Statistical optimization of solid-state fermentation for the production of fungal inulinase from apple pomace

Effects of Eurotium Cristatum on soybean (Glycine max L.) polyphenols and the inhibitory ability of soybean polyphenols on acetylcholinesterase under different conditions

Most phenolic compounds in beans exist in complex, insoluble binding forms that bind to cell wall components via ether, ester, or glucoside bonds. In the process of solid-state fermentation, Eurotium Cristatum can produce many hydrolase enzymes, such as α-amylase, pectinase, cellulase and β-glucosidase, which can effectively hydrolyze ether, ester or glucoside bond, release bound polyphenols, and increase polyphenol content in soybeans. When the fermentation conditions of soybean were fermentation time 12 days, inoculation amount 15% and initial pH 2, the content of free polyphenols in fermented soybean was 2.79 mg GAE/g d.w, which was 4.98 times that of unfermented soybean. The contents of bound polyphenols and total phenols in fermented soybean were 0.62 mg GAE/g d.w and 3.41 mg GAE/g d.w, respectively, which were 2.38 times and 4.16 times of those in unfermented soybean. At the same time, the inhibitory effect of free polyphenols in fermented soybean on acetylcholinesterase reached 91.51%. Thus, our results demonstrated that solid state fermentation and Eurotium Cristatum can be used as an effective way to increase soybean polyphenol content and combat Alzheimer's disease.

Dephytinization of wheat and rice bran by cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Mucor indicus phytase: a viable prospect for food and feed industries

BACKGROUND

Novel feeds for improved feed intake and for enhanced nutrient bioavailability have recently attracted attention. Insoluble dietary fibers, especially rice and wheat bran, have generated much interest due to their nutritional value. Incorporating insoluble dietary fiber into diets could be a viable way to maximize the feed conversion ratio.

RESULTS

Cross-linked phytase aggregates (CLPA) were synthesized by precipitating enzymes followed by cross-linking with 5 mmol L^-1 glutaraldehyde, yielding 88.24 (U g^-1 ) of enzyme load without the assistance of a proteic feeder. The epitome of the study is the dephosphorylation of wheat bran and rice bran by varying pH, enzyme concentration, and temperature. The highest inorganic phosphorus liberation by 150 U L-^-1 of free phytase was 23.72 (wheat bran) and 48.08 mg g^-1 (rice bran) after 12 h of incubation.  Furthermore, 150 U L^-1 of CLPA liberated 28.72 (wheat bran) and 52.08 mg g^-1 (rice bran) of inorganic phosphorus with an incubation time of 12 h.

CONCLUSION

Thermostable free phytase was insolubilized to dephosphorylate the agro-residue, namely, wheat bran and rice bran, to reduce the anti-nutritional factor (the phytate content) of these insoluble dietary fibers. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Agarase, Amylase and Xylanase from Halomonas meridiana: A Study on Optimization of Coproduction for Biomass Saccharification

Coproduction of multienzymes from single potential microbe has captivated contemplation in industries. Bacterial strain, Halomonas meridiana VITSVRP14, isolated from seaweed was labored to produce amylase, agarase and xylanase conjointly using submerged fermentation. The optimum production conditions clinched by classical optimization were: pH 8; 1.5% inoculum; 24 h incubation, 40 °C; 8% NaCl (sodium chloride); 1% lactose and NaNO3 (sodium nitrate). The preponderant variables (pH, temperature, lactose) and their interaction effect on enzyme production were studied by Plackett-Burman design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). There were 3.29, 1.81 and 2.08 fold increase in enzyme activity with respect to agarase, amylase and xylanase after optimization against basal medium. After 24 h of enzymatic treatment, the saccharification rates of the coproduced enzyme mixture were 38.96% on rice bran, 49.85% on wheat bran, 61.2% on cassava bagasse and 57.82% on corn cob. Thus, the coproduced enzyme mixture from a bacterium with halotolerance is plausible in pretreated lignocellulose degradation. The ability of this single microbe Halomonas meridiana VITSVRP14, in coproducing agarase, amylase and xylanase give the nod for its application in biomass saccharification by subsiding cost, energy and time involved in the process.

Transformation of mixtures of olive mill stone waste and oat bran or Lathyrus clymenum pericarps into high added value products using solid state fermentation

The main objective of this study concerns the bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes into high added value products, such as proteinaceous animal feed, using Solid State Fermentation process (SSF). For this purpose, the Olive Mill Stone Waste (OMSW) which is known to contain low amounts of proteins and a high concentration of anti-nutritional substances was used as substrate. Subsequently, OMSW was fermented with Oat Bran (OB) or Lathyrus clymenum pericarp (LP) in proportions varying from 10 %w/w to 30 %w/w, applying SSF process initiated by Pleurotus ostreatus utilizing latter's secreted enzymes for their degradation. The respective results indicated that the addition of 30 %w/w of OB, resulted in a 39% increase of the protein content at the end of fermentation (Day 21). In addition, we observed a 5-fold increase of 1,3-1,6 β-glucan content and a simultaneous decrease of unwanted lignin of 24%. The addition of 20 %w/w of LP afforded, at the end of fermentation (Day 21), an increased protein content of 57%, a 3-fold increase in 1,3-1,6 β-glucans and a decrease in lignin concentration of 13%. These findings demonstrate the potential of the LP utilization by using SSF process, for the production of high nutritional value dietary supplements for animal feed. This endeavor constitutes the first literature report for the utilization of the agro-industrial waste LP. The developed methodology herein is considered as crucial for the circular economy since it refers to the reuse of agro-industrial wastes and the production of a high added-value product.

Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes and Phenolic Compounds by Lentinus strigosus from the Amazon Using Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) Residue

The Amazon rainforest has a rich biodiversity, and studies of Basidiomycete fungi that have biomolecules of biotechnological interest are relevant. The use of lignocellulosic biomass in biotechnological processes proposes an alternative use, and also adds value to the material when employed in the bioconversion of agro-industrial waste. In this context, this study evaluate the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes (carboxymethylcellulases (CMCase), xylanase, pectinase, laccase) as well as phenolic compounds and proteases by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using the fungus Lentinus strigosus isolated from Amazon. The guarana (Paullinia cupana) residue was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SSF was carried out with 60% humidification of the residue, at 30 °C, for 10 days. The lignocellulosic biomass presented fragmented structures with irregular shapes and porosities, and was mainly constituted by cellulose (19.16%), hemicellulose (32.83%), and lignin (6.06%). During the SSF, significant values of CMCase (0.84 U/g) on the 8th day, xylanase (1.00 U/g) on the 7th day, pectinase (2.19 U/g) on the 6th day, laccase (176.23 U/mL) on the 5th day, phenolic compounds (10.27 μg/mL) on the 1st day, soluble proteins (0.08 mg/mL) on the 5th day, and protease (8.30 U/mL) on the 6th day were observed. In general, the agro-industrial residue used provided promising results as a viable alternative for use as a substrate in biotechnological processes.

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Endophytic Mold Schizophillum commune in Red Dahlia (Dahlia sp. L) Tuber as Producing Inulinases

BACKGROUND: Dahlia tuber as the source of isolates in endophytic mold produces Inulinases. Inulinase is used in industry to produce inulin to become fructose through an enzymatic reaction. Fructose from natural substances constitutes low calories used as diet in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. An important phase is done obtain the inulinase enzyme through mold isolation. AIM: The objective of this research was to isolate and identify the molecular of endophytic mold from red dahlia tuber which had the optimum inulinase activity. METHODS: Mold isolation was done through the stage of surface sterilization and purification. Mold isolation which had the highest inulinase activity was identified in a molecular using the polymerase chain reaction technique with the Internal transcribed spacers ITS region. DNA amplification used primer ITS 1 and ITS 4. RESULTS: The result of the study showed that there was five-mold isolation with the result of screening high inulinase activity found in UD3 (++), UD4 (++), and UD5 (+++), the value of inulinase enzyme activity of UD3 was 0.582716049, UD4 was 0.330864198, and UD5 was 0.685185185. The result of identifying UD5 molecular in eight DNA tapes was successfully amplified with 660 pb. The result of identifying molecular based on BLAST analysis found Schizophillum commune species CONCLUSION: It was found that the highest inulinase activity was the species S. commune, which added new variants of inulinase enzyme from red dahlia tuber which could be used by industry to yield fructose through an enzymatic reaction.

Advances in solid-state fermentation for bioconversion of agricultural wastes to value-added products: Opportunities and challenges

The increase in solid waste has become a common problem and causes environmental pollution worldwide. A green approach to valorise solid waste for sustainable development is required. Agricultural residues are considered suitable for conversion into profitable products through solid-state fermentation (SSF). Agricultural wastes have high organic content that is used as potential substrates to produce value-added products through SSF. The importance of process variables used in solid-phase fermentation is described. The applications of SSF developed products in the food industry as flavouring agents, acidifiers, preservatives and flavour enhancers. SSF produces secondary metabolites and essential enzymes. Wastes from agricultural residues are used as bioremediation agents, biofuels and biocontrol agents through microbial processing. In this review paper, the value addition of agricultural wastes by SSF through green processing is discussed with the current knowledge on the scenarios, sustainability opportunities and future directions of a circular economy for solid waste utilisation.

Application of a constrained mixture design for lipase production by Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 under solid-state fermentation and using agro-industrial wastes as substrate

Solid state fermentation (SSF) simulates the natural conditions fungal growth, where the amount of water in the reaction medium must be restricted, thus limiting the use of liquid substrate. An analytical strategy to deal with this limitation is the design of blending with constraints. Thus, the objective of the work was to optimize two constrained waste mixtures for the production of lipase by Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 under SSF, using different substrates that combine solid and liquid waste. For this, the best fermentation time was determined through a fermentative profile, afterwards a restricted-mix design with lower and upper limits of the components of mixture I (cocoa residue, solid palm oil residue and liquid palm oil residue) and II (cocoa residue, mango residue and palm oil residue liquid palm) was applied. By means of Pareto and contour graphs, the maximum production points of lipase in mixtures I (6.67 ± 0.34 U g^-1) and II (6.87 ± 0.35 U g^-1) were obtained. The restricted mixture design proved to be a promising tool in the production of lipase by P. roqueforti ATCC 10110 under SSF since the use of restrictions is useful when intending to combine solid and liquid residues in fermentation processes.

Strategies to Increase the Value of Pomaces with Fermentation

The generation of pomaces from juice and olive oil industries is a major environmental issue. This review aims to provide an overview of the strategies to increase the value of pomaces by fermentation/biotransformation and explore the different aspects reported in scientific studies. Fermentation is an interesting solution to improve the value of pomaces (especially from grape, apple, and olive) and produce high-added value compounds. In terms of animal production, a shift in the fermentation process during silage production seems to happen (favoring ethanol production rather than lactic acid), but it can be controlled with starter cultures. The subsequent use of silage with pomace in animal production slightly reduces growth performance but improves animal health status. One of the potential applications in the industrial context is the production of enzymes (current challenges involve purification and scaling up the process) and organic acids. Other emerging applications are the production of odor-active compounds to improve the aroma of foods as well as the release of bound polyphenols and the synthesis of bioactive compounds for functional food production.

Differences in Acid Stress Response of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Zhang Cultured from Solid-State Fermentation and Liquid-State Fermentation

Liquid-state fermentation (LSF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) are two forms of industrial production of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The choice of two fermentations for LAB production has drawn wide concern. In this study, the tolerance of bacteria produced by the two fermentation methods to acid stress was compared, and the reasons for the tolerance differences were analyzed at the physiological and transcriptional levels. The survival rate of the bacterial agent obtained from solid-state fermentation was significantly higher than that of bacteria obtained from liquid-state fermentation after spray drying and cold air drying. However, the tolerance of bacterial cells obtained from liquid-state fermentation to acid stress was significantly higher than that from solid-state fermentation. The analysis at physiological level indicated that under acid stress, cells from liquid-state fermentation displayed a more solid and complete membrane structure, higher cell membrane saturated fatty acid, more stable intracellular pH, and more stable activity of ATPase and glutathione reductase, compared with cells from solid-state fermentation, and these physiological differences led to better tolerance to acid stress. In addition, transcriptomic analysis showed that in the cells cultured from liquid-state fermentation, the genes related to glycolysis, inositol phosphate metabolism, and carbohydrate transport were down-regulated, whereas the genes related to fatty acid synthesis and glutamate metabolism were upregulated, compared with those in cells from solid-state fermentation. In addition, some genes related to acid stress response such as cspA, rimP, rbfA, mazF, and nagB were up-regulated. These findings provide a new perspective for the study of acid stress tolerance of L. paracasei Zhang and offer a reference for the selection of fermentation methods of LAB production.

Free and Substrate-Immobilised Lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 as a Biocatalyst for Hydrolysis and Transesterification Reactions

Fungal enzymes are widely used in technological processes and have some interesting features to be applied in a variety of biosynthetic courses. Here, free and substrate-immobilised lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 were obtained by solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate and fungal carrier. Based on their hydrolytic and transesterification activities, the lipases were characterised as pH-dependent in both reactions, with higher substrate conversion in an alkaline environment. Thermally, the lipases performed well from 30 to 45 °C, being more stable in mild conditions. Organic solvents significantly influenced the lipase selectivity using different vegetable oils as fatty acid source. Omega(ω)-3 production in n-hexane achieved 45% using canola oil, against ≈ 18% in cyclohexane. However, ω-6 production was preferably produced for both solvents using linseed oil with significant alterations in the yield (≈ 79% and 49% for n-hexane and cyclohexane, respectively). Moreover, the greatest enzyme selectivity for ω-6 led us to suppose a lipase preference for the Sn1 position of the triacylglycerol. Lastly, a transesterification reaction was performed, achieving 90% of ester conversion in 72 h. This study reports the characterisation and use of free and substrate-immobilised lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 as an economic and efficient method for the first time.