A fabric-based multifunctional sensor for the early detection of skin decubitus ulcers

Fully Integrated Passive Wireless Sensor with Mechanical-Electrical Double-Gradient for Multifunctional Healthcare Monitoring

Accurate, effective, and continuous monitoring of pressure, moisture, and temperature is essential for routine health assessments and professional patient care. In this study, we present a fully integrated multiparameter passive wireless sensor (MWS) that employs a mechanical-electrical dual-gradient structure design. The unique gradient porous structure endows the MWS with significant advantages in terms of detection dimensions (pressure, moisture, and temperature), sensitivity, and stability. Compared to single mechanical gradient designs, the sensor demonstrates 2.6 times higher pressure sensitivity and a 5-tier moisture detection capability. By bridging the technology gap between high-precision multiparameter sensing, wireless communication, and energy management, the MWS is capable of measuring multiple physiological parameters, including breath, ballistocardiograph, moisture, and temperature at multiple points, providing real-time assessments of the physiological state of the subjects. This work offers valuable quantitative insights for caregivers and paves the way for significant advancements in personal healthcare management.

Multi-scale bioimpedance flexible sensing with causal hierarchical machine learning for fish vitality evaluation under adversity stress

It is expected that waterless low-temperature stressful environments will induce stress responses in fish and affect their vitality. In this study, we developed a laser-activated, stretchable, highly conductive liquid metal (LM) based flexible sensor system for fish multi-scale bioimpedance detection. It has excellent conformability, electrical conductivity, bending and cyclic tensile stability. Meanwhile, test result showed that wireless power supply is a potential solution for realizing safe power supply for devices inside waterless low-temperature packages. In addition, a hierarchical regression model (GC-HRM) based on Granger causality was established. The result showed that tissue bioimpedance can induce changes in individual bioimpedance with unidirectional Granger causality. The R2 of the linear regression (LR), support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models under single-scale individual bioimpedance were 0.85, 0.90 and 0.78, respectively. By adding the multi-scale bioimpedance features, the R2 of the LR, SVR and ANN models were improved to 0.95, 1.00 and 0.98, respectively.

Ionogels for flexible conductive substrates and their application in biosensing

Ionogels are highly conductive gels made from ionic liquids dispersed in a matrix made of organic or inorganic materials. Ionogels are known for high ionic conductivity, flexibility, high thermal and electrochemical stability. These characteristics make them suitable for sensing and biosensing applications. This review discusses about the two main constituents, ionic liquids and matrix, used to make ionogels and effect of these materials on the characteristics of ionogels. Here, the material properties like mechanical, electrochemical and stability are discussed for both polymer matrix and ionic liquid. We have briefly described about the fabrication methods like 3D printing, sol-gel, blade coating, spin coating, aerosol jet printing etc., used to make films or coating of these ionogels. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are also briefly summarized. Finally, the last section provides a few examples of application of flexible ionogels in areas like wearables, human-machine interface, electronic skin and detection of biological molecules.

Preclinical assessment of rodent jumping power with a novel electrical stimulation-assisted device

Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength that is associated with increasing the risk of falls, musculoskeletal diseases, and chronic metabolic diseases. However, the animal models adopted to study sarcopenia face limitations since the functional tests conducted on human cannot be directly adapted to animals because the animals do not follow instructions. Moreover, current preclinical research tools for muscle function assessment, such as the rotarod, grip strength, and treadmill, have limitations, including low-intensity simple movements, evaluator subjectivity, and limited power indicators. Hence, in this study, we present a new jumping-power assessment tool in a preclinical rodent model to demonstrate muscle functions. To overcome the light weight and command issues in the rodent model, we developed an electrical stimulation-assisted jump power assessment device. Precisely, the device utilizes a load cell with a 0.1 g resolution and a 50 points/s data acquisition rate to capture the short period of the mouse jump. Additionally, interdigitated electrodes are used to electrically stimulate the mice and make them jump. While our primary focus in this article is the validation of the newly developed jump power assessment device, it is worth noting that this tool has several potential utilities. These include the phenotypic comparison of sarcopenia models, the exploration of muscle function reduction mechanisms, muscle function-related blood biomarkers, and the evaluation of drug intervention effects.

A fabric-based wearable sensor for continuous monitoring of decubitus ulcer of subjects lying on a bed

For multifunctional wearable sensing systems, problems related to wireless and continuous communication and soft, noninvasive, and disposable functionality issues should be solved for precise physiological signal detection. To measure the critical transitions of pressure, temperature, and skin impedance when continuous pressure is applied on skin and tissue, we developed a sensor for decubitus ulcers using conventional analog circuitry for wireless and continuous communication in a disposable, breathable fabric-based multifunctional sensing system capable of conformal contact. By integrating the designed wireless communication module into a multifunctional sensor, we obtained sensing data that were sent sequentially and continuously to a customized mobile phone app. With a small-sized and lightweight module, our sensing system operated over 24 h with a coin-cell battery consuming minimum energy for intermittent sensing and transmission. We conducted a pilot test on healthy subjects to evaluate the adequate wireless operation of the multifunctional sensing system when applied to the body. By solving the aforementioned practical problems, including those related to wireless and continuous communication and soft, noninvasive, and disposable functionality issues, our fabric-based multifunctional decubitus ulcer sensor successfully measured applied pressure, skin temperature, and electrical skin impedance.

End-User Assessment of an Innovative Clothing-Based Sensor Developed for Pressure Injury Prevention: A Mixed-Method Study

This study aimed to evaluate a clothing prototype that incorporates sensors for the evaluation of pressure, temperature, and humidity for the prevention of pressure injuries, namely regarding physical and comfort requirements. A mixed-method approach was used with concurrent quantitative and qualitative data triangulation. A structured questionnaire was applied before a focus group of experts to evaluate the sensor prototypes. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the discourse of the collective subject, followed by method integration and meta-inferences. Nine nurses, experts in this topic, aged 32.66 ± 6.28 years and with a time of profession of 10.88 ± 6.19 years, participated in the study. Prototype A presented low evaluation in stiffness (1.56 ± 1.01) and roughness (2.11 ± 1.17). Prototype B showed smaller values in dimension (2.77 ± 0.83) and stiffness (3.00 ± 1.22). Embroidery was assessed as inadequate in terms of stiffness (1.88 ± 1.05) and roughness (2.44 ± 1.01). The results from the questionnaires and focus groups' show low adequacy as to stiffness, roughness, and comfort. The participants highlighted the need for improvements regarding stiffness and comfort, suggesting new proposals for the development of sensors for clothing. The main conclusions are that Prototype A presented the lowest average scores relative to rigidity (1.56 ± 1.01), considered inadequate. This dimension of Prototype B was evaluated as slightly adequate (2.77 ± 0.83). The rigidity (1.88 ± 1.05) of Prototype A + B + embroidery was evaluated as inadequate. The prototype revealed clothing sensors with low adequacy regarding the physical requirements, such as stiffness or roughness. Improvements are needed regarding the stiffness and roughness for the safety and comfort characteristics of the device evaluated.

Effect of Baicalin on Wound Healing in a Mouse Model of Pressure Ulcers

One of the most frequent comorbidities that develop in chronically ill or immobilized patients is pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores. Despite ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced skin lesion having been identified as a primary cause of pressure ulcers, wound management efforts have so far failed to significantly improve outcomes. Baicalin, or 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone, is a type of flavonoid which has been shown to possess a variety of biological characteristics, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and protection of I/R injury. In vitro wound scratch assay was first used to assess the function of baicalin in wound healing. We established a mouse model of advanced stage pressure ulcers with repeated cycles of I/R pressure load. In this model, topically applied baicalin (100 mg/mL) induced a significant increase in the wound healing process measured by wound area. Histological examination of the pressure ulcer mouse model showed faster granulation tissue formation and re-epithelization in the baicalin-treated group. Next, baicalin downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β), while upregulating the anti-inflammatory IL-10. Additionally, baicalin induced an increase in several growth factors (VEGF, FGF-2, PDGF-β, and CTGF), promoting the wound healing process. Our results suggest that baicalin could serve as a promising agent for the treatment of pressures ulcers.