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Yavuz B, Mutlu EC, Ahmed Z, Ben-Nissan B, Stamboulis A. Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5863. [PMID: 38892052 PMCID: PMC11172915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and other lipid vesicles derived from cells, play a pivotal role in intercellular communication by transferring information between cells. EVs secreted by progenitor and stem cells have been associated with the therapeutic effects observed in cell-based therapies, and they also contribute to tissue regeneration following injury, such as in orthopaedic surgery cases. This review explores the involvement of EVs in nerve regeneration, their potential as drug carriers, and their significance in stem cell research and cell-free therapies. It underscores the importance of bioengineers comprehending and manipulating EV activity to optimize the efficacy of tissue engineering and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcak Yavuz
- Vocational School of Health Services, Altinbas University, 34147 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Esra Cansever Mutlu
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience & Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Besim Ben-Nissan
- Translational Biomaterials and Medicine Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Artemis Stamboulis
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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Huang T, Wang X, Mi Y, Wu W, Xu X, Li C, Wen Y, Li B, Li Y, Sun L, Li J, Wang M, Liu T, Wang S, Liang M. Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Phases and Identifies Two Key Genes during Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection in PMA-Induced THP-1 Cells. Viruses 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 38257759 PMCID: PMC10819900 DOI: 10.3390/v16010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the research of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV). However, several limitations and challenges still exist. For instance, researchers face constraints regarding experimental conditions and the feasibility of sample acquisition for studying SFTSV. To enhance the quality and comprehensiveness of SFTSV research, we opted to employ PMA-induced THP-1 cells as a model for SFTSV infection. Multiple time points of SFTSV infection were designed to capture the dynamic nature of the virus-host interaction. Through a comprehensive analysis utilizing various bioinformatics approaches, including diverse clustering methods, MUfzz analysis, and LASSO/Cox machine learning, we performed dynamic analysis and identified key genes associated with SFTSV infection at the host cell transcriptomic level. Notably, successful clustering was achieved for samples infected at different time points, leading to the identification of two important genes, PHGDH and NLRP12. And these findings may provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of SFTSV and contribute to our understanding of host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Yuqian Mi
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China;
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Yanhan Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Boyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Yang Li
- Chongqing Research Institute of Big Data, Peking University, Chongqing 400039, China
| | - Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Jiandong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Tiezhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Mifang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (T.H.); (W.W.); (X.X.)
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Liu J, He S, Ma B, Li X, Wang Y, Xiong J. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that FBLN2 and NPR3 are involved in the early osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:7637-7654. [PMID: 37543430 PMCID: PMC10457061 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The delicate equilibrium between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation of MSCs is highly regulated. We screened for early-stage osteogenesis- or adipogenesis-based MSCs protein expression profiles using TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis to identify novel participating molecules. Protein annotation, hierarchical clustering, functional stratification, and protein-protein association assessments were performed. Moreover, two upregulated proteins, namely, FBLN2 and NPR3, were validated to participate in the osteogenic differentiation process of MSCs. After that, we independently downregulated FBLN2 and NPR3 over seven days of osteogenic differentiation, and we performed quantitative proteomics analysis to determine how different proteins were regulated in knockdown vs. control cells. Based on gene ontology (GO) and network analyses, FBLN2 deficiency induced functional alterations associated with biological regulation and stimulus-response, whereas NPR3 deficiency induced functional alterations related to cellular and metabolic processes, and so on. These findings suggested that proteomics remains a useful method for an in-depth study of the MSCs differentiation process. This will assist in comprehensively evaluating its role in osteoporosis and provide additional approaches for identifying as-yet-unidentified effector molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Shan He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Baicheng Ma
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Xingnuan Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jianjun Xiong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
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Wiese DM, Wood CA, Ford BN, Braid LR. Cytokine Activation Reveals Tissue-Imprinted Gene Profiles of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917790. [PMID: 35924240 PMCID: PMC9341285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of standardized metrics to support manufacturing and regulatory approval of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) products is confounded by heterogeneity of MSC populations. Many reports describe fundamental differences between MSCs from various tissues and compare unstimulated and activated counterparts. However, molecular information comparing biological profiles of activated MSCs across different origins and donors is limited. To better understand common and source-specific mechanisms of action, we compared the responses of 3 donor populations each of human umbilical cord (UC) and bone marrow (BM) MSCs to TNF-α, IL-1β or IFN-γ. Transcriptome profiles were analysed by microarray and select secretome profiles were assessed by multiplex immunoassay. Unstimulated (resting) UC and BM-MSCs differentially expressed (DE) 174 genes. Signatures of TNF-α-stimulated BM and UC-MSCs included 45 and 14 new DE genes, respectively, while all but 7 of the initial 174 DE genes were expressed at comparable levels after licensing. After IL-1β activation, only 5 of the 174 DE genes remained significantly different, while 6 new DE genes were identified. IFN-γ elicited a robust transcriptome response from both cell types, yet nearly all differences (171/174) between resting populations were attenuated. Nine DE genes predominantly corresponding to immunogenic cell surface proteins emerged as a BM-MSC signature of IFN-γ activation. Changes in protein synthesis of select analytes correlated modestly with transcript levels. The dynamic responses of licensed MSCs documented herein, which attenuated heterogeneity between unstimulated populations, provide new insight into common and source-imprinted responses to cytokine activation and can inform strategic development of meaningful, standardized assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry N. Ford
- Defence Research and Development Canada Suffield Research Centre, Casualty Management Section, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada
| | - Lorena R. Braid
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., Medicine Hat, AB, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Lorena R. Braid, ;
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Cho HY, Lee S, Park JH, Kwak YH, Kweon H, Kang D. Competitive Hybridization of a Microarray Identifies CMKLR1 as an Up-Regulated Gene in Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Compared to Human Embryonic Fibroblasts. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1497-1512. [PMID: 35723360 PMCID: PMC9164045 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely applied to the regeneration of damaged tissue and the modulation of immune response. The purity of MSC preparation and the delivery of MSCs to a target region are critical factors for success in therapeutic application. In order to define the molecular identity of an MSC, the gene expression pattern of a human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) was compared with that of a human embryonic fibroblast (hEF) by competitive hybridization of a microarray. A total of 270 and 173 genes were two-fold up- and down-regulated with FDR < 0.05 in the hBMSC compared to the hEF, respectively. The overexpressed genes in the hBMSC over the hEF, including transcription factors, were enriched for biological processes such as axial pattern formation, face morphogenesis and skeletal system development, which could be expected from the differentiation potential of MSCs. CD70 and CD339 were identified as additional CD markers that were up-regulated in the hBMSC over the hEF. The differential expression of CD70 and CD339 might be exploited to distinguish hEF and hBMSC. CMKLR1, a chemokine receptor, was up-regulated in the hBMSC compared to the hEF. RARRES2, a CMKLR1 ligand, stimulated specific migration of the hBMSC, but not of the hEF. RARRES2 manifested as ~two-fold less effective than SDF-1α in the directional migration of the hBMSC. The expression of CMKLR1 was decreased upon the osteoblastic differentiation of the hBMSC. However, the RARRES2-loaded 10% HA-silk scaffold did not recruit endogenous cells to the scaffold in vivo. The RARRES2−CMKLR1 axis could be employed in recruiting systemically delivered or endogenous MSCs to a specific target lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Cho
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Beodeunaru-ro 55, Seoul 07247, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.-H.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sooho Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Beodeunaru-ro 55, Seoul 07247, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ji-Hong Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Beodeunaru-ro 55, Seoul 07247, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.-H.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yoon Hae Kwak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - HaeYong Kweon
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
| | - Dongchul Kang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Beodeunaru-ro 55, Seoul 07247, Korea; (H.-Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.-H.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6923-8230
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Xiong J, Hu H, Guo R, Wang H, Jiang H. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes as a New Strategy for the Treatment of Diabetes Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:646233. [PMID: 33995278 PMCID: PMC8117220 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.646233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, now prevalent worldwide, which is characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin secretion leading to chronically increased blood glucose levels. Diabetic patients are often accompanied by multiple macrovascular complications, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, macrovascular arteriosclerosis, and microvascular complications. Microvascular complications include diabetic kidney injury, diabetic encephalopathy, and diabetic foot, which reduce the quality of life and survival status of patients. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (MSC-Exos) possess repair functions similar to MSCs, low immunogenicity, and ease of storage and transport. MSC-Exos have been proven to possess excellent repair effects in repairing various organ damages. This study reviews the application of MSC-Exos in the treatment of DM and its common complications. MSC-Exos may be used as an effective treatment for DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Wang
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Hua Jiang,
| | - Hua Jiang
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Hua Jiang,
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7
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Chowdhury S, Ghosh S. Next Generation Sequencing and Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wiese DM, Braid LR. Transcriptome profiles acquired during cell expansion and licensing validate mesenchymal stromal cell lineage genes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:357. [PMID: 32795342 PMCID: PMC7427746 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are rapidly advancing as commercial therapeutics. However, there are still no adequate tools to validate the identity of MSCs and support standardization of MSC-based products. Currently accepted metrics include cell surface marker profiling and tri-lineage differentiation assays, neither of which is definitive. Transcript profiling represents a cost- and time-effective approach amenable to MSC manufacturing processes. Two independent labs recently reported non-overlapping MSC-specific transcriptomic signatures of 489 and 16 genes. Methods Here, we interrogated our repository of transcriptome data to determine whether routine culture manipulations including cell expansion and immune activation affect expression of the reported MSC lineage genes. These data sets comprise 4 donor populations of human umbilical cord (UC) MSCs serially cultured from cryopreservation thaw through pre-senescence, and 3 donor populations each of naïve UC and bone marrow (BM) MSCs and licensed by 3 different cytokines. Results Overall, 437 of 456 proposed signature genes assessed in these data sets were reliably expressed, representing an enduring lineage profile in 96% agreement with the previous studies. Serial passaging resulted in the downregulation of 3 signature genes, and one was silenced. Cytokine stimulation downregulated expression of 16 signature genes, and 3 were uniformly silenced in one or the other MSC type. Fifteen additional genes were unreliably detected, independent of culture manipulation. Conclusion These results validate and refine the proposed transcriptomic tools for reliable identification of MSCs after isolation through cell expansion and after inflammatory activation. We propose a 24-gene signature to support standardized and accessible MSC characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Wiese
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., Crescent Heights PO Box 21053, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada
| | - Lorena R Braid
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., Crescent Heights PO Box 21053, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada.
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Transcriptional consequences of impaired immune cell responses induced by cystic fibrosis plasma characterized via dual RNA sequencing. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:66. [PMID: 31118097 PMCID: PMC6532208 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In cystic fibrosis (CF), impaired immune cell responses, driven by the dysfunctional CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, may determine the disease severity but clinical heterogeneity remains a major therapeutic challenge. The characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying impaired immune responses in CF may reveal novel targets with therapeutic potential. Therefore, we utilized simultaneous RNA sequencing targeted at identifying differentially expressed genes, transcripts, and miRNAs that characterize impaired immune responses triggered by CF and its phenotypes. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) extracted from a healthy donor were stimulated with plasma from CF patients (n = 9) and healthy controls (n = 3). The PBMCs were cultured (1 × 105 cells/well) for 9 h at 37 ° C in 5% CO2. After culture, total RNA was extracted from each sample and used for simultaneous total RNA and miRNA sequencing. Results Analysis of expression signatures from peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by plasma of CF patients and healthy controls identified 151 genes, 154 individual transcripts, and 41 miRNAs differentially expressed in CF compared to HC while the expression signatures of 285 genes, 241 individual transcripts, and seven miRNAs differed due to CF phenotypes. Top immune pathways influenced by CF included agranulocyte adhesion, diapedesis signaling, and IL17 signaling, while those influenced by CF phenotypes included natural killer cell signaling and PI3K signaling in B lymphocytes. Upstream regulator analysis indicated dysregulation of CCL5, NF-κB and IL1A due to CF while dysregulation of TREM1 and TP53 regulators were associated with CF phenotype. Five miRNAs showed inverse expression patterns with three target genes relevant in CF-associated impaired immune pathways while two miRNAs showed inverse expression patterns with two target genes relevant to a dysregulated immune pathway associated with CF phenotypes. Conclusions Our results indicate that miRNAs and individual transcript variants are relevant molecular targets contributing to impaired immune cell responses in CF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0529-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zhang B, Kasoju N, Li Q, Soliman E, Yang A, Cui Z, Ma J, Wang H, Ye H. Culture surfaces induce hypoxia-regulated genes in human mesenchymal stromal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:035012. [PMID: 30849767 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab0e61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Culturing human Mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in vitro in hypoxic conditions resulted in reduced senescence, enhanced pluripotency and altered proliferation rate. It has been known that in vitro hypoxia affects expression of cell surface proteins. However, the impact of culture surfaces on the hypoxia-regulated genes (HRG) have not yet been reported. This study utilized Next-Generation sequencing to analyse the changes in the gene expression levels of HRG for hMSCs cultured on different culture surfaces. The samples, which were cultured on four different synthesized surfaces (treatments) and tissue culture plate (control), resulted in a difference in growth rate. The sequencing results revealed that the transcription of a number of key genes involved in regulating hypoxic functions were significantly altered, including HIF2A, a marker for potency, differentiation, and various cellular functions. Significant alternations in the expression levels of previously reported oxygen-sensitive surface proteins were detected in this study, some of which closely correlate with the expression levels of HIF2A. Our analysis of the hMSCs transcriptome and HRG mapped out a list of genes encoding surface proteins which may directly regulate or be regulated by HIF2A. The findings from this study showed that culture surfaces have an impact on regulating the expression profile of HRG. Therefore, novel culture surfaces may be designed to selectively activate HIF2A and other HRG and pathways under in vitro normoxia. The understanding of the crosstalk between the regulating genes of hypoxia and culture surfaces may be utilized to strengthen desired hypoxic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zhang B, Kasoju N, Li Q, Ma J, Yang A, Cui Z, Wang H, Ye H. Effect of Substrate Topography and Chemistry on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Markers: A Transcriptome Study. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:84-94. [PMID: 30836724 PMCID: PMC6457710 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) proposed a set of minimal markers for identifying human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in 2007. Since then, with the growing interest of better characterising hMSCs, various additional surface markers have been proposed. However, the impact of how culture conditions, in particular, the culture surface, vary the expression of hMSC markers was overlooked. Methods and Results In this study, we utilized the RNA sequencing data on hMSCs cultured on different surfaces to investigate the variation of the proposed hMSC biomarkers. One of the three ISCT proposed positive biomarker, CD90 was found to be significantly down regulated on hMSCs culture on fibrous surfaces when compared to flat surfaces. The detected gene expression values for 177 hMSCs biomarkers compiled from the literature are reported here. Correlation and cluster analysis revealed the existence of different biomarker communities that displayed a similar expression profile. We found a list of hMSCs biomarkers which are the least sensitive to a change in surface properties and another list of biomarkers which are found to have high sensitivity to a change in surface properties. Conclusions This study demonstrated that substrate properties have paramount effect on altering the expressions of hMSCs biomarkers and the proposed list of substrate-stable and substrate-sensitive biomarkers would better assist in the population characterisation. However, proteomic level analysis would be essential to confirm the observations noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naresh Kasoju
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jinmin Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Aidong Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Si Z, Wang X, Sun C, Kang Y, Xu J, Wang X, Hui Y. Adipose-derived stem cells: Sources, potency, and implications for regenerative therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108765. [PMID: 30921703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a subset of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can be obtained easily from adipose tissues and possess many of the same regenerative properties as other MSCs. ASCs easily adhere to plastic culture flasks, expand in vitro, and have the capacity to differentiate into multiple cell lineages, offering the potential to repair, maintain, or enhance various tissues. Since human adipose tissue is ubiquitous and easily obtained in large quantities using a minimally invasive procedure, the use of autologous ASCs is promising for both regenerative medicine and organs damaged by injury and disease, leading to a rapidly increasing field of research. ASCs are effective for the treatment of severe symptoms such as atrophy, fibrosis, retraction, and ulcers induced by radiation therapy. Moreover, ASCs have been shown to be effective for pathological wound healing such as aberrant scar formation. Additionally, ASCs have been shown to be effective in treating severe refractory acute graft-versus-host disease and hematological and immunological disorders such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and refractory pure red cell aplasia, indicating that ASCs may have immunomodulatory function. Although many experimental procedures have been proposed, standardized harvesting protocols and processing techniques do not yet exist. Therefore, in this review we focus on the current landscape of ASC isolation, identification, location, and differentiation ability, and summarize the recent progress in ASC applications, the latest preclinical and clinical research, and future approaches for the use of ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Si
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Changhui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuchun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xidi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China; Basic Medical Institute of Heilongjiang Medical Science Academy, PR China; Translational Medicine Center of Northern China, PR China
| | - Yang Hui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China; Basic Medical Institute of Heilongjiang Medical Science Academy, PR China; Translational Medicine Center of Northern China, PR China.
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Ideozu JE, Zhang X, McColley S, Levy H. Transcriptome Profiling and Molecular Therapeutic Advances in Cystic Fibrosis: Recent Insights. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030180. [PMID: 30813620 PMCID: PMC6470978 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene disrupt the capacity of the encoded protein to function as a channel to transport chloride ions and water across cell membranes. The consequences are deleterious, system-wide, and immensely variable, even among patients with the same CFTR genotype. This underscores the need to characterize the mechanisms contributing to CF pathophysiology. Gene replacement and gene editing therapies have been pursued intensively and are expected to provide a one-time treatment for CF. However, gene replacement therapy is limited by the lack of efficient vectors to deliver functional copies of CFTR to cells without immunological complications, while gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 are still in their infancy, mainly useful in somatic cells and limited by off-target insertions. Small molecule treatments targeted at potentiating or correcting CFTR have shown clinical benefits, but they are limited to a few CFTR mutations and insufficient to overcome challenges related to clinical heterogeneity. Transcriptome profiling approaches have emerged as robust tools capable of characterizing phenotypic variability and revealing novel molecular targets with therapeutic potential for CF. We summarize current insights gained through transcriptome profiling approaches in CF studies and recent advances in molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Ideozu
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
- Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
- Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Susanna McColley
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Hara Levy
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
- Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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14
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Taşkiran EZ, Karaosmanoğlu B. Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes between human primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human primary dermal fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:21-27. [PMID: 30930632 PMCID: PMC6426640 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1808-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells have been widely used in biomedical research and disease modeling studies in vitro. The most commonly used types of stromal cells are mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts. Their cellular phenotypes and differentiation capabilities are quite similar and there are no specific distinction criteria. In order to identify transcriptomic differences between these 2 cell types, we performed next-generation RNA sequencing. Using the global gene expression profile and pathway analysis, we showed that human primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human primary dermal fibroblasts have different molecular signatures. We also identified critical transcription factors that are differentially expressed between these cells. We then proposed that homeobox genes and some other sequence-specific transcription factors are not only responsible for transcriptional differences, but also discriminate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and dermal fibroblasts at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekim Zihni Taşkiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Beren Karaosmanoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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15
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Meng Y, Sun J, Wang X, Hu T, Ma Y, Kong C, Piao H, Yu T, Zhang G. Exosomes: A Promising Avenue for the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033818821421. [PMID: 30760122 PMCID: PMC6373987 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818821421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, despite the advances in individualized treatment, breast cancer still remains the deadliest form of cancer in women. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapy-predictive methods are mainly based on the evaluation of tumor tissue samples and are aimed to improve the overall therapeutic level. Therefore, the exploration of a series of circulating biomarkers, which serve as the information source of tumors and could be obtained by peripheral blood samples, represents a high field of interest. Apart from classical biomarkers, exosomes, which are nanovesicles, are emerging as an accessible and efficient source of cell information. The purpose of this review is to summarize the peculiarities of the presently available breast cancer exosomal biomarkers; the review also provides the prediction of a multitude of potential target genes of exosomal microRNAs using 4 databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Meng
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Blood Bank, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yushu Ma
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cuicui Kong
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Medical Image, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Improving characterisation of human Multipotent Stromal Cells cultured in 2D and 3D: Design and evaluation of primer sets for accurate gene expression normalisation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209772. [PMID: 30596738 PMCID: PMC6312307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Multipotent Stromal Cells (MSCs) are a valuable resource for regenerative medicine and are widely studied. They can be isolated from a variety of tissues and differentiate into multiple cell types (multi-potent). Many reports have been published using human MSCs and to be able to compare outcome, or be able to identify differences between MSCs, several cell surface markers have been proposed. Nevertheless, still many differences remain. Gene expression is known to be different between cell stage and origin. Furthermore, cells cultured on a culture dish (2D) show different gene expression profiles as compared to cells grown on scaffolds (3D). Even the RNA extraction method and the selection of genes used for normalisation have a role in gene expression profiling. To be able to compare gene expression data from samples cultured in different dimensions and RNA extracted using a variety of protocols we set out to define a set of reference genes suitable to normalise qPCR data from a very heterogeneous sample set. Hereto, Trizol was used to extract RNA from human MSCs cultured in 3D and 2D to validate newly designed and previously published primer sets. Subsequently, RNA from fresh human MSC samples and samples stored in RLT-buffer, Trizol or RNAlater was extracted using RNeasy and Trizol methods. All samples have been used to rank the candidate reference genes according to their stability after qPCR enabling identification of the most suitable reference gene(s) for normalisation of a heterogeneous sample set. The most stably expressed reference genes indicated superior normalisation of MSC marker gene expression over the least stable reference genes.
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17
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Li Q, Zhang B, Kasoju N, Ma J, Yang A, Cui Z, Wang H, Ye H. Differential and Interactive Effects of Substrate Topography and Chemistry on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2344. [PMID: 30096912 PMCID: PMC6121573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in substrate chemistry and the micro-structure were shown to have a significant effect on the biology of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). This occurs when differences in the surface properties indirectly modulate pathways within numerous signaling networks that control cell fate. To understand how the surface features affect hMSC gene expression, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis of bone marrow-derived hMSCs cultured on tissue culture-treated polystyrene (TCP) and poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) based substrates of differing topography (Fl: flat and Fs: fibrous) and chemistry (Pr: pristine and Am: aminated). Whilst 80% of gene expression remained similar for cells cultured on test substrates, the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that surface topography significantly altered gene expression more than surface chemistry. The Fl and Fs topologies introduced opposite directional alternations in gene expression when compared to TCP control. In addition, the effect of chemical treatment interacted with that of topography in a synergistic manner with the Pr samples promoting more DEGs than Am samples in all gene ontology function groups. These findings not only highlight the significance of the culture surface on regulating the overall gene expression profile but also provide novel insights into cell-material interactions that could help further design the next-generation biomaterials to facilitate hMSC applications. At the same time, further studies are required to investigate whether or not the observations noted correlate with subsequent protein expression and functionality of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongfang Li
- China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK.
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3PJ Oxford, UK.
| | - Naresh Kasoju
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK.
| | - Jinmin Ma
- China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Aidong Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3PJ Oxford, UK.
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK.
| | - Hui Wang
- China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123 Suzhou, China.
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK.
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18
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Zhang B, Ye H, Yang A. Mathematical modelling of interacting mechanisms for hypoxia mediated cell cycle commitment for mesenchymal stromal cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 29606139 PMCID: PMC5879778 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Existing experimental data have shown hypoxia to be an important factor affecting the proliferation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), but the contrasting observations made at various hypoxic levels raise the questions of whether hypoxia accelerates proliferation, and how. On the other hand, in order to meet the increasing demand of MSCs, an optimised bioreactor control strategy is needed to enhance in vitro production. Results A comprehensive, single-cell mathematical model has been constructed in this work, which combines cellular oxygen sensing with hypoxia-mediated cell cycle progression to predict cell cycle commitment as a proxy to proliferation rate. With oxygen levels defined for in vitro cell culture, the model predicts enhanced proliferation under intermediate (2–8%) and mild (8–15%) hypoxia and cell quiescence under severe (< 2%) hypoxia. Global sensitivity analysis and quasi-Monte Carlo simulation revealed that within a certain range (+/− 100%), model parameters affect (with varying significance) the minimum commitment time, but the existence of a range of optimal oxygen tension could be preserved with the hypothesized effects of Hif2α and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It appears that Hif2α counteracts Hif1α and ROS-mediated protein deactivation under intermediate hypoxia and normoxia (20%), respectively, to regulate the response of cell cycle commitment to oxygen tension. Conclusion Overall, this modelling study offered an integrative framework to capture several interacting mechanisms and allowed in silico analysis of their individual and collective roles in shaping the hypoxia-mediated commitment to cell cycle. The model offers a starting point to the establishment of a suitable mechanism that can satisfactorily explain the different existing experimental observations from different studies, and warrants future extension and dedicated experimental validation to eventually support bioreactor optimisation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0560-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aidong Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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19
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Hebels DG, Carlier A, Coonen ML, Theunissen DH, de Boer J. cBiT: A transcriptomics database for innovative biomaterial engineering. Biomaterials 2017; 149:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Cao Z, Huang S, Li J, Bai Y, Dou C, Liu C, Kang F, Gong X, Ding H, Hou T, Dong S. Long noncoding RNA expression profiles in chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 17:739-749. [PMID: 28735352 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators for a variety of biological processes. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a crucial stage in chondrogenesis while chondrocyte hypertrophy is related to endochondral ossification and osteoarthritis. However, the effects of lncRNAs on chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation of mouse MSCs are unclear. To explore the potential mechanisms of lncRNAs during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy, microarray was performed to investigate the expression profiles of lncRNA and mRNA in MSCs, pre-chondrocytes, and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Then, we validated microarray data by RT-PCR and screened three lncRNAs from upregulating groups during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy respectively. After downregulating any of the above lncRNAs, we found that the expression of chondrogenesis-related genes such as Sox9 and Col2a1 and hypertrophy-related genes including Runx2 and Col10a1 was inhibited, respectively. Furthermore, the target genes of above lncRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics approaches. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genome biological pathway analysis were also made to speculate the functions of above lncRNAs. In conclusion, the study first revealed the expression profile of lncRNAs in chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiations of mouse MSCs and presented a new prospect for the underlying mechanisms of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Department of Anatomy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jianmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China.,National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoshan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haibin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tianyong Hou
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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