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Zheng Y, Li L, Chen Y, Lin Z, Ruan X, Lin Q, Xing C, Lu C. Construction of an exogenously and endogenously Co-activated DNA logic amplifier for highly reliable intracellular MicroRNA imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116409. [PMID: 38795495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
DNA-based molecular amplifiers offer significant promise for molecular-level disease diagnosis and treatment, yet tailoring their activation for precise timing and localization remains a challenge. Herein, we've pioneered a dual activation strategy harnessing external light and internal ATP to create a highly controlled DNA logic amplifier (FDLA) for accurate miRNA monitoring in cancer cells. The FDLA was constructed by tethered the two functionalized catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) hairpin modules (ATP aptamer sealed hairpin aH1 and photocleavable (PC-linker) sites modified hairpin pH2) to DNA tetrahedron (DTN). The FDLA system incorporates ATP aptamers and PC-linkers as logic control units, allowing them to respond to both exogenous UV light and endogenous ATP present within cancer cells. This response triggers the release of CHA hairpin modules, enabling amplified FRET miRNA imaging through an AND-AND gate. The DTN structure could improve the stability of FDLA and accelerate the kinetics of the strand displacement reaction. It is noteworthy that the UV and ATP co-gated DNA circuit can control the DNA bio-computing at specific time and location, offering spatial and temporal capabilities that can be harnessed for miRNA imaging. Furthermore, the miRNA-sensing FDLA amplifier demonstrates reliable imaging of intracellular miRNA with minimal background noise and false-positive signals. This highlights the feasibility of utilizing both exogenous and endogenous regulatory strategies to achieve spatial and temporal control of DNA molecular circuits within living cancer cells. Such advancements hold immense potential for unraveling the correlation between miRNA and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zheng
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China; College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China
| | - Liannishang Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China
| | - Yiling Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Zhannuo Lin
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Ruan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Qitian Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China
| | - Chao Xing
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China; College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China.
| | - Chunhua Lu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China.
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2
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Jia Z, Yu M, Wang W, Ghazimirsaeid S, Qu Y, Zhang M. An Oxidative Cleavage-Based Cruciform DNA Nanostructure for In Vivo Hypochlorous Acid Visualization to Monitor Intestinal Inflammation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9621-9628. [PMID: 38820543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a persistent inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulceration in the colon and gastrointestinal tract. It was indicated that the generation of hypochlorous acid (HClO) through the enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase is significantly linked to ulcerative colitis. In this study, by assembling two hairpins (Hpa and Hpb) onto a quadrivalent cruciform DNA nanostructure, a novel HClO-activatable fluorescent probe was developed based on DNA nanomaterials (denoted MHDNA), which is sensitive, economic, simple, and stable. In the presence of HClO, the Trigger (T) was liberated from the MHDNA probe through a hydrolysis reaction between HClO and phosphorothioate (PS), which is modified on the MHDNA probe and has proved to exhibit particular susceptibility to the HClO. The liberated T subsequently initiated the opening of Hpa and Hpb to facilitate the catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) reaction, resulting in the changes of fluorescence and releasing T for recycled signal amplification to achieve sensitive detection of HClO (with a limit of detection 9.83 nM). Additionally, the MHDNA-based spatial-confinement effect shortens the physical distance between Hpa and Hpb and yields a high local concentration of the two reactive hairpins, achieving more rapid reaction kinetics in comparison to conventional CHA methods. Inspirationally, the MHDNA probe was effectively utilized for imaging HClO in ulcerative colitis mice, yielding valuable diagnostic insights for ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Mengdi Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | | | - Yong Qu
- Internal Medicine of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, XD Group Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Liu H, Zhang X, Li X, Wu H, Shi Y, Lu W. A G-quadruplex/thioflavin T-based label-free biosensor to detect ClO - in stress-induced hypertension. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124231. [PMID: 38574610 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HClO), as an essential reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems, plays a pivotal role in processes of physiology and pathology. Abnormal fluctuations in HClO concentration can lead to various diseases, such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, developing an approach to rapidly and sensitively quantify ClO- content is vital to biomedicine development and bioassays. Herein, we fabricated a novel "turn-on" label-free fluorescence DNA probe to specifically detect hypochlorite ion (ClO-) based on G-quadruplex formation. To this end, we designed a G-rich signal DNA sequence (S-DNA) and a block DNA sequence (B-DNA), followed by the introduction of ClO--responsive phosphorothioate (PS) into B-DNA. In the absence of ClO-, B-DNA hybridized with S-DNA, preventing G-quadruplex formation from S-DNA; this resulted in the relatively low fluorescence intensity of ThT. Once ClO- was added, the hydrolysis between PS and ClO- split the B-DNA into two fragments, resulting in B-DNA breaking away from S-DNA, allowing G-quadruplex formation from S-DNA and increasing the fluorescence intensity of ThT. Using this method, we can detect ClO- without the interference of additional reactive oxygen species. The detection limit of ClO- was as low as 10 nM. Furthermore, this method facilitates the detection of ClO- within the tissues of rats with stress-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Liu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Shandong, Heze 274000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Shandong, Heze 274000, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Group Heze Hospital, Shandong, Heze 274000, China
| | - Hongsong Wu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Shandong, Heze 274000, China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Shandong, Heze 274000, China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Shandong, Heze 274000, China.
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Tang X, Zhao S, Luo J, Wang B, Wu X, Deng R, Chang K, Chen M. Smart Stimuli-Responsive Spherical Nucleic Acids: Cutting-Edge Platforms for Biosensing, Bioimaging, and Therapeutics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310732. [PMID: 38299771 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) with exceptional colloidal stability, multiple modularity, and programmability are excellent candidates to address common molecular delivery-related issues. Based on this, the higher targeting accuracy and enhanced controllability of stimuli-responsive SNAs render them precise nanoplatforms with inestimable prospects for diverse biomedical applications. Therefore, tailored diagnosis and treatment with stimuli-responsive SNAs may be a robust strategy to break through the bottlenecks associated with traditional nanocarriers. Various stimuli-responsive SNAs are engineered through the incorporation of multifunctional modifications to meet biomedical demands with the development of nucleic acid functionalization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of prominent research in this area and recent advancements in the utilization of stimuli-responsive SNAs in biosensing, bioimaging, and therapeutics. For each aspect, SNA nanoplatforms that exhibit responsive behavior to both internal stimuli (including sequence, enzyme, redox reactions, and pH) and external stimuli (such as light and temperature) are highlighted. This review is expected to offer inspiration and guidance strategies for the rational design and development of stimuli-responsive SNAs in the field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Binpan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xianlan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ruijia Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kai Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Wang K, Yue Y, Chen XY, Wen XL, Yang B, Ren SZ, Yang YS, Jiang HX. In Vivo Imaging of γ-Glutamyl Transferase in Cardiovascular Diseases with a Photoacoustic Probe. ACS Sens 2024; 9:962-970. [PMID: 38293708 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a photoacoustic (PA) probe, HDS-GGT, was developed for the in vivo imaging of cardiovascular diseases by monitoring the γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) dynamics. HDS-GGT exhibited a stable PA signal with auxiliary absorbance and NIRF variation after the trigger by GGT. In all three modalities of absorbance, NIRF, and PA, HDS-GGT could quantitatively reflect the GGT level. In PA modality, HDS-GGT indicated the practical advantages including high sensitivity, high stability, and high specificity. In living oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced RAW264.7 cells, HDS-GGT indicated proper capability for imaging the plaques by visualizing the GGT dynamics. Moreover, during imaging in living model mice, HDS-GGT was achieved to distinguish the plaques from healthy blood vessels via a multiview PA presentation. HDS-GGT could also suggest the severity of plaques in the extracted aorta from the model mice, which was consistent with the histological staining results. The information herein might be useful for future investigations on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xu-Yang Chen
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wen
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Bing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Shen-Zhen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yu-Shun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321019, China
| | - Hao-Xiang Jiang
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
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Lu J, Li Z, Lu M, Fan N, Zhang W, Li P, Tang Y, Yin X, Zhang W, Wang H, Tang B. Assessing Early Atherosclerosis by Detecting and Imaging of Hypochlorous Acid and Phosphorylation Using Fluorescence Nanoprobe. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2307008. [PMID: 37944535 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of early atherosclerosis (AS) is of great significance for the early diagnosis and mechanism research. Herein, a novel nanoprobe PCN@FL is developed to realize the simultaneous detection and imaging of phosphorylation and hypochlorous acid (HClO). The selective recognition of HClO is achieved through the specific interaction between DMTC and HClO, while the levels of phosphorylation are detected via the specific interaction between Zr (IV) and phosphates. The nanoprobe can be utilized to monitor the fluctuations in HClO and phosphate in early atherosclerosis. It is observed that the levels of HClO and phosphate in the serum of early AS mice are higher than those of the normal mice. Ultimately, the levels of hypochlorous acid and phosphorylation in the inner wall of aortic vessels are imaged by two-photon microscope. The results show that the levels of HClO and phosphorylation in the early atherosclerotic mice are significantly higher than those of in normal mice. The nanoprobe provides a suitable fluorescent tool for simultaneous detection and imaging of HClO and phosphorylation, which holds promise for early atherosclerotic disease assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zongying Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xia Yin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
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Wu K, Ma C, Wang Y. Functional Nucleic Acid Probes Based on Two-Photon for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:836. [PMID: 37754070 PMCID: PMC10527542 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Functional nucleic acid (FNA) probes have been widely used in environmental monitoring, food analysis, clinical diagnosis, and biological imaging because of their easy synthesis, functional modification, flexible design, and stable properties. However, most FNA probes are designed based on one-photon (OP) in the ultraviolet or visible regions, and the effectiveness of these OP-based FNA probes may be hindered by certain factors, such as their potential for photodamage and limited light tissue penetration. Two-photon (TP) is characterized by the nonlinear absorption of two relatively low-energy photons of near-infrared (NIR) light with the resulting emission of high-energy ultraviolet or visible light. TP-based FNA probes have excellent properties, including lower tissue self-absorption and autofluorescence, reduced photodamage and photobleaching, and higher spatial resolution, making them more advantageous than the conventional OP-based FNA probes in biomedical sensing. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of TP-excited and -activated FNA probes and detail their applications in biomolecular detection. In addition, we also share our views on the highlights and limitations of TP-based FNA probes. The ultimate goal is to provide design approaches for the development of high-performance TP-based FNA probes, thereby promoting their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Wu
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510700, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Changbei Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yisen Wang
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510700, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, Guangzhou 510700, China
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Yu F, Wang Y, Liu T, Liu X, Jiang H, Wang X. Dual-emissive EY/UiO-66-NH 2 as a ratiometric probe for turn-on sensing and cell imaging of hypochlorite. Analyst 2022; 147:3867-3875. [PMID: 35920663 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorite plays a vital role in biological systems and our daily life. The rapid and convenient detection of hypochlorite is imperative and significant for disease treatment and human health. In this work, EY/UiO-66-NH2 (EY = eosin Y) was prepared through a hydrothermal process and could be applied to the detection and bioimaging of hypochlorite as a self-calibrating sensing nanoprobe. EY/UiO-66-NH2 features two emissions at 432 nm and 533 nm, and the emission intensity of 533 nm is enhanced with increasing ClO- concentration. EY/UiO-66-NH2 could be utilized as a ratiometric fluorescence sensor of ClO-. The linear range of EY/UiO-66-NH2 towards ClO- is 0.1-200 μM and its detection limit is 46.4 nM. In comparison with previously reported probes for ClO-, EY/UiO-66-NH2 has the advantages of a wide linear range, low detection limit, turn-on fluorescence and ratiometric response. This work provides a new method for ClO- detection in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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