Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia with Epidural Volume Extension causes a Higher Level of Block than Single-Shot Spinal Anesthesia

Labour analgesia; Molecular pathway and the role of nanocarriers: a systematic review

Labour is considered to be one of the most painful procedures in human experience. The most effective technique for pain relief during labour is neuraxial labour analgesia which provides analgesia without maternal or fetal sedation. Genetic predisposition may be of importance for pain perception and women experience varying degrees of pain in labour. Genetic variations in opioid receptor (OPR) genes may influence the response to epidural opioid analgesia during labour. The single-nucleotide polymorphism, A118G of the mu opioid receptor gene (oprm1), has been associated with altered pain perception. Targeted drug delivery reduces toxic side effects. Liposomes, nano-particles, nanofibres hydrogel, have been suggested to deliver anaesthetic drugs.