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Hoepers PG, Nunes PLF, Almeida-Souza HO, Martins MM, Carvalho RDDO, Dreyer CT, Aburjaile FF, Sommerfeld S, Azevedo V, Fonseca BB. Harnessing probiotics capability to combat Salmonella Heidelberg and improve intestinal health in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103739. [PMID: 38678973 PMCID: PMC11060954 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry faces significant challenges in controlling Salmonella contamination while reducing antibiotic use, particularly with the emergence of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) strains posing risks to food safety and public health. Probiotics, notably lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) offer promising alternatives for mitigating Salmonella colonization in broilers. Understanding the efficacy of probiotics in combating SH and their impact on gut health and metabolism is crucial for improving poultry production practices and ensuring food safety standards. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of LAB and SB against SH both in vitro and in vivo broilers, while also investigating their impact on fecal metabolites and caecal microbiome composition. In vitro analysis demonstrated strong inhibition of SH by certain probiotic strains, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) and Lacticaseibacillus acidophilus (LA), while others like SB and Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LD) did not exhibit significant inhibition. In vivo testing revealed that broilers receiving probiotics had significantly lower SH concentrations in cecal content compared to the positive control (PC) at all ages, indicating a protective effect of probiotics against SH colonization. Metagenomic analysis of cecal-content microbiota identified predominant bacterial families and genera, highlighting changes in microbiota composition with age and probiotic supplementation. Additionally, fecal metabolomics profiling showed alterations in metabolite concentrations, suggesting reduced oxidative stress, intestinal inflammation, and improved gut health in probiotic-supplemented birds. These findings underscore the potential of probiotics to mitigate SH colonization and improve broiler health while reducing reliance on antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Lucas Figueiredo Nunes
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Hebreia Oliveira Almeida-Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mario Machado Martins
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Simone Sommerfeld
- Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca
- Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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2
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Xiong C, Xiong C, Lu J, Long R, Jiao H, Li Y, Wang B, Lin Y, Ye H, Lin L, Wu R. flgL mutation reduces pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila by negatively regulating swimming ability, biofilm forming ability, adherence and virulence gene expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129676. [PMID: 38272420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a serious human and animal co-pathogenic bacterium. Flagellum, a key virulence factor, is vital for bacterium tissue colonization and invasion. flgL is a crucial gene involved in the composition of flagellum. However, the impact of flgL on virulence is not yet clear. In this study, we constructed a stable mutant strain (△flgL-AH) using homologous recombination. The results of the attack experiments indicated a significant decrease in the virulence of △flgL-AH. The biological properties analysis revealed a significant decline in swimming ability and biofilm formation capacity in △flgL-AH and the transmission electron microscope results showed that the ∆flgL-AH strain did not have a flagellar structure. Moreover, a significant decrease in the adhesion capacity of ∆flgL-AH was found using absolute fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the expression of omp and the eight flagellum-related genes were down-regulated. In summary, flgL mutation leads to a reduction in pathogenicity possibly via decreasing the swimming ability, biofilm formation capacity and adhesion capacity, these changes might result from the down expression of omp and flagellar-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijiang Xiong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chuanyu Xiong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Long
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hanyang Jiao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yun Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingyun Lin
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China.
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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3
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He B, Zhu TT, Liang Y, Wei HJ, Huang ZL, Liang LJ, Zhong JH, Luo Y, Lian XL, Zhao DH, Liao XP, Liu YH, Ren H, Sun J. Adaptive evolution in asymptomatic host confers MDR Salmonella with enhanced environmental persistence and virulence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168340. [PMID: 37931815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
As a common cause for food-borne diseases, the Salmonella spp. are generally prevalent among livestock, whereby they are likely to be transmitted to human via environmental contamination. To explore the potential mechanism for prevalence of MDR Salmonella and its risk for dissemination via contaminated environments, we profiled the colonization dynamics of MDR Salmonella in chicken, herein we found that an adaptive evolution, driven by mutagenesis in a small protein-encoding gene (STM14_1829), conferred the multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella with increased fitness in asymptomatic host. Then the mechanistic study demonstrated that only one amino acid substitution in small protein STM14_1829 rendered MDR Salmonella capable to better invade and persist in phagocytotic cells by modulating bacterial flagella overexpression. Concerningly, the evolved Salmonella was also more resilient to the potential stressors generally found in environments and food processing, including heat, cold, adverse pH and oxidations. It implied that the evolved subpopulations are plausibly more persistent in environments once they contaminated through animal manure or human excreta. Moreover, the evolution promoted the pathogenesis caused by MDR Salmonella in susceptible hosts, resulting in higher risk for dissemination of pathogens via contaminated environments. Together, our data provided the novel insights into that in vivo adaptive evolution benefits Salmonella colonization, persistence and pathogenesis, by promoting bacterial tolerance via modulating flagella expression. These findings may explain the rationale behind the increasing prevalence of certain MDR Salmonella clones in livestock and associated environment, and underscoring the need for advanced strategies to tackle the possible evolution of such zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yin Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Hai-Jing Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zi-Lei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Li-Jie Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jia-Hao Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yang Luo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xin-Lei Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Dong-Hao Zhao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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Morgan SJ, Chaston JM. Flagellar Genes Are Associated with the Colonization Persistence Phenotype of the Drosophila melanogaster Microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0458522. [PMID: 37052495 PMCID: PMC10269862 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04585-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to identify bacterial genes necessary for bacteria to colonize their hosts independent of the bulk flow of diet. Early work on this model system established that dietary replenishment drives the composition of the D. melanogaster gut microbiota, and subsequent research has shown that some bacterial strains can stably colonize, or persist within, the fly independent of dietary replenishment. Here, we reveal transposon insertions in specific bacterial genes that influence the bacterial colonization persistence phenotype by using a gene association approach. We initially established that different bacterial strains persist at various levels, independent of dietary replenishment. We then repeated the analysis with an expanded panel of bacterial strains and performed a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) study to identify distinct bacterial genes that are significantly correlated with the level of colonization by persistent bacterial strains. Based on the MGWA study, we tested if 44 bacterial transposon insertion mutants from 6 gene categories affect bacterial persistence within the flies. We identified that transposon insertions in four flagellar genes, one urea carboxylase gene, one phosphatidylinositol gene, one bacterial secretion gene, and one antimicrobial peptide (AMP) resistance gene each significantly influenced the colonization of D. melanogaster by an Acetobacter fabarum strain. Follow-up experiments revealed that each flagellar mutant was nonmotile, even though the wild-type strain was motile. Taken together, these results reveal that transposon insertions in specific bacterial genes, including motility genes, are necessary for at least one member of the fly microbiota to persistently colonize the fly. IMPORTANCE Despite the growing body of research on the microbiota, the mechanisms by which the microbiota colonizes a host can still be further elucidated. This study identifies bacterial genes that are associated with the colonization persistence phenotype of the microbiota in Drosophila melanogaster, which reveals specific bacterial factors that influence the establishment of the microbiota within its host. The identification of specific genes that affect persistence can help inform how the microbiota colonizes a host. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanisms of the establishment of the microbiota could aid in the further development of the Drosophila microbiota as a model for microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Morgan
- Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John M. Chaston
- Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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5
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Nabil NM, Tawakol MM, Samir A, Hassan HM, Yonis AE, Reda RM, Elsayed MM. Synergistic influence of probiotic and florfenicol on embryonic viability, performance, and multidrug-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9644. [PMID: 37316527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted during the period of August 2021 to April 2022 and divided into two parts. The first part involved the isolation and characterization of Salmonella from 200 diseased broiler chickens collected from farms in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, with the detection of its antimicrobial susceptibility. The second experimental part involved in ovo inoculation of probiotics and florfenicol to evaluate their effects on hatchability, embryonic viability, growth performance traits and the control of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis infections post hatching. The point prevalence of Salmonella in the internal organs of diseased chickens was 13% (26/200), including 6 serotypes: S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Santiago, S. Colindale, S. Takoradi and S. Daula. Multidrug resistance was found in 92% (24/26) of the isolated strains with a multiantibiotic resistance index of 0.33-0.88 and 24 antibiotic resistance patterns. The in ovo inoculation of probiotic with florfenicol showed significant improvement in the growth performance parameters compared with other groups and had the ability to prevent colonization of multidrug resistant S. Enteritidis in the majority of the experimental chicks, and the remaining chicks showed very low colonization, as detected by RT‒PCR. These findings suggested the application of in ovo inoculation techniques with both probiotics and florfenicol as a promising tool to control multidrug-resistant S. Enteritidis in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal M Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maram M Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelhafez Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahlam E Yonis
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reem M Reda
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona M Elsayed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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6
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Tráj P, Sebők C, Mackei M, Kemény Á, Farkas O, Kákonyi Á, Kovács L, Neogrády Z, Jerzsele Á, Mátis G. Luteolin: A Phytochemical to Mitigate S. Typhimurium Flagellin-Induced Inflammation in a Chicken In Vitro Hepatic Model. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081410. [PMID: 37106972 PMCID: PMC10135145 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of natural feed supplements is an alternative tool to diminish the damage caused by certain bacteria, improving animal health and productivity. The present research aimed to investigate the proinflammatory effect of flagellin released from the bacterial flagellum of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and to attenuate the induced inflammation with luteolin as a plant-derived flavonoid on a chicken primary hepatocyte-non-parenchymal cell co-culture. Cells were cultured in a medium supplemented with 250 ng/mL flagellin and 4 or 16 µg/mL luteolin for 24 h. Cellular metabolic activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, interleukin-6, 8, 10 (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), interferon-α, γ (IFN-α, IFN-γ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined. Flagellin significantly increased the concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10, while it decreased the level of IL-10, indicating that the model served adequate to study inflammation in vitro. Luteolin treatment at 4 µg/mL did not prove to be cytotoxic, as reflected by metabolic activity and extracellular LDH activity, and significantly reduced the flagellin-triggered IL-8 release of the cultured cells. Further, it had a diminishing effect on the concentration of IFN-α, H2O2 and MDA and restored the level of IL-10 and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 when applied in combination with flagellin. These results suggest that luteolin at lower concentrations may protect hepatic cells from an excessive inflammatory response and act as an antioxidant to attenuate oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Tráj
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Sebők
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Mackei
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kemény
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Farkas
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kákonyi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kovács
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Neogrády
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mátis
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Li P, Zong W, Zhang Z, Lv W, Ji X, Zhu D, Du X, Wang S. Effects and molecular mechanism of flagellar gene flgK on the motility, adhesion/invasion, and desiccation resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112418. [PMID: 36738023 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii), a food-borne pathogen, can infect neonates, elderly and immunocompromised populations with a high infection and mortality rate. However, the specific molecular mechanism of its motility, biofilm formation, cell adhesion, and desiccation resistance remains unclear, and flagellum hook associated protein (FlgK), a main component of the flagellar complex, may be an important determinant of its virulence and desiccation resistance. In this study, the flgK mutant strain (ΔflgK) was constructed using the homologous recombination method, and the cpflgK complementary strain was obtained by gene complementation, followed by analysis of the difference between the wild type (WT), mutant, and complementary strains in mobility, biofilm formation, cell adhesion, and desiccation resistance. Results indicated that flgK gene played a positive role in motility and invasion, with no significant effect on biofilm formation. Interestingly, flagellar assembly gene deletion showed increased resistance of C. sakazakii to dehydration. The mechanism underlying the negative correlation of flgK gene with dehydration resistance was further investigated by using the high-throughput sequencing technology to compare the gene expression between WT and ΔflgK strains after drying. The results revealed up-regulation in the expression of 54 genes, including genes involved in osmosis and formate dehydrogenase, while down-regulation in the expression of 50 genes, including genes involved in flagellum hook and nitrate reductase. qRT-PCR analysis of the RNA-seq data further indicated that the flgK gene played an important role in the environmental stress resistance of C. sakazakii by up-regulating the formate dehydrogenase, betaine synthesis, and arginine deiminase pathways, due to dynamic proton imbalance caused by lack of flagella. This study facilitates our understanding of the roles of flgK in motion-related functions and the molecular mechanism of desiccation resistance in C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenyue Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongdong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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8
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Wortel IMN, Kim S, Liu AY, Ibarra EC, Miller MJ. Listeria motility increases the efficiency of epithelial invasion during intestinal infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011028. [PMID: 36584235 PMCID: PMC9836302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a food-borne pathogen that causes severe bacterial gastroenteritis, with high rates of hospitalization and mortality. Lm is ubiquitous in soil, water and livestock, and can survive and proliferate at low temperatures. Following oral ingestion of contaminated food, Lm crosses the epithelium through intestinal goblet cells in a mechanism mediated by Lm InlA binding host E-cadherin. Importantly, human infections typically occur with Lm growing at or below room temperature, which is flagellated and motile. Even though many important human bacterial pathogens are flagellated, little is known regarding the effect of Lm motility on invasion and immune evasion. Here, we used complementary imaging and computer modeling approaches to test the hypothesis that bacterial motility helps Lm locate and engage target cells permissive for invasion. Imaging explanted mouse and human intestine, we showed that Lm grown at room temperature uses motility to scan the epithelial surface and preferentially attach to target cells. Furthermore, we integrated quantitative parameters from our imaging experiments to construct a versatile "layered" cellular Potts model (L-CPM) that simulates host-pathogen dynamics. Simulated data are consistent with the hypothesis that bacterial motility enhances invasion by allowing bacteria to search the epithelial surface for their preferred invasion targets. Indeed, our model consistently predicts that motile bacteria invade twice as efficiently over the first hour of infection. We also examined how bacterial motility affected interactions with host cellular immunity. In a mouse model of persistent infection, we found that neutrophils migrated to the apical surface of the epithelium 5 hours post infection and interacted with Lm. Yet in contrast to the view that neutrophils "hunt" for bacteria, we found that these interactions were driven by motility of Lm-which moved at least ~50x faster than neutrophils. Furthermore, our L-CPM predicts that motile bacteria maintain their invasion advantage even in the presence of host phagocytes, with the balance between invasion and phagocytosis governed almost entirely by bacterial motility. In conclusion, our simulations provide insight into host pathogen interaction dynamics at the intestinal epithelial barrier early during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge M. N. Wortel
- Data Science, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Annie Y. Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Enid C. Ibarra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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9
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Zhang J, Liu J, Chen C, Wang Y, Chen X, Li X, Xu F. Resistance and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Thompson Isolated from Incubation End of a Poultry Farm. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070349. [PMID: 35878365 PMCID: PMC9323645 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-typhoid Salmonella is the general term of Salmonella other than typhoid and paratyphoid, which often causes foodborne gastroenteritis in humans, but some serotypes have been proved to be pathogenic to poultry. Salmonella Enterica and Salmonella Typhimurium are the common serotypes pathogenic to poultry and have been systematically studied, but other serotypes have rarely been studied. During Salmonella surveillance in farms, we discovered by chance that Salmonella Thompson, a common non-typhoid Salmonella, is also pathogenic to avian embryos. Therefore, this study aimed to explore antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of clinical S. Thompson. Firstly, we found that the core-genome multilocus sequence typing of 14 clinical S. Thompson was consistent with two strains of S. Thompson from humans in China. Secondly, the antimicrobial resistance gene analysis demonstrated that all strains carried the polymyxin resistance gene mcr-9, which had not appeared resistance phenotype. Meanwhile, many essential virulence genes were also found in each S. Thompson isolate. Finally, the bacterial inoculation experiment revealed that clinical S. Thompson was highly pathogenic to newborn chicks after yolk sac inoculation. This study suggests that Salmonella Thompson can circulate between humans and poultry farms and transmit drug resistance genes and demonstrated that Salmonella Thompson is highly pathogenic to chicks and should be guarded against in the hatching stage of poultry farms. Abstract Salmonella Thompson, an important foodborne pathogen, is rarely found to be pathogenic to poultry. Accidentally, S. Thompson was found to be pathogenic to embryos of white feather broiler at a poultry farm in China. Therefore, this study aimed to explore antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of clinical S. Thompson isolated from dead poultry embryos. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA and seven housekeeping genes showed that the 14 clinical S. Thompson were closely related. The core-genome multilocus sequence typing of 14 clinical S. Thompson based on whole-genome sequencing was cgST-12774, consistent with the only two strains of S. Thompson from humans in China as reported in the NCBI database. The antimicrobial resistance gene analysis demonstrated that all strains carried aac(6′)-Iaa and the polymyxin resistance gene mcr-9. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests for 18 antibiotics showed that S. Thompson isolates displayed resistance against streptomycin (100%), ampicillin (35.7%), and doxycycline (14.3%), but sensitivity to polymyxin B, proving that the mcr-9 gene had not appeared resistance phenotype. Virulence genes Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) SPI1-5, type I fimbriae gene (fimA), flagellar assembly genes (bcfC, flhD, fliA, fliC, fljB, flgK, and lpfC), and other virulence genes (iroN, pagC, and cigR) were found in each S. Thompson isolate. Additionally, the bacterial inoculation experiment with 1-day-old chicks revealed that clinical S. Thompson was highly pathogenic to newborn chicks after yolk sac inoculation. This study highlighted that the S. Thompson isolated from poultry embryos and the S. Thompson causing human foodborne diarrhea in some parts of China belong to the same cgMLST typology (cgST-12774) and showed the pathogenicity of this clinical S. Thompson to chicks.
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10
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Herawati H, Anisa AK, Widiatmoko KD, Alam SSP, Diari IA, Naprila ZH, Kisya RLA, Puspabela A, Permata FS. Effect of red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) as a feed additive for starter and finisher broiler chicken to increase immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin Y expression and to prevent intestinal injury due to Salmonella enteritidis infection. Vet World 2022; 15:1506-1514. [PMID: 35993070 PMCID: PMC9375218 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1506-1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is an infectious disease that often occurs in chickens and is caused by Salmonella enteritidis. The use of antibiotics to prevent this disease can result in the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, in addition to the presence of antibiotic residues in consumed carcasses. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has active compounds that potentially act as immunomodulators which increase specific and non-specific immune responses through the induction of cytokine production. This study was conducted to determine the effects of red ginger powder mixed in feed for starter and finisher broiler chickens, based on the evaluation of the expression of immunoglobulin A (IgA), histopathologic description of the ileum and cecum, IgA, and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) expression in the spleen, and the isolation count of S. enteritidis in fresh fecal samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 starter and 100 finisher Cobb broiler chickens were divided into four groups, designated as T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively: Group T0 was fed commercial feed with no added 2% red ginger powder or S. enteritidis induction, and served as a negative control; Group T1 was inoculated with a 0.25 mL S. enteritidis oral induction (1 × 107 colony-forming unit [CFU] [0.5 McFarland standard]), and served as a positive control; Group T2 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder; while Group T3 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder and was orally inoculated with S. enteritidis with a dose similar to T1. The normal feed was given on the 1st–7th days. The mixture of 2% red ginger powder was given on the 7th–15th days. The S. enteritidis was induced on the 15th day (1 × 107 CFU). Necropsy was performed on the 16th day and tissues were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test, Tukey’s analysis, and the Mann–Whitney U non-parametric statistical analysis test. Results: The 2% red ginger powder was found to significantly (p < 0.05) increase IgA expression and additionally decrease tissue damage in the cecum and ileum. It also increased IgA and IgY expression in the spleen. In addition, a decrease was observed in the S. enteritidis number isolated from finisher fresh feces, but none was found in the isolated starter fresh feces. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the addition of red ginger powder to chicken feed is a potential natural immunomodulator against S. enteritidis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herawati Herawati
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Agri Kaltaria Anisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Kurnianto Dwi Widiatmoko
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Setiawan Surya Paku Alam
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Islah Asyraf Diari
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Zhella Happy Naprila
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Rr. Lintan Ayu Kisya
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Analita Puspabela
- Veterinary Science Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Shodiq Permata
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia
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11
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Bajagai YS, Trotter M, Williams TM, Costa DFA, Whitton MM, Ren X, Wilson CS, Stanley D. The role of microbiota in animal health and productivity: misinterpretations and limitations. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Dong T, Wang W, Xia M, Liang S, Hu G, Ye H, Cao Q, Dong Z, Zhang C, Feng D, Zuo J. Involvement of the Heat Shock Protein HtpG of Salmonella Typhimurium in Infection and Proliferation in Hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:758898. [PMID: 34869065 PMCID: PMC8635147 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.758898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a common pathogen infecting the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, causing host gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Heat shock protein (HtpG) as a molecular chaperone is involved in the various cellular processes of bacteria, especially under environmental stress. However, the potential association of HtpG with S. Typhimurium infection remains unknown. In this study, we clarified that HtpG could also play a role as an effector in S. Typhimurium infection. RNA-seq indicated that the flagellar assembly pathway, infection pathway, and chemotaxis pathway genes of S. Typhimurium were downregulated after the mutation of HtpG, which resulted in compromises of S. Typhimurium motility, biofilm formation, adhesion, invasion, and inflammation-inducing ability. In addition, HtpG recombinant protein was capable of promoting the proliferation of S. Typhimurium in host cells and the resultant inflammation. Collectively, our results illustrated an important role of HtpG in S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Xia
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujie Liang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhong Hu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ye
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Cao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Dong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingyuan Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Zuo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Roque-Borda CA, Pereira LP, Guastalli EAL, Soares NM, Mac-Lean PAB, Salgado DD, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M, Vicente EF. HPMCP-Coated Microcapsules Containing the Ctx(Ile 21)-Ha Antimicrobial Peptide Reduce the Mortality Rate Caused by Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in Laying Hens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:616. [PMID: 34064051 PMCID: PMC8224044 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant use of synthetic antibiotics as growth promoters can cause bacterial resistance in chicks. Consequently, the use of these drugs has been restricted in different countries. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides have gained relevance due to their minimal capacity for bacterial resistance and does not generate toxic residues that harm the environment and human health. In this study, a Ctx(Ile21)-Ha antimicrobial peptide was employed, due to its previously reported great antimicrobial potential, to evaluate its application effects in laying chicks challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis, resistant to nalidixic acid and spectinomycin. For this, Ctx(Ile21)-Ha was synthesized, microencapsulated and coated with hypromellose phthalate (HPMCP) to be released in the intestine. Two different doses (20 and 40 mg of Ctx(Ile21)-Ha per kg of isoproteic and isoenergetic poultry feed) were included in the chick's food and administered for 28 days. Antimicrobial activity, effect and response as treatment were evaluated. Statistical results were analyzed in detail and indicate that the formulated Ctx(Ile21)-Ha peptide had a positive and significant effect in relation to the reduction of chick mortality in the first days of life. However, there was moderate evidence (p = 0.07), not considered statistically significant, in the differences in laying chick weight between the control and microencapsulation treatment groups as a function of time. Therefore, the microencapsulated Ctx(Ile21)-Ha antimicrobial peptide can be an interesting and promising option in the substitution of conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil;
| | - Larissa Pires Pereira
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
| | | | - Nilce Maria Soares
- Poultry Health Specialized Laboratory, Biological Institute, Bastos, São Paulo 17690-000, Brazil; (E.A.L.G.); (N.M.S.)
| | - Priscilla Ayleen Bustos Mac-Lean
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Douglas D’Alessandro Salgado
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-902, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-902, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- School of Sciences and Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; (L.P.P.); (P.A.B.M.-L.); (D.D.S.)
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14
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Razim A, Pacyga K, Naporowski P, Martynowski D, Szuba A, Gamian A, Górska S. Identification of linear epitopes on the flagellar proteins of Clostridioides difficile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9940. [PMID: 33976336 PMCID: PMC8113543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is an opportunistic anaerobic bacterium that causes severe diseases of the digestive tract of humans and animals. One of the possible methods of preventing C. difficile infection is to develop a vaccine. The most promising candidates for vaccine antigens are the proteins involved in the adhesion phenomena. Among them, the FliC and FliD are considered to be suitable candidates. In this paper, the FliC and FliD protein polypeptide epitopes were mapped in silico and by using PEPSCAN procedure. We identified four promising epitopes: 117QRMRTLS123, 205MSKAG209 of FliC and 226NKVAS230, 306TTKKPKD312 of FliD protein. We showed that 117QRMRTLS123 sequence is not only located in TLR5-binding and activating region, as previously shown, but forms an epitope recognized by C. difficile-infected patients' antibodies. 205MSKAG209 is a C. difficile-unique, immunogenic sequence that forms an exposed epitope on the polymerized flagella structure which makes it a suitable vaccine antigen. 226NKVAS230 and 306TTKKPKD312 are well exposed and possess potential protective properties according to VaxiJen analysis. Our results open the possibility to use these epitopes as suitable anti-C. difficile vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Razim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Microbiome, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - K Pacyga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Microbiome, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Naporowski
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Martynowski
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Szuba
- Division of Angiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Military Hospital in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Górska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Microbiome, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Bai H, Zhou D, Zhang X, Cao Y, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Yu Y. The responses of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to vanillin in apple juice through global transcriptomics. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 347:109189. [PMID: 33838479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can survive some extreme environment in food processing, and vanillin generally recognized as safe is bactericidal to pathogens. Thus, we need to explore the responses of S. Typhimurium to vanillin in order to apply this antimicrobial agent in food processing. In this study, we exposed S. Typhimurium to commercial apple juice with/without vanillin (3.2 mg/mL) at 45 °C for 75 min to determine the survival rate. Subsequently, the 10-min cultures were selected for transcriptomic analysis. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, genes related to vanillin resistance and their expression changes of S. Typhimurium were identified. The survival curve showed that S. Typhimurium treated with vanillin were inactivated by 5.5 log after 75 min, while the control group only decreased by 2.3 log. Such a discrepancy showed the significant antibacterial effect of vanillin on S. Typhimurium. As a result, 265 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found when coping with vanillin, among which, 225 showed up-regulation and 40 DEGs were down-regulated. Treated with vanillin, S. Typhimurium significantly up-regulated genes involved in cell membrane, acid tolerance response (ATR) and oxidative stress response, cold shock cross-protection, DNA repair, virulence factors and some key regulators. Firstly, membrane-related genes, including outer membrane (bamE, mepS, ygdI, lolB), inner membrane (yaiY, yicS) and other proteins (yciC, yjcH), were significantly up-regulated because of the damaged cell membrane. Then, up-regulated proteins associated with arginine synthesis (ArgABCDIG) and inward transportation (ArtI, ArtJ, ArtP and HisP), participated in ATR to pump out the protons inside the cell in this scenario. Next, superoxide stress response triggered by vanillin was found to have a significant up-regulation as well, which was controlled by SoxRS regulon. Besides, NADH-associated (nuoA, nuoB, nuoK, nadE, fre and STM3021), thioredoxin (trxA, trxC, tpx and bcp) and glutaredoxin (grxC and grxD) DEGs led to the increase of the oxidative stress response. Cold shock proteins such as CspA and CspC showed an up-regulation, suggesting it might play a role in cross-protecting S. Typhimurium from vanillin stress. Furthermore, DEGs in DNA repair and virulence factors, including flagellar assembly, adhesins and type III secretion system were up-regulated. Some regulators like fur, rpoE and csrA played a pivotal role in response to the stress caused by vanillin. Therefore, this study sounds an alarm for the risks caused by stress tolerance of S. Typhimurium in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Donggen Zhou
- Ningbo International Travel Healthcare Center, No.336 LiutingStreet, Haishu District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province 315012, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yifang Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Xinglong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yigang Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
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16
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Ma S, Jiang L, Wang J, Liu X, Li W, Ma S, Feng L. Downregulation of a novel flagellar synthesis regulator AsiR promotes intracellular replication and systemic pathogenicity of Salmonella typhimurium. Virulence 2021; 12:298-311. [PMID: 33410728 PMCID: PMC7808427 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1870331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) exploits host macrophage as a crucial survival and replicative niche. To minimize host immune response stimulated by flagellin, the expression of flagellar genes is downregulated during S. Typhimurium growth within host macrophages. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we show that STM14_1285 (named AsiR), a putative RpiR-family transcriptional regulator, which is downregulated within macrophages as previously reported and also confirmed here, positively regulates the expression of flagellar genes by directly binding to the promoter of flhDC. By generating an asiR mutant strain and a strain that persistently expresses asiR gene within macrophages, we confirmed that the downregulation of asiR contributes positively to S. Typhimurium replication in macrophages and systemic infection in mice, which could be attributed to decreased flagellar gene expression and therefore reduced flagellin-stimulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Furthermore, the acidic pH in macrophages is identified as a signal for the downregulation of asiR and therefore flagellar genes. Collectively, our results reveal a novel acidic pH signal-mediated regulatory pathway that is utilized by S. Typhimurium to promote intracellular replication and systemic pathogenesis by repressing flagellar gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jingting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Wanwu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
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17
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de Oliveira Barbosa F, de Freitas Neto OC, Rodrigues Alves LB, Benevides VP, de Souza AIS, da Silva Rubio M, de Almeida AM, Saraiva MM, de Oliveira CJB, Olsen JE, Junior AB. Immunological and bacteriological shifts associated with a flagellin-hyperproducing Salmonella Enteritidis mutant in chickens. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:419-429. [PMID: 33150477 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis causes infections in humans and animals which are often associated with extensive gut colonization and bacterial shedding in faeces. The natural presence of flagella in Salmonella enterica has been shown to be enough to induce pro-inflammatory responses in the gut, resulting in recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells, gut inflammation and, consequently, reducing the severity of systemic infection in chickens. On the other hand, the absence of flagellin in some Salmonella strains favours systemic infection as a result of the poor intestinal inflammatory responses elicited. The hypothesis that higher production of flagellin by certain Salmonella enterica strains could lead to an even more immunogenic and less pathogenic strain for chickens was here investigated. In the present study, a Salmonella Enteritidis mutant strain harbouring deletions in clpP and fliD genes (SE ΔclpPfliD), which lead to overexpression of flagellin, was generated, and its immunogenicity and pathogenicity were comparatively assessed to the wild type in chickens. Our results showed that SE ΔclpPfliD elicited more intense immune responses in the gut during early stages of infection than the wild type did, and that this correlated with earlier intestinal and systemic clearance of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Oliveira Barbosa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Valdinete Pereira Benevides
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Andrei Itajahy Secundo de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marcela da Silva Rubio
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mauro Mesquita Saraiva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, State University of São Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Systematic evaluation of potential pathogenicity of Salmonella Indiana. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108759. [PMID: 32768212 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Indiana has emerged in recent years as an important zoonotic pathogen, but its pathogenicity has not been fully elucidated. In this study, using in vivo and in vitro animal and cellular experimental model systems, we evaluated the pathogenicity of Salmonella Indiana (S. Indiana) compared with three other serotypes of Salmonella, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Thompson. The animal experiments included observations of clinical symptoms, pathological changes and determination of median lethal dose in mice. The adhesion and invasiveness and intracellular proliferative capacity of Salmonella in vitro were measured with the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 cells and the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 cells. The results of animal experiments showed that S. Indiana, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Thompson caused histopathological changes in most organs to varying degrees, primarily in the liver and intestine of mice. The gross lesions included white necrotic foci on the liver surface with different levels. The histopathological changes of monocyte/macrophage infiltration and coagulative necrosis were observed in the liver. Intestinal villi became short and were sloughed off, and lymphocyte infiltration was found in the submucosa. Compared with the other serotypes, the pathological changes caused by S. Indiana were slighter and had a relatively high median lethal dose in mice. The results of adhesion and invasion tests showed that the intracellular growth trend of most Salmonella strains was positively correlated with the number of pathogens adhering to and invading cells. Compared with the strains of the other three serotypes, most S. Indiana strains exhibited significantly lower adhesion and invasiveness to RAW264.7 and Caco-2 cells within 30 min. Most S. Indiana strains displayed twice to four times lower intracellular proliferation within 24 h in RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, S. Indiana was pathogenic, but its pathogenicity was lower than that of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, and was similar to that of S. Thompson.
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Salmonella in Free-Ranging Quokkas ( Setonix brachyurus) from Rottnest Island and the Mainland of Western Australia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040585. [PMID: 32244325 PMCID: PMC7222713 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative, motile, and facultative anaerobic bacteria with a worldwide distribution that contaminates multiple substrates (vegetation, food, soil, and water) and inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. Rottnest Island is a popular tourist destination and is abundantly inhabited by quokkas (Setonix brachyurus), a charismatic small wallaby. Current data on the association between Salmonella and quokkas on Rottnest Island are outdated by approximately 30 years. Additionally, previous studies on quokkas on this island and mainland Western Australia did not perform physical examinations or any diagnostic tests. The aim of the project was to assess the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in quokkas from Rottnest Island and mainland Western Australia and correlate the presence of the bacterium with the health of the animal. Ninety-two quokkas from Rottnest Island (n = 71) and populations on the mainland (n = 21) were screened for Salmonella, and a prevalence of 47.9% and 4.8%, respectively, was determined. A total of 16 serovars were identified from 37 isolates; five of these serovars had previously not been described in the quokka. Salmonella appeared to have an effect on the haematology and blood chemistry of quokkas on Rottnest Island consistent with subclinical salmonellosis. The health of Rottnest Island quokkas, and their potential impact on the health of the visitors to the island, should continue to be monitored carefully.
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Khani MH, Bagheri M, Zahmatkesh A, Aghaiypour K, Mirjalili A. Effect of flagellin on inhibition of infectious mechanisms by activating opsonization and salmonella flagellum disruption. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104057. [PMID: 32058025 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Some serovars of salmonella cause huge global diseases such as enteric fever and invasive non typhoidal Salmonella disease. Flagellin as a key antigenic component of salmonella, can induce humoral and cellular immunity responses. In this research, we performed an opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) as an important mechanism of the host-defense system, for salmonella to study the activity of anti-sera of native FliC, truncated modified recombinant FliC (tmFliC) and full length recombinant FliC proteins (flFliC). Also, the potency of antibodies for inhibiting bacterial movement was evaluated by traditional and newly-designed motility inhibition assay methods. Results showed both recombinant FliC anti-sera and native FliC (nFliC) anti-serum had the ability to opsonize Salmonella typhimurim, which led to bacterial clearance by mice macrophages. Also, inhibition of bacterial motility was observed for all anti-sera. Anti-nFliC and anti-flFliC sera showed higher effects on Salmonella typhimurim motility than that of tmFliC. In traditional method, about 88%, 86% and 80% inhibition were observed by using 5% nFliC, anti-flFliC and anti-tmFliC sera, respectively. In the newly-designed method using SIM (Sulfide indole motility) medium, results confirmed the traditional method for motility inhibition. Our findings suggest that salmonella fliC as a protective antigen may disrupt the flagellum apparatus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hosein Khani
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Bagheri
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Khosrow Aghaiypour
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Characterization of Salmonella Dublin isolated from bovine and human hosts. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:226. [PMID: 31619165 PMCID: PMC6796477 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin), a cattle adapted serovar causes enteritis, and systemic disease in bovines. The invasive index of this serovar far exceeds that of the other serovars and human infections often present as fatal or highly resistant infections. In this, observational study, phenotypic properties of human and bovine-derived isolates of S. Dublin along with antibiogram of common antimicrobials were evaluated. The multiplex PCR confirmed isolates were genotyped using 7-gene legacy MLST. MIC assay was done by broth microdilution method. Previously published protocols were used to assess the motility, biofilm formation and morphotype. Vi antigen was agglutinated using commercial antiserum. Caenorhabditis elegans infection model was used to evaluate the virulence potiential. Phenotyping experiments were done in duplicates while virulence assay was done in triplicates. Whole-genome sequencing was used to predict the genes responsible for acquired resistance and a genotype-phenotype comparison was made. RESULTS We evaluated 96 bovine and 10 human isolates in this study. All the isolates belonged to ST10 in eBG53 and were negative for Vi-antigen. The swarming motility, biofilm formation and morphotype were variable in the isolates of both groups. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline was > 90% in animal isolates whereas resistance to sulfamethoxazole was > 70% in human isolates. MDR was also higher in animal isolates. Human isolates were significantly (P < 0.0001) more virulent than animal isolates on C. elegans infection model. The genomic comparison based on the core SNPs showed a high degree of homogeneity between the isolates. The carriage of IncA/C2 plasmid was seen as a typical feature of isolates from the bovine hosts. CONCLUSION Human isolates showed more diversity in the phenotypic assays. Animal isolates showed a higher degree of antimicrobial resistance with greater MDR but human isolates formed more biofilm and had greater swarming motility as well as increased virulence to the nematode C. elegans. The carriage of IncA/C2 plasmid could contribute to the distinguishing feature of the bovine isolates. The tandem use of genotypic-phenotypic assays improves the understanding of diversity and differential behaviour of the same serovar from unrelated host sources.
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Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhu C, Meng X, Sun S, Zhu G. A promising detection candidate for flagellated Salmonella spp. AMB Express 2019; 9:128. [PMID: 31414324 PMCID: PMC6694378 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a common and important pathogen for both human and animals. All Salmonella except Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum have flagellum. Flagellin (FliC) is the main subunit protein forming the bacterial filament, which is present in large amounts on the surface of all flagellated Salmonella. After bioinformatics analysis, the most highly conserved region (locates position from 1 to 102 amino acid residue of FliC, we named it as FliC') was selected, and corresponding recombinant FliC' (rFliC') protein was tailored as an immunogen to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Salmonella flagellin. BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant protein rFliC', which were prepared by prokaryotic expression system pET22b (+) expressing FliC'. After fusion of spleen cells from the immunized mice and SP2/0 cells, three hybridoma cells (1D6, 2G6 and 3E2) producing MAbs against targeted flagellate Salmonella FliC' were generated and screened. The ability of MAb 3E2 to recognize and bind to Salmonella flagella was demonstrated by immunogold electron microscopy (IEM) method. Western blot (WB) analysis demonstrated that MAb 3E2 could specifically recognize flagellated Salmonella strains. Moreover, MAb 3E2 has a direct agglutination activity against Salmonella strains with visible agglutination reaction. To further verify this agglutination activity, a total of 52 flagellated Salmonella strains (23 serovars), 8 non-flagellate Salmonella strains (2 serovars) and 16 other non-Salmonella bacteria strains were used to evaluate the specificity of the MAb by direct Slide Agglutination Test (SAT). Results showed that MAb 3E2 reacted with all Salmonella strains possessing flagellum and had no cross-reaction with non-flagellate Salmonella strains or other non-Salmonella bacteria strains. Sequentially, the ability to detect the presence of Salmonella in raw samples of the MAb 3E2-based SAT method was evaluated. The conventional culture-based detection method was performed as the standard reference method for detection of Salmonella. Altogether, 369 samples collected from laying hens were tested, and the results indicated that the MAb 3E2-based SAT method could specifically detect Salmonella. Furthermore, the SAT results were obtained more quickly, as compared with the standard method. As a whole, the MAbs against the tailored conserved region of Salmonella flagellin were prepared in this study, and MAb 3E2-based SAT is a promising candidate for the flagellated Salmonella spp. rapid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiangying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Zheng J, Zhu L, Hu B, Zou X, Hu H, Zhang Z, Jiang N, Ma J, Yang H, Liu H. 1-Deoxynojirimycin improves high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by restoring gut dysbiosis. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 71:16-26. [PMID: 31272028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with chronic inflammation and gut bacterial dysbiosis. Studies show that 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) may improve NASH, yet the role of gut microbiota in protective effect of DNJ on NASH remains to be known. In present study, we aimed to examine how DNJ ameliorated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse NASH through the regulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis. C57BL/6 J mice fed with HFD were treated with DNJ (0.1 mg/mL, in drinking water) for 4 months. The results by using histochemical staining and qPCR confirmed that DNJ remarkably modulated glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, attenuated hepatic steatosis and systemic chronic inflammation in HFD-induced mice. Moreover, DNJ greatly reshaped the structure of disbalanced intestinal flora, as indicated by the enhanced bacterial richness and diversity, the decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetess ratio and the increased Akkermansia level. The prediction algorithm suggests that DNJ may extensively dampen the bacterial motility and bacterial energy metabolism. Consistently, the altered gut microbiota was closely correlated with metabolic biomarkers of mice with NASH. Based on our studies, DNJ could alleviate the progress of HFD-induced NASH by rebuilding the gut microbial community structure, suggesting that DNJ may serve as a functional food to prevent or treat NASH clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Zheng
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Baifei Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zou
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiming Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huabing Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Jiang L, Li M, Tang J, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhu H, Yu X, Li Y, Feng T, Zhang X. Effect of Different Disinfectants on Bacterial Aerosol Diversity in Poultry Houses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2113. [PMID: 30271388 PMCID: PMC6142877 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the effect of different disinfectants on the types and quantities of microorganisms in a broiler chicken house, five different types of disinfectants, including ozone, available chlorine, quaternary ammonium salt, glutaraldehyde, and mixed disinfectant, were used. The broiler house microbial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing combined with air sampling. The results showed that the concentrations of airborne aerobic bacteria in the empty broiler houses after application of different disinfectants were significantly reduced compared to a house untreated with disinfectant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the number of inhalable particles of airborne aerobic bacteria sharply decreased after disinfection. Of the five disinfectants, the mixed disinfectant had the best disinfection efficacy on the total microbial communities (P < 0.05). A total of 508,143 high-quality sequences were obtained by high-throughput sequencing, which identified 1995 operational taxonomic units. In total, 42 phyla and 312 genera were identified. The structures of airborne microbial communities in the broiler houses after the different disinfectants were applied differed. In the house treated with the mixed disinfectant, the microbial communities containing opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, had the lowest abundance, with a significant decrease compared to the house untreated with disinfectant. The alpha diversity index showed low diversity of the microbial communities in the house treated with mixed disinfectant. In contrast to the other four disinfectants, only a small amount of bacteria was detected in the air sample in the house treated with the mixed disinfectant; specifically, only four phyla were found (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes). The mixed disinfectant produced a positive effect on disinfection for four phyla; however, it didn’t thoroughly eliminate them. At genus level, Bacillus, Arenimonas, and Shinella could not be detected in the house treated with the mixed disinfectant, but were detected in houses treated with other disinfectants. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that the combination of multiple disinfectants exhibited a good disinfection efficacy and that this technique could disinfect the air of broiler houses. These results will help guide the development of a reasonable program for broiler house disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jiang
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Meng Li
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jinxiu Tang
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- Ludong University School of Life Sciences, Yantai, China
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Lamas A, Regal P, Vázquez B, Miranda JM, Cepeda A, Franco CM. Influence of milk, chicken residues and oxygen levels on biofilm formation on stainless steel, gene expression and small RNAs in Salmonella enterica. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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