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Akanmu AO, Asemoloye MD, Marchisio MA, Babalola OO. Adoption of CRISPR-Cas for crop production: present status and future prospects. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17402. [PMID: 38860212 PMCID: PMC11164064 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Global food systems in recent years have been impacted by some harsh environmental challenges and excessive anthropogenic activities. The increasing levels of both biotic and abiotic stressors have led to a decline in food production, safety, and quality. This has also contributed to a low crop production rate and difficulty in meeting the requirements of the ever-growing population. Several biotic stresses have developed above natural resistance in crops coupled with alarming contamination rates. In particular, the multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria and some other plant pathogens has been a hot topic over recent years since the food system is often exposed to contamination at each of the farm-to-fork stages. Therefore, a system that prioritizes the safety, quality, and availability of foods is needed to meet the health and dietary preferences of everyone at every time. Methods This review collected scattered information on food systems and proposes methods for plant disease management. Multiple databases were searched for relevant specialized literature in the field. Particular attention was placed on the genetic methods with special interest in the potentials of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and Cas (CRISPR associated) proteins technology in food systems and security. Results The review reveals the approaches that have been developed to salvage the problem of food insecurity in an attempt to achieve sustainable agriculture. On crop plants, some systems tend towards either enhancing the systemic resistance or engineering resistant varieties against known pathogens. The CRISPR-Cas technology has become a popular tool for engineering desired genes in living organisms. This review discusses its impact and why it should be considered in the sustainable management, availability, and quality of food systems. Some important roles of CRISPR-Cas have been established concerning conventional and earlier genome editing methods for simultaneous modification of different agronomic traits in crops. Conclusion Despite the controversies over the safety of the CRISPR-Cas system, its importance has been evident in the engineering of disease- and drought-resistant crop varieties, the improvement of crop yield, and enhancement of food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinlolu Olalekan Akanmu
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of North-West, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Michael Dare Asemoloye
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of North-West, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | | | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of North-West, Mmabatho, South Africa
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cui Q, Feng Y, Xuan J. Composition of Lignocellulose Hydrolysate in Different Biorefinery Strategies: Nutrients and Inhibitors. Molecules 2024; 29:2275. [PMID: 38792135 PMCID: PMC11123716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysis and biotransformation of lignocellulose, i.e., biorefinery, can provide human beings with biofuels, bio-based chemicals, and materials, and is an important technology to solve the fossil energy crisis and promote global sustainable development. Biorefinery involves steps such as pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation, and researchers have developed a variety of biorefinery strategies to optimize the process and reduce process costs in recent years. Lignocellulosic hydrolysates are platforms that connect the saccharification process and downstream fermentation. The hydrolysate composition is closely related to biomass raw materials, the pretreatment process, and the choice of biorefining strategies, and provides not only nutrients but also possible inhibitors for downstream fermentation. In this review, we summarized the effects of each stage of lignocellulosic biorefinery on nutrients and possible inhibitors, analyzed the huge differences in nutrient retention and inhibitor generation among various biorefinery strategies, and emphasized that all steps in lignocellulose biorefinery need to be considered comprehensively to achieve maximum nutrient retention and optimal control of inhibitors at low cost, to provide a reference for the development of biomass energy and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Wang
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yuedong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Qiu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinsong Xuan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhang J, Li K, Sun Y, Yao C, Liu W, Liu H, Zhong Y. An efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system based on a multiple sgRNA processing platform in Trichoderma reesei for strain improvement and enzyme production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:22. [PMID: 38342915 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CRISPR/Cas9 technology is being employed as a convenient tool for genetic engineering of the industrially important filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. However, multiplex gene editing is still constrained by the sgRNA processing capability, hindering strain improvement of T. reesei for the production of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes and recombinant proteins. RESULTS Here, a CRISPR/Cas9 system based on a multiple sgRNA processing platform was established for genome editing in T. reesei. The platform contains the arrayed tRNA-sgRNA architecture directed by a 5S rRNA promoter to generate multiple sgRNAs from a single transcript by the endogenous tRNA processing system. With this system, two sgRNAs targeting cre1 (encoding the carbon catabolite repressor 1) were designed and the precise deletion of cre1 was obtained, demonstrating the efficiency of sgRNAs processing in the tRNA-sgRNA architecture. Moreover, overexpression of xyr1-A824V (encoding a key activator for cellulase/xylanase expression) at the ace1 (encoding a repressor for cellulase/xylanase expression) locus was achieved by designing two sgRNAs targeting ace1 in the system, resulting in the significantly enhanced production of cellulase (up to 1- and 18-fold on the Avicel and glucose, respectively) and xylanase (up to 11- and 41-fold on the Avicel and glucose, respectively). Furthermore, heterologous expression of the glucose oxidase gene from Aspergillus niger ATCC 9029 at the cbh1 locus with the simultaneous deletion of cbh1 and cbh2 (two cellobiohydrolase coding genes) by designing four sgRNAs targeting cbh1 and cbh2 in the system was acquired, and the glucose oxidase produced by T. reesei reached 43.77 U/mL. Besides, it was found the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) level was decreased in the glucose oxidase-producing strain, which was likely due to the reduction of secretion pressure by deletion of the major endogenous cellulase-encoding genes. CONCLUSIONS The tRNA-gRNA array-based CRISPR-Cas9 editing system was successfully developed in T. reesei. This system would accelerate engineering of T. reesei for high-level production of enzymes including lignocellulose-degrading enzymes and other recombinant enzymes. Furthermore, it would expand the CRISPR toolbox for fungal genome editing and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Kehang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Xia C, Qi X, Song X. Cumulative expression of heterologous XlnR regulatory modules and AraR A731V in Penicillium oxalicum enhances saccharification efficiency of corn stover and corn fiber. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:18. [PMID: 38303075 PMCID: PMC10835966 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Penicillium oxalicum engineered strain DB2 and its mutant strains with multiple regulatory modules were constructed. Mutant strain RE-4-2 with two regulatory modules showed a significant increase in the reducing sugar released from corn stover and corn fiber as well as in the conversion of cellulose than DB2. RE-5-2 with three regulatory modules showed a further increase in reducing sugar released from corn stover and the conversion of cellulose on the basis of RE-4-2. RE-4-2-AraRA731V constructed by overexpressing AraRA731V in RE-4-2 showed an increase of 7.2 times and 1.2 times in arabinofuranosidase and xylosidase activities, respectively. Reducing sugar yield and cellulose conversion of corn stover and corn fiber by RE-4-2-AraRA731V were further increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiang Xia
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Minxiannan Road 1, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qi
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Wang J, Wang M, Han A, Zhao X, Wang W, Wei D. Engineering the metabolism and morphology of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei for efficient L-malic acid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129629. [PMID: 37558099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
L-malic acid (MA) is a vital platform chemical with huge market demand because of its broad industrial applications. A cell factory for MA production was engineered by strengthening the intrinsic pathway without inserting foreign genes into Trichoderma reesei. The native MA transporter gene in the T. reesei genome was characterized (trmae1), and its overexpression significantly improved MA production, which increased from 2 to 56.24 g/L. Native pyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glucose transporter were overexpressed further to improve the titer and yield of MA production. Fungal morphology was adapted to produce MA in the fermenter by deleting gul1. A titer of 235.8 g/L MA was produced from the final engineered strain in a 5-L fermenter with a yield of 1.48 mol of MA per mol of glucose and productivity of 1.23 g/L/h. This study provides novel insights for understanding and remodeling the MA synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Chen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Han
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Singh V, Raheja Y, Basotra N, Sharma G, Tsang A, Chadha BS. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing of transcription factor ACE1 for enhanced cellulase production in thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:18. [PMID: 37658430 PMCID: PMC10472679 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Rasamsonia emersonii has immense potential to produce biorefinery relevant thermostable cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes using lignocellulosic biomass. Previously in our lab, a hyper-cellulase producing strain of R. emersonii was developed through classical breeding and system biology approaches. ACE1, a pivotal transcription factor in fungi, plays a crucial role in negatively regulating the expression of cellulase genes. In order to identify the role of ACE1 in cellulase production and to further improve the lignocellulolytic enzyme production in R. emersonii, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated disruption of ACE1 gene was employed. RESULTS A gene-edited ∆ACE1 strain (GN11) was created, that showed 21.97, 20.70 and 24.63, 9.42, 18.12%, improved endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase (CBHI), β-glucosidase, FPase, and xylanase, activities, respectively, as compared to parental strain M36. The transcriptional profiling showed that the expression of global regulator (XlnR) and different CAZymes genes including endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolase, β-xylosidase, xylanase, β-glucosidase and lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases (LPMOs) were significantly enhanced, suggesting critical roles of ACE1 in negatively regulating the expression of various key genes associated with cellulase production in R. emersonii. Whereas, the disruption of ACE1 significantly down-regulated the expression of CreA repressor gene as also evidenced by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) resistance phenotype exhibited by edited strain GN11 as well as appreciably higher constitutive production of cellulases in the presence of glucose and mixture of glucose and disaccharide (MGDs) both in batch and flask fed batch mode of culturing. Furthermore, ∆ACE1 strains were evaluated for the hydrolysis of biorefinery relevant steam/acid pretreated unwashed rice straw slurry (Praj Industries Ltd; 15% substrate loading rate) and were found to be significantly superior when compared to the benchmark enzymes produced by parent strain M36 and Cellic Ctec3. CONCLUSIONS Current work uncovers the crucial role of ACE1 in regulating the expression of the various cellulase genes and carbon catabolite repression mechanism in R. emersonii. This study represents the first successful report of utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to disrupt the ACE1 gene in the thermophlic fungus R. emersonii. The improved methodologies presented in this work might be applied to other commercially important fungal strains for which genetic manipulation tools are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Yashika Raheja
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Basotra
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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Lv D, Zhang W, Meng X, Liu W. Single Mutation in Transcriptional Activator Xyr1 Enhances Cellulase and Xylanase Production in Trichoderma reesei on Glucose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11993-12003. [PMID: 37523749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
To achieve cost-effective production of lignocellulolytic enzymes for biorefinery processes, engineering transcription factors represents a powerful strategy to boost cellulase and xylanase in Trichoderma reesei. In this study, a novel mutation (R434L) in xylanase regulator 1 (Xyr1) was identified based on the yeast one-hybrid screening system. The point mutation was located in the middle homology region of Xyr1 with unclear functions, indicating a significant role for this domain in tuning Xyr1 transactivation. When constitutively expressed in T. reesei Δxyr1 (OEXR434L), Xyr1R434L led to highly improved production of both cellulases and xylanases on glucose compared with a strain similarly expressing Xyr1 (OEX). The respective 0.8- and 0.7-fold increases in extracellular pNPCase and xylanolytic activity were further verified to result from the greatly elevated transcription of major cellulase and xylanase genes in OEXR434L. Moreover, the saccharification efficiency of corn stover with OEXR434L enzyme cocktails was enhanced by 21% compared with that of OEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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Su H, Lin J. Biosynthesis pathways of expanding carbon chains for producing advanced biofuels. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:109. [PMID: 37400889 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Because the thermodynamic property is closer to gasoline, advanced biofuels (C ≥ 6) are appealing for replacing non-renewable fossil fuels using biosynthesis method that has presented a promising approach. Synthesizing advanced biofuels (C ≥ 6), in general, requires the expansion of carbon chains from three carbon atoms to more than six carbon atoms. Despite some specific biosynthesis pathways that have been developed in recent years, adequate summary is still lacking on how to obtain an effective metabolic pathway. Review of biosynthesis pathways for expanding carbon chains will be conducive to selecting, optimizing and discovering novel synthetic route to obtain new advanced biofuels. Herein, we first highlighted challenges on expanding carbon chains, followed by presentation of two biosynthesis strategies and review of three different types of biosynthesis pathways of carbon chain expansion for synthesizing advanced biofuels. Finally, we provided an outlook for the introduction of gene-editing technology in the development of new biosynthesis pathways of carbon chain expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Su
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Natural and Resources, Xian, 710075, Shanxi, China
| | - JiaFu Lin
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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Gao J, Liu H, Zhang Z, Liang Z. Establishment, optimization, and application of genetic technology in Aspergillus spp. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1141869. [PMID: 37025635 PMCID: PMC10071863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1141869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus is widely distributed in nature and occupies a crucial ecological niche, which has complex and diverse metabolic pathways and can produce a variety of metabolites. With the deepening of genomics exploration, more Aspergillus genomic informations have been elucidated, which not only help us understand the basic mechanism of various life activities, but also further realize the ideal functional transformation. Available genetic engineering tools include homologous recombinant systems, specific nuclease based systems, and RNA techniques, combined with transformation methods, and screening based on selective labeling. Precise editing of target genes can not only prevent and control the production of mycotoxin pollutants, but also realize the construction of economical and efficient fungal cell factories. This paper reviewed the establishment and optimization process of genome technologies, hoping to provide the theoretical basis of experiments, and summarized the recent progress and application in genetic technology, analyzes the challenges and the possibility of future development with regard to Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Liang,
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Integrating 1G with 2G Bioethanol Production by Using Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as the Feedstock for Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First-generation (1G) bioethanol is one of the most used liquid biofuels in the transport industry. It is generated by using sugar- or starch-based feedstocks, while second-generation (2G) bioethanol is generated by using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of first-generation bioethanol production with a current annual production of 22.6 million tons in the USA. DDGS is rich in fiber and valuable nutrients contents, which can be used to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases for 2G bioethanol production. However, DDGS needs a pretreatment method such as dilute acid, ammonia soaking, or steam hydrolysis to release monosaccharides and short-length oligosaccharides as fermentable sugars for use in microbial media. These fermentable sugars can then induce microbial growth and enzyme production compared to only glucose or xylose in the media. In addition, selection of one or more suitable microbial strains, which work best with the DDGS for enzyme production, is also needed. Media optimization and fermentation process optimization strategies can then be applied to find the optimum conditions for the production of cellulases and hemicellulases needed for 2G bioethanol production. Therefore, in this review, a summary of all such techniques is compiled with a special focus on recent findings obtained in previous pieces of research conducted by the authors and by others in the literature. Furthermore, a comparison of such techniques applied to other feedstocks and process improvement strategies is also provided. Overall, dilute acid pretreatment is proven to be better than other pretreatment methods, and fermentation optimization strategies can enhance enzyme production by considerable folds with a suitable feedstock such as DDGS. Future studies can be further enhanced by the technoeconomic viability of DDGS as the on-site enzyme feedstock for the manufacture of second-generation bioethanol (2G) in first-generation (1G) ethanol plants, thus bridging the two processes for the efficient production of bioethanol using corn or other starch-based lignocellulosic plants.
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One-Step Carbonization Synthesis of Magnetic Biochar with 3D Network Structure and Its Application in Organic Pollutant Control. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012579. [PMID: 36293433 PMCID: PMC9604314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a magnetic biochar with a unique 3D network structure was synthesized by using a simple and controllable method. In brief, the microbial filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei was used as a template, and Fe3+ was added to the culture process, which resulted in uniform recombination through the bio-assembly property of fungal hyphae. Finally, magnetic biochar (BMFH/Fe3O4) was synthesized by controlling different heating conditions in a high temperature process. The adsorption and Fenton-like catalytic performance of BMFH/Fe3O4 were investigated by using the synthetic dye malachite green (MG) and the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) as organic pollutant models. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of BMFH/Fe3O4 for MG and TH was 158.2 and 171.26 mg/g, respectively, which was higher than that of most biochar adsorbents, and the Fenton-like catalytic degradation effect of organic pollutants was also better than that of most catalysts. This study provides a magnetic biochar with excellent performance, but more importantly, the method used can be effective in further improving the performance of biochar for better control of organic pollutants.
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The Disposition of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste, Their Extraction, and Analysis Using Novel Technologies: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit waste contains several bioactive components such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and numerous other phytochemicals, including pigments. Furthermore, new financial opportunities are created by using fruit ‘leftovers’ as a basis for bioactivities that may serve as new foods or food ingredients, strengthening the circular economy’s properties. From a technical standpoint, organic phenolic substances have become more appealing to industry, in addition to their application as nutritional supplements or functional meals. Several extraction methods for recovering phenolic compounds from fruit waste have already been published, most of which involve using different organic solvents. However, there is a growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable techniques that result in phenolic-rich extracts with little ecological impact. Utilizing these new and advanced green extraction techniques will reduce the global crisis caused by fruit waste management. Using modern techniques, fruit residue is degraded to sub-zero scales, yielding bio-based commodities such as bioactive elements. This review highlights the most favorable and creative methods of separating bioactive materials from fruit residue. Extraction techniques based on environmentally friendly technologies such as bioreactors, enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and their combination are specifically covered.
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