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López Marzo AM. Techniques for characterizing biofunctionalized surfaces for bioanalysis purposes. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 263:116599. [PMID: 39111251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Surface biofunctionalization is an essential stage in the preparation of any bioassay affecting its analytical performance. However, a complete characterization of the biofunctionalized surface, considering studies of coverage density, distribution and orientation of biomolecules, layer thickness, and target biorecognition efficiency, is not met most of the time. This review is a critical overview of the main techniques and strategies used for characterizing biofunctionalized surfaces and the process in between. Emphasis is given to scanning force microscopies as the most versatile and suitable tools to evaluate the quality of the biofunctionalized surfaces in real-time dynamic experiments, highlighting the helpful of atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, electrochemical atomic force microscopy and photo-induced force microscopy. Other techniques such as optical and electronic microscopies, quartz crystal microbalance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, and electrochemical techniques, are also discussed regarding their advantages and disadvantages in addressing the whole characterization of the biomodified surface. Scarce reviews point out the importance of practicing an entire characterization of the biofunctionalized surfaces. This is the first review that embraces this topic discussing a wide variety of characterization tools applied in any bioanalysis platform developed to detect both clinical and environmental analytes. This survey provides information to the analysts on the applications, strengths, and weaknesses of the techniques discussed here to extract fruitful insights from them. The aim is to prompt and help the analysts to accomplish an entire assessment of the biofunctionalized surface, and profit from the information obtained to enhance the bioanalysis output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaris M López Marzo
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer dels Til·lers s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Wikeley S, Przybylowski J, Gardiner JE, James TD, Fletcher PJ, Isaacs MA, Lozano-Sanchez P, Caffio M, Marken F. Pyrene-Appended Boronic Acids on Graphene Foam Electrodes Provide Quantum Capacitance-Based Molecular Sensors for Lactate. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1565-1574. [PMID: 38447101 PMCID: PMC10964244 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Molecular recognition and sensing can be coupled to interfacial capacitance changes on graphene foam surfaces linked to double layer effects and coupled to enhanced quantum capacitance. 3D graphene foam film electrodes (Gii-Sens; thickness approximately 40 μm; roughness factor approximately 100) immersed in aqueous buffer media exhibit an order of magnitude jump in electrochemical capacitance upon adsorption of a charged molecular receptor based on pyrene-appended boronic acids (here, 4-borono-1-(pyren-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide, or abbreviated T1). This pyrene-appended pyridinium boronic acid receptor is employed here as a molecular receptor for lactate. In the presence of lactate and at pH 4.0 (after pH optimization), the electrochemical capacitance (determined by impedance spectroscopy) doubles again. Lactic acid binding is expressed with a Hillian binding constant (Klactate = 75 mol-1 dm3 and α = 0.8 in aqueous buffer, Klactate = 460 mol-1 dm3 and α = 0.8 in artificial sweat, and Klactate = 340 mol-1 dm3 and α = 0.65 in human serum). The result is a selective molecular probe response for lactic acid with LoD = 1.3, 1.4, and 1.8 mM in aqueous buffer media (pH 4.0), in artificial sweat (adjusted to pH 4.7), and in human serum (pH adjusted to 4.0), respectively. The role of the pyrene-appended boronic acid is discussed based on the double layer structure and quantum capacitance changes. In the future, this new type of molecular capacitance sensor could provide selective enzyme-free analysis without analyte consumption for a wider range of analytes and complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon
M. Wikeley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Jakub Przybylowski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Jordan E. Gardiner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | | | - Mark A. Isaacs
- HarwellXPS,
Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | | | - Marco Caffio
- Integrated
Graphene Ltd., Euro House, Wellgreen Place, Stirling FK8 2DJ, U.K.
| | - Frank Marken
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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Sitkov N, Ryabko A, Moshnikov V, Aleshin A, Kaplun D, Zimina T. Hybrid Impedimetric Biosensors for Express Protein Markers Detection. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38398911 PMCID: PMC10890403 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Impedimetric biosensors represent a powerful and promising tool for studying and monitoring biological processes associated with proteins and can contribute to the development of new approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The basic principles, analytical methods, and applications of hybrid impedimetric biosensors for express protein detection in biological fluids are described. The advantages of this type of biosensors, such as simplicity and speed of operation, sensitivity and selectivity of analysis, cost-effectiveness, and an ability to be integrated into hybrid microfluidic systems, are demonstrated. Current challenges and development prospects in this area are analyzed. They include (a) the selection of materials for electrodes and formation of nanostructures on their surface; (b) the development of efficient methods for biorecognition elements' deposition on the electrodes' surface, providing the specificity and sensitivity of biosensing; (c) the reducing of nonspecific binding and interference, which could affect specificity; (d) adapting biosensors to real samples and conditions of operation; (e) expanding the range of detected proteins; and, finally, (f) the development of biosensor integration into large microanalytical system technologies. This review could be useful for researchers working in the field of impedimetric biosensors for protein detection, as well as for those interested in the application of this type of biosensor in biomedical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sitkov
- Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (T.Z.)
- Engineering Centre for Microtechnology and Diagnostics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Ryabko
- Laboratory of Nonequilibrium Processes in Semiconductors, Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Vyacheslav Moshnikov
- Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (T.Z.)
| | - Andrey Aleshin
- Laboratory of Nonequilibrium Processes in Semiconductors, Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Kaplun
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- Department of Automation and Control Processes, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Zimina
- Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (T.Z.)
- Engineering Centre for Microtechnology and Diagnostics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Sharma A, Wulff A, Thomas A, Sonkusale S. Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for detection of salivary cortisol in stress conditions. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:103. [PMID: 38231275 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A natural stress response induces elevated cortisol levels in biological fluids, such as saliva. While current sensor technologies can detect cortisol in real time, their sensitivity and reliability for human subjects have not been assured. This is due to relatively low concentrations of salivary cortisol, which fluctuate throughout the day and vary significantly between individuals. To address these challenges, we present an improved electrochemical biosensor leveraging graphene's exceptional conductivity and physicochemical properties. A 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PBASE-NHS)-modified commercial graphene foam (GF) electrode is presented to realize an ultra-sensitive biosensor for cortisol detection directly in human saliva. The biosensor fabrication process entails the attachment of anti-cortisol monoclonal antibodies (mAb-cort) onto a PBASE-NHS/GF electrode through noncovalent immobilization on the vertically stratified graphene foam electrode surface. This unique immobilization strategy preserves graphene's structural integrity and electrical conductivity while facilitating antibody immobilization. The binding of cortisol to immobilized mAb-cort is read out via differential pulse voltammetry using ferri/ferro redox reactions. The immunosensor demonstrates an exceptional dynamic range of 1.0 fg mL-1 to 10,000 pg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9914) with a detection limit of 0.24 fg mL-1 (n = 3) for cortisol. Furthermore, we have established the reliability of cortisol sensors in monitoring human saliva. We have also performed multiple modes of validation, one against the established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a second by a third-party service Salimetric on 16 student volunteers exposed to different stress levels, showing excellent correlation (r = 0.9961). These findings suggest the potential for using mAb-cort/PBASE-NHS/GF-based cortisol electrodes for monitoring salivary cortisol in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Alia Wulff
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Ayanna Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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Sánchez-Tirado E, Agüí L, González-Cortés A, Campuzano S, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensing Devices for Human-Microbiome-Related Biomarkers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:837. [PMID: 36679633 PMCID: PMC9864681 DOI: 10.3390/s23020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of the human microbiome is a multidisciplinary area ranging from the field of technology to that of personalized medicine. The possibility of using microbiota biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases (e.g., cancer), health conditions (e.g., obesity) or relevant processes (e.g., aging) has raised great expectations, also in the field of bioelectroanalytical chemistry. The well-known advantages of electrochemical biosensors-high sensitivity, fast response, and the possibility of miniaturization, together with the potential for new nanomaterials to improve their design and performance-position them as unique tools to provide a better understanding of the entities of the human microbiome and raise the prospect of huge and important developments in the coming years. This review article compiles recent applications of electrochemical (bio)sensors for monitoring microbial metabolites and disease biomarkers related to different types of human microbiome, with a special focus on the gastrointestinal microbiome. Examples of electrochemical devices applied to real samples are critically discussed, as well as challenges to be faced and where future developments are expected to go.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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