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Multimodal bioimaging using nanodiamond and gold hybrid nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5331. [PMID: 35351931 PMCID: PMC8964702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHybrid core–shell nanodiamond-gold nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized as a novel multifunctional material with tunable and tailored properties for multifunctional biomedical applications. The combination of nanostructured gold and nanodiamond properties afford new options for optical labeling, imaging, sensing, and drug delivery, as well as targeted treatment. ND@Au core–shell nanoparticles composed of nanodiamond (ND) core doped with Si vacancies (SiV) and Au shell were synthesized and characterized in terms of their biomedical applications. Several bioimaging modalities based on the combination of optical and spectroscopic properties of the hybrid nano-systems are demonstrated in cellular and developing zebrafish larvae models. The ND@Au nanoparticles exhibit isolated ND’s Raman signal of sp3 bonded carbon, one-photon fluorescence of SiV with strong zero-phonon line at 740 nm, two-photon excited fluorescence of nanogold with short fluorescence lifetime and strong absorption of X-ray irradiation render them possible imaging agent for Raman mapping, Fluorescence imaging, two-photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (TP-FLIM) and high-resolution hard-X-ray microscopy in biosystems. Potential combination of the imaging facilities with other theranostic functionalities is discussed.
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Chen HH, Yang SM, Yang KE, Chiu CY, Chang CJ, Wang YS, Lee TT, Huang YF, Chen YY, Petibois C, Chang SH, Cai X, Low CM, Tan FCK, Teo A, Tok ES, Lim JH, Je JH, Kohmura Y, Ishikawa T, Margaritondo G, Hwu Y. High-resolution fast-tomography brain-imaging beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1662-1668. [PMID: 34475313 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The new Brain Imaging Beamline (BIB) of the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) has been commissioned and opened to users. The BIB and in particular its endstation are designed to take advantage of bright unmonochromatized synchrotron X-rays and target fast 3D imaging, ∼1 ms exposure time plus very high ∼0.3 µm spatial resolution. A critical step in achieving the planned performances was the solution to the X-ray induced damaging problems of the detection system. High-energy photons were identified as their principal cause and were solved by combining tailored filters/attenuators and a high-energy cut-off mirror. This enabled the tomography acquisition throughput to reach >1 mm3 min-1, a critical performance for large-animal brain mapping and a vital mission of the beamline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Hsin Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shun Min Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai En Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ching Yu Chiu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia Ju Chang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ya Sian Wang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsung Tse Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu Fen Huang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi Yun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cyril Petibois
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih Hung Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chian Ming Low
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francis Chee Kuan Tan
- Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Alvin Teo
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Eng Soon Tok
- eMaGIC-Lab, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae Hong Lim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Je
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | | | | | - Giorgio Margaritondo
- Faculté des Sciences de Base, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yeukuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Hwu Y, Margaritondo G, Chiang AS. Q&A: Why use synchrotron x-ray tomography for multi-scale connectome mapping? BMC Biol 2017; 15:122. [PMID: 29268736 PMCID: PMC5738898 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how information flows and is used in the human brain, we must map neural structures at all levels, providing visualizations similar to those of Google Earth for continents, countries, cities, and streets. Unfortunately, the imaging and processing techniques currently used in connectomics projects cannot achieve complete mapping for the brains of large animals within the timespan of a typical research career. However, feasible improvements in x-ray imaging would change this situation. This Q&A discusses synchrotron x-ray tomography, an exciting new approach for in situ mapping of whole-brain wiring diagrams at multiple levels of spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeukuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | | | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Lin YC, Hwu Y, Huang GS, Hsiao M, Lee TT, Yang SM, Lee TK, Chen NY, Yang SS, Chen A, Ka SM. Differential synchrotron X-ray imaging markers based on the renal microvasculature for tubulointerstitial lesions and glomerulopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3488. [PMID: 28615647 PMCID: PMC5471266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High resolution synchrotron microtomography capable of revealing microvessels in three dimensional (3D) establishes distinct imaging markers of mouse kidney disease strongly associated to renal tubulointerstitial (TI) lesions and glomerulopathy. Two complementary mouse models of chronic kidney disease (CKD), unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), were used and five candidates of unique 3D imaging markers were identified. Our characterization to differentially reflect the altered microvasculature of renal TI lesions and/or glomerulopathy demonstrated these image features can be used to differentiate the disease status and the possible cause therefore qualified as image markers. These 3D imaging markers were further correlated with the histopathology and renal microvessel-based molecular study using antibodies against vascular endothelial cells (CD31), the connective tissue growth factor or the vascular endothelial growth factor. We also found that these 3D imaging markers individually characterize the development of renal TI lesions or glomerulopathy, quantitative and integrated use of all of them provide more information for differentiating the two renal conditions. Our findings thus establish a practical strategy to characterize the CKD-associated renal injuries by the microangiography-based 3D imaging and highlight the impact of dysfunctional microvasculature as a whole on the pathogenesis of the renal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeukuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Shu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Tse Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Min Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Kuo Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yow Chen
- National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, Academy of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lai SF, Ko BH, Chien CC, Chang CJ, Yang SM, Chen HH, Petibois C, Hueng DY, Ka SM, Chen A, Margaritondo G, Hwu Y. Gold nanoparticles as multimodality imaging agents for brain gliomas. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:85. [PMID: 26589283 PMCID: PMC4654925 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, in particular for brain cancer therapy. However, this requires a detailed analysis of nanoparticles from the associated microvasculature to the tumor, not easy because of the required high spatial resolution. The objective of this study is to demonstrate an experimental solution of this problem, based in vivo and post-mortem whole organ imaging plus nanoscale 3-dimensional (3D) X-ray microscopy. Results The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as contrast agents paved the way to a detailed high-resolution three dimensional (3D) X-ray and fluorescence imaging analysis of the relation between xenografted glioma cells and the tumor-induced angiogenic microvasculature. The images of the angiogenic microvessels revealed nanoparticle leakage. Complementary tests showed that after endocytotic internalization fluorescent AuNPs allow the visible-light detection of cells. Conclusions AuNP-loading of cells could be extended from the case presented here to other imaging techniques. In our study, they enabled us to (1) identify primary glioma cells at inoculation sites in mice brains; (2) follow the subsequent development of gliomas. (3) Detect the full details of the tumor-related microvasculature; (4) Finding leakage of AuNPs from the tumor-related vasculature, in contrast to no leakage from normal vasculature. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0140-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lai
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Bai-Hung Ko
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chi Chien
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ju Chang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Ming Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang-Hsin Chen
- Inserm U1029 LMMA, University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Cyril Petibois
- Inserm U1029 LMMA, University of Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - G Margaritondo
- School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Y Hwu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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Krenkel M, Markus A, Bartels M, Dullin C, Alves F, Salditt T. Phase-contrast zoom tomography reveals precise locations of macrophages in mouse lungs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9973. [PMID: 25966338 PMCID: PMC4428069 DOI: 10.1038/srep09973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed x-ray phase-contrast tomography on mouse lung tissue. Using a divergent x-ray beam generated by nanoscale focusing, we used zoom tomography to produce three-dimensional reconstructions with selectable magnification, resolution, and field of view. Thus, macroscopic tissue samples extending over several mm can be studied in sub-cellular-level structural detail. The zoom capability and, in particular, the high dose efficiency are enabled by the near-perfect exit wavefront of an optimized x-ray waveguide channel. In combination with suitable phase-retrieval algorithms, challenging radiation-sensitive and low-contrast samples can be reconstructed with minimal artefacts. The dose efficiency of the method is demonstrated by the reconstruction of living macrophages both with and without phagocytized contrast agents. We also used zoom tomography to visualize barium-labelled macrophages in the context of morphological structures in asthmatic and healthy mouse lung tissue one day after intratracheal application. The three-dimensional reconstructions showed that the macrophages predominantly localized to the alveoli, but they were also found in bronchial walls, indicating that these cells might be able to migrate from the lumen of the bronchi through the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krenkel
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Markus
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartels
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- 1] Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany [2] Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany [3] Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Pal RK, Kurland NE, Wang C, Kundu SC, Yadavalli VK. Biopatterning of Silk Proteins for Soft Micro-optics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8809-16. [PMID: 25853731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Silk proteins from spiders and silkworms have been proposed as outstanding candidates for soft micro-optic and photonic applications because of their optical transparency, unique biological properties, and mechanical robustness. Here, we present a method to form microstructures of the two constituent silk proteins, fibroin and sericin for use as an optical biomaterial. Using photolithography, chemically modified silk protein photoresists are patterned in 2D arrays of periodic patterns and Fresnel zone plates. Angle-dependent iridescent colors are produced in these periodic micropatterns because of the Bragg diffraction. Silk protein photolithography can used to form patterns on different substrates including flexible sheets with features of any shape with high fidelity and resolution over large areas. Finally, we show that these mechanically stable and transparent iridescent architectures are also completely biodegradable. This versatile and scalable technique can therefore be used to develop biocompatible, soft micro-optic devices that can be degraded in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra K Pal
- †Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Nicholas E Kurland
- †Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Congzhou Wang
- †Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- ‡Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- †Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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Tsai YL, Li CW, Hong TM, Ho JZ, Yang EC, Wu WY, Margaritondo G, Hsu ST, Ong EBL, Hwu Y. Firefly light flashing: oxygen supply mechanism. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:258103. [PMID: 25554910 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.258103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Firefly luminescence is an intriguing phenomenon with potential technological applications, whose biochemistry background was only recently established. The physics side of this phenomenon, however, was still unclear, specifically as far as the oxygen supply mechanism for light flashing is concerned. This uncertainty is due to the complex microscopic structure of the tracheal system: without fully knowing its geometry, one cannot reliably test the proposed mechanisms. We solved this problem using synchrotron phase contrast microtomography and transmission x-ray microscopy, finding that the oxygen consumption corresponding to mitochondria functions exceeds the maximum rate of oxygen diffusion from the tracheal system to the photocytes. Furthermore, the flashing mechanism uses a large portion of this maximum rate. Thus, the flashing control requires passivation of the mitochondria functions, e.g., by nitric oxide, and switching of the oxygen supply from them to photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Lin Tsai
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Tzay-Ming Hong
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Zon Ho
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 552, Taiwan
| | - En-Cheng Yang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Wu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - G Margaritondo
- Faculté des Sciences de Base, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Edwin B L Ong
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Y Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Chen YS, Chen HH, Li TT, Ong E, Lim J, Margaritondo G, Hwu ET, Hwu Y. A compact synchrotron-based transmission X-ray microscope. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:376-379. [PMID: 24562558 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577513031640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A compact transmission X-ray microscope has been designed and implemented based on a cylindrical symmetry around the optical axis that sharply limits the instabilities due to thermal mechanical drift. Identical compact multi-axis closed-loop actuation modules drive different optical components. The design is modular and simplifies the change of individual parts, e.g. the use of different magnification and focusing devices. This compact instrument can be easily transported between laboratory and synchrotron facilities and quickly put into operation. An automated alignment mechanism simplifies the assembly of different modules after transportation. After describing the design details, the results of the first tests are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sheng Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Huang Han Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsong Tse Li
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Edwin Ong
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jun Lim
- Pohang Light Source, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Giorgio Margaritondo
- School of Basic Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - En-Te Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yeukuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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X-ray microscopy and tomography detect the accumulation of bare and PEG-coated gold nanoparticles in normal and tumor mouse tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1287-96. [PMID: 22918568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that, with appropriate staining, high-resolution X-ray microscopy can image complicated tissue structures--cerebellum and liver--and resolve large or small amounts of Au nanoparticles in these tissues. Specifically, images of tumor tissue reveal high concentrations of accumulated Au nanoparticles. PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)) coating is quite effective in enhancing this accumulation and significantly modifies the mechanism of uptake by reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs.
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