker
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Waldemir J Paschoalino
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luis C S Vieira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ana C H Castro
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Wendel A Alves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lauro T Kubota
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Maria H O Piazzetta
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Shimizu
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-590, Brazil
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Clua Estivill M, Baez JF, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Electrochemical Pixels: Semi-open electrochemical cells with a vertically stacked design. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115877. [PMID: 38042050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical cell design in a vertically stacked configuration is presented. Through a layered structure using a top macroporous working electrode, a polyelectrolyte, and a bottom metallic conductor a standalone electrochemical cell with an internal reference electrode is built. This sensor allows monitoring an electrochemical property of an external solution with only one electrode in direct contact with the sample. Using paper-based platinum electrode for the porous top electrode and Nafion as polyelectrolyte material, the self-powered detection of hydrogen peroxide is performed. The system can be operated in multiple modes. In a capacitive way, the open circuit potential is measured. Alternatively, in a self-powered current mode, the system emulates a fuel cell. Additionally, a potential-current switched mode is also demonstrated. Because of this unique design and operational features this sensor is considered as an electrochemical pixel. To further demonstrate the advantages of this device, the detection of glucose is performed by building an array of sensors using a single back (reference) electrode and multiple working electrodes. These results lay the groundwork for the development of a new generation of simple and low cost biochemical sensors and electrochemical sensing arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clua Estivill
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jhonattan F Baez
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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Bezinge L, Tappauf N, Richards DA, Shih CJ, deMello AJ. Rapid Electrochemical Flow Analysis of Urinary Creatinine on Paper: Unleashing the Potential of Two-Electrode Detection. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3964-3972. [PMID: 37756250 PMCID: PMC10616850 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-cost, disposable electrochemical sensors is an essential step in moving traditionally inaccessible quantitative diagnostic assays toward the point of need. However, a major remaining limitation of current technologies is the reliance on standardized reference electrode materials. Integrating these reference electrodes considerably restricts the choice of the electrode substrate and drastically increases the fabrication costs. Herein, we demonstrate that adoption of two-electrode detection systems can circumvent these limitations and allow for the development of low-cost, paper-based devices. We showcase the power of this approach by developing a continuous flow assay for urinary creatinine enabled by an embedded graphenic two-electrode detector. The detection system not only simplifies sensor fabrication and readout hardware but also provides a robust sensing performance with high detection efficiencies. In addition to enabling high-throughput analysis of clinical urine samples, our two-electrode sensors provide unprecedented insights into the fundamental mechanism of the ferricyanide-mediated creatinine reaction. Finally, we developed a simplified circuitry to drive the detector. This forms the basis of a smart reader that guides the user through the measurement process. This study showcases the potential of affordable capillary-driven cartridges for clinical analysis within primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonard Bezinge
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Tappauf
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A. Richards
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Gutiérrez-Capitán M, Sanchís A, Carvalho EO, Baldi A, Vilaplana L, Cardoso VF, Calleja Á, Wei M, de la Rica R, Hoyo J, Bassegoda A, Tzanov T, Marco MP, Lanceros-Méndez S, Fernández-Sánchez C. Engineering a Point-of-Care Paper-Microfluidic Electrochemical Device Applied to the Multiplexed Quantitative Detection of Biomarkers in Sputum. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3032-3042. [PMID: 37467113 PMCID: PMC10463273 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Health initiatives worldwide demand affordable point-of-care devices to aid in the reduction of morbidity and mortality rates of high-incidence infectious and noncommunicable diseases. However, the production of robust and reliable easy-to-use diagnostic platforms showing the ability to quantitatively measure several biomarkers in physiological fluids and that could in turn be decentralized to reach any relevant environment remains a challenge. Here, we show the particular combination of paper-microfluidic technology, electrochemical transduction, and magnetic nanoparticle-based immunoassay approaches to produce a unique, compact, and easily deployable multiplex device to simultaneously measure interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase biomarkers in sputum, developed with the aim of facilitating the timely detection of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The device incorporates an on-chip electrochemical cell array and a multichannel paper component, engineered to be easily aligned into a polymeric cartridge and exchanged if necessary. Calibration curves at clinically relevant biomarker concentration ranges are produced in buffer and artificial sputum. The analysis of sputum samples of healthy individuals and acutely exacerbated patients produces statistically significant biomarker concentration differences between the two studied groups. The device can be mass-produced at a low cost, being an easily adaptable platform for measuring other disease-related target biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Sanchís
- Nanobiotechnology
for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute for Advanced
Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela O. Carvalho
- Centre
of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP) and LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonio Baldi
- Instituto
de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Vilaplana
- Nanobiotechnology
for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute for Advanced
Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa F. Cardoso
- Centre
of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP) and LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CMEMS-UMinho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Álvaro Calleja
- Instituto
de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Roberto de la Rica
- Multidisciplinary
Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute
of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas
(CIBER-INFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Hoyo
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Departament d’Enginyeria
Química, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Arnau Bassegoda
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Departament d’Enginyeria
Química, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Tzanko Tzanov
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Departament d’Enginyeria
Química, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - María-Pilar Marco
- Nanobiotechnology
for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute for Advanced
Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- Centre
of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP) and LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Basque
Centre for Materials and Applications (BCMaterials), UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - César Fernández-Sánchez
- Instituto
de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by Triplex Enhanced Nucleic Acid Detection Assay (TENADA). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315258. [PMID: 36499587 PMCID: PMC9740288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a positive-strand RNA virus has caused devastating effects. The standard method for COVID diagnosis is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The method needs expensive reagents and equipment and well-trained personnel and takes a few hours to be completed. The search for faster solutions has led to the development of immunological assays based on antibodies that recognize the viral proteins that are faster and do not require any special equipment. Here, we explore an innovative analytical approach based on the sandwich oligonucleotide hybridization which can be adapted to several biosensing devices including thermal lateral flow and electrochemical devices, as well as fluorescent microarrays. Polypurine reverse-Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs) oligonucleotides that form high-affinity triplexes with the polypyrimidine target sequences are used for the efficient capture of the viral genome. Then, a second labeled oligonucleotide is used to detect the formation of a trimolecular complex in a similar way to antigen tests. The reached limit of detection is around 0.01 nM (a few femtomoles) without the use of any amplification steps. The triplex enhanced nucleic acid detection assay (TENADA) can be readily adapted for the detection of any pathogen requiring only the knowledge of the pathogen genome sequence.
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Hoyo J, Bassegoda A, Ferreres G, Hinojosa-Caballero D, Gutiérrez-Capitán M, Baldi A, Fernández-Sánchez C, Tzanov T. Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Wound Infection with a Fluidic Paper Device. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169129. [PMID: 36012396 PMCID: PMC9408953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Current procedures for the assessment of chronic wound infection are time-consuming and require complex instruments and trained personnel. The incidence of chronic wounds worldwide, and the associated economic burden, urge for simple and cheap point-of-care testing (PoCT) devices for fast on-site diagnosis to enable appropriate early treatment. The enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), whose activity in infected wounds is about ten times higher than in non-infected wounds, appears to be a suitable biomarker for wound infection diagnosis. Herein, we develop a single-component foldable paper-based device for the detection of MPO in wound fluids. The analyte detection is achieved in two steps: (i) selective immunocapture of MPO, and (ii) reaction of a specific dye with the captured MPO, yielding a purple color with increasing intensity as a function of the MPO activity in infected wounds in the range of 20–85 U/mL. Ex vivo experiments with wound fluids validated the analytic efficiency of the paper-based device, and the results strongly correlate with a spectrophotometric assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hoyo
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrasa, Spain
| | - Arnau Bassegoda
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrasa, Spain
| | - Guillem Ferreres
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrasa, Spain
| | - Dolores Hinojosa-Caballero
- Unitat de Ferides Complexes, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Hospital de Terrassa, Ctra. Torrebonica, s/n, 08227 Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Baldi
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - César Fernández-Sánchez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tzanko Tzanov
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrasa, Spain
- Correspondence:
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