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Lee HG, Bok EY, Jung YH, Hur TY, Kim YO, Kong HJ, Kim DG, Kim YS, Oem JK. Antifungal activity of aminopyrrolnitrin against Trichophyton verrucosum in a guinea pig model of dermatophytosis. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13748. [PMID: 38783563 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is a common and major public health concern worldwide. Despite the increasing availability of antifungal drugs, relapses and untreated cases of dermatophyte infections are reported. Therefore, novel antifungal agents are required. Aminopyrrolnitrin (APRN) shows promise for dermatophytosis treatment because of its antifungal activity. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the antifungal properties of APRN against Trichophyton verrucosum (T. verrucosum), in both laboratory settings and a guinea pig model. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of APRN and enilconazole against T. verrucosum were determined according to the CLSI M38 method. The skins of 16 male guinea pigs were infected with 1.0 × 108 conidia of T. verrucosum and the animals were grouped into sets of four: negative control group (NC) received normal saline; positive control group (PC) received 2 μg/mL of enilconazole; and APRN4 and APRN8 received 4 and 8 μg/mL of APRN, respectively. Clinical, mycological and histological efficacies were measured after 10 days. RESULTS The MIC90 of APRN and enilconazole against T. verrucosum was 4 and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The clinical scores of PC, APRN4, and APRN8 were significantly lower than those of NC. Clinical and mycological efficacies were higher for APRN8, APRN4 and PC. No fungi were observed in the skin tissues of APRN4 and APRN8, while fungi were observed in 50% of the PC. CONCLUSION APRN showed antifungal activity against T. verrucosum in vitro and in vivo and is a potential candidate for the treatment of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gyu Lee
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Bok
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hun Jung
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ku Oem
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Hayatimehr S, Mirkalantari S, Amirmozafari N, Jazi FM, Moghadam MT. Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation Among Legionella pneumophila Isolates Collected from Hospital Water Sources. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:141. [PMID: 38625380 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila can be transmitted to people, especially immunocompromised patients, via hospital water pipe systems and cause severe pneumonia. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of major virulence factor genes, ability of biofilms formation, and correlation between presence of Legionella isolates and temperature, pH, and residual chlorine of water. Hundred water samples were collected from nine hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Temperature, pH, and residual chlorine were determined during sampling. Different virulence genes and the ability to form biofilms were subsequently analyzed among the L. pneumophila isolates. Results showed that 12 (12%) samples were positive in culture method and all of the isolates were positive as L. pneumophila species (mip). A correlation was found between Legionella culture positivity and temperature and pH of water, but there was no significant correlation between residual chlorine of water samples and the presence of Legionella. The isolation of Legionella rate in summer and spring was higher than winter and autumn. Twelve (100%) isolates were positive for mip genes, 9 (75%) for dot genes, 8 (66.66%) for hsp, 6 (50%) for lvh, and 4 (33.33%) for rtx. All of the isolates displayed strong ability for biofilm production every three days. Two of these isolates (16.6%) displayed weak ability to form biofilm on the first day of incubation. This study revealed that water sources in hospitals were colonized by virulent Legionella and should be continuously monitored to avoid elevated concentrations of Legionella with visible biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hayatimehr
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Mirkalantari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Masjedian Jazi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xiao Y, Yan F, Cui Y, Du J, Hu G, Zhai W, Liu R, Zhang Z, Fang J, Chen L, Yu X. A symbiotic bacterium of Antarctic fish reveals environmental adaptability mechanisms and biosynthetic potential towards antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1085063. [PMID: 36713225 PMCID: PMC9882997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antarctic microbes are important agents for evolutionary adaptation and natural resource of bioactive compounds, harboring the particular metabolic pathways to biosynthesize natural products. However, not much is known on symbiotic microbiomes of fish in the Antarctic zone. In the present study, the culture method and whole-genome sequencing were performed. Natural product analyses were carried out to determine the biosynthetic potential. We report the isolation and identification of a symbiotic bacterium Serratia myotis L7-1, that is highly adaptive and resides within Antarctic fish, Trematomus bernacchii. As revealed by genomic analyses, Antarctic strain S. myotis L7-1 possesses carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), stress response genes, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), and a complete type IV secretion system which could facilitate competition and colonization in the extreme Antarctic environment. The identification of microbiome gene clusters indicates the biosynthetic potential of bioactive compounds. Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, serranticin was purified and identified as the bioactive compound, showing significant antibacterial and antitumor activity. The serranticin gene cluster was identified and located on the chrome. Furthermore, the multidrug resistance and strong bacterial antagonism contribute competitive advantages in ecological niches. Our results highlight the existence of a symbiotic bacterium in Antarctic fish largely represented by bioactive natural products and the adaptability to survive in the fish living in Antarctic oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Cui
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangtao Du
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhao Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulong Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jiasong Fang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Liangbiao Chen, ✉
| | - Xi Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China,Xi Yu, ✉
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Talapko J, Frauenheim E, Juzbašić M, Tomas M, Matić S, Jukić M, Samardžić M, Škrlec I. Legionella pneumophila-Virulence Factors and the Possibility of Infection in Dental Practice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020255. [PMID: 35208710 PMCID: PMC8879694 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is defined as a bacterium that can cause severe pneumonia. It is found in the natural environment and in water, and is often found in water tanks. It can be an integral part of biofilms in nature, and the protozoa in which it can live provide it with food and protect it from harmful influences; therefore, it has the ability to move into a sustainable but uncultured state (VBNC). L. pneumophila has been shown to cause infections in dental practices. The most common transmission route is aerosol generated in dental office water systems, which can negatively affect patients and healthcare professionals. The most common way of becoming infected with L. pneumophila in a dental office is through water from dental instruments, and the dental unit. In addition to these bacteria, patients and the dental team may be exposed to other harmful bacteria and viruses. Therefore, it is vital that the dental team regularly maintains and decontaminates the dental unit, and sterilizes all accessories that come with it. In addition, regular water control in dental offices is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Erwin Frauenheim
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Matej Tomas
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Suzana Matić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Melita Jukić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- General Hospital Vukovar, Županijska 35, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Marija Samardžić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Novel Amiloride Derivatives That Inhibit Bacterial Motility across Multiple Strains and Stator Types. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0036721. [PMID: 34516280 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00367-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is a protein complex that confers motility to cells and contributes to survival and virulence. The BFM consists of stators that are ion-selective membrane protein complexes and a rotor that directly connects to a large filament, acting as a propeller. The stator complexes couple ion transit across the membrane to torque that drives rotation of the motor. The most common ion gradients that drive BFM rotation are protons (H+) and sodium ions (Na+). The sodium-powered stators, like those in the PomA/PomB stator complex of Vibrio spp., can be inhibited by sodium channel inhibitors, in particular, by phenamil, a potent and widely used inhibitor. However, relatively few new sodium motility inhibitors have been described since the discovery of phenamil. In this study, we characterized two possible motility inhibitors, HM2-16F and BB2-50F, from a small library of previously reported amiloride derivatives. We used three approaches: effect on rotation of tethered cells, effect on free-swimming bacteria, and effect on rotation of marker beads. We showed that both HM2-16F and BB2-50F stopped rotation of tethered cells driven by Na+ motors comparable to phenamil at matching concentrations and could also stop rotation of tethered cells driven by H+ motors. Bead measurements in the presence and absence of stators confirmed that the compounds did not inhibit rotation via direct association with the stator, in contrast to the established mode of action of phenamil. Overall, HM2-16F and BB2-50F stopped swimming in both Na+ and H+ stator types and in pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. IMPORTANCE Here, we characterized two novel amiloride derivatives in the search for antimicrobial compounds that target bacterial motility. These compounds were shown to inhibit flagellar motility at 10 μM across multiple strains: from nonpathogenic Escherichia coli with flagellar rotation driven by proton or chimeric sodium-powered stators, to proton-powered pathogenic E. coli (enterohemorrhagic E. coli or uropathogenic E. coli [EHEC or UPEC, respectively]), and finally, sodium-powered Vibrio alginolyticus. Broad antimotility compounds such as these are important tools in our efforts to control virulence of pathogens in health and agricultural settings.
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Hasni I, Jarry A, Quelard B, Carlino A, Eberst JB, Abbe O, Demanèche S. Intracellular Behaviour of Three Legionella pneumophila Strains within Three Amoeba Strains, Including Willaertia magna C2c Maky. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020105. [PMID: 32041369 PMCID: PMC7168187 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen found in aquatic environments as planktonic cells within biofilms and as intracellular parasites of free-living amoebae such as Acanthamoeba castellanii. This pathogen bypasses the elimination mechanism to replicate within amoebae; however, not all amoeba species support the growth of L. pneumophila. Willaertia magna C2c Maky, a non-pathogenic amoeba, was previously demonstrated to possess the ability to eliminate the L. pneumophila strain Paris. Here, we study the intracellular behaviour of three L. pneumophila strains (Paris, Philadelphia, and Lens) within W. magna C2c Maky and compare this strain to A. castellanii and W. magna Z503, which are used as controls. We observe the intracellular growth of strain Lens within W. magna Z503 and A. castellanii at 22 °C and 37 °C. Strain Paris grows within A. castellanii at any temperature, while it only grows at 22 °C within W. magna Z503. Strain Philadelphia proliferates only within A. castellanii at 37 °C. Within W. magna C2c Maky, none of the three legionella strains exhibit intracellular growth. Additionally, the ability of W. magna C2c Maky to decrease the number of internalized L. pneumophila is confirmed. These results support the idea that W. magna C2c Maky possesses unique behaviour in regard to L. pneumophila strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Hasni
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection Department, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD 198, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU), Aix-Marseille Université, 13007 Marseille, France;
- R&D Department, Amoéba, 38 Avenue des Frères Montgolfier, 69680 Chassieu, France; (A.J.); (B.Q.); (A.C.); (J.-B.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Antoine Jarry
- R&D Department, Amoéba, 38 Avenue des Frères Montgolfier, 69680 Chassieu, France; (A.J.); (B.Q.); (A.C.); (J.-B.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Benjamin Quelard
- R&D Department, Amoéba, 38 Avenue des Frères Montgolfier, 69680 Chassieu, France; (A.J.); (B.Q.); (A.C.); (J.-B.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Antoine Carlino
- R&D Department, Amoéba, 38 Avenue des Frères Montgolfier, 69680 Chassieu, France; (A.J.); (B.Q.); (A.C.); (J.-B.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Jean-Baptiste Eberst
- R&D Department, Amoéba, 38 Avenue des Frères Montgolfier, 69680 Chassieu, France; (A.J.); (B.Q.); (A.C.); (J.-B.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Olivier Abbe
- R&D Department, Amoéba, 38 Avenue des Frères Montgolfier, 69680 Chassieu, France; (A.J.); (B.Q.); (A.C.); (J.-B.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Sandrine Demanèche
- R&D Department, Amoéba, 38 Avenue des Frères Montgolfier, 69680 Chassieu, France; (A.J.); (B.Q.); (A.C.); (J.-B.E.); (O.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Attenuated Legionella pneumophila Survives for a Long Period in an Environmental Water Site. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8601346. [PMID: 31355284 PMCID: PMC6636516 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8601346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is known as a human pathogen and is ubiquitous in natural and artificial aquatic environments. Many studies have revealed the virulence traits of L. pneumophila using clinical strains and a number of studies for characterizing environmental strains are also reported. However, the association between the virulence and survivability in the environment is unclear. In the present study, L. pneumophila was isolated from environmental water sites (Ashiyu foot spa, water fountain, and public bath), and the serogroups of isolated strains were determined by serological tests. Isolated strains were found to belong to serogroups SG1, SG2, SG3, SG4, SG5, SG8, SG9, and SG13. Untypeable strains were also obtained. Isolated strains were used for intracellular growth assay in a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Among these strains, only an untypeable strain, named AY3, failed to replicate in THP-1. In addition, AY3 was maintained for a long period in an environmental water site, Ashiyu foot spa 2. Further, we compared the characteristics of several strains isolated from Ashiyu foot spa 2 and a clinical strain, Togus-1. AY3 failed to replicate in THP-1 cells but replicated in an amoeba model, Dictyostelium discoideum. Compared with Togus-1, the culturable cell number of environmental strains under stress conditions was higher. Moreover, biofilm formation was assessed, and AY3 showed the same degree of biofilm formation as Togus-1. Biofilm formation, replication in amoebae, and resistance against stress factors would explain the predominance of AY3 at one environmental site. Although the mechanism underlying the difference in the ability of AY3 to replicate in THP-1 cells or amoebae is still unclear, AY3 may abandon the ability to replicate in THP-1 cells to survive in one environment for a long period. Understanding the mechanisms of L. pneumophila in replication within different hosts should help in the control of Legionnaires' disease, but further study is necessary.
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White RC, Cianciotto NP. Assessing the impact, genomics and evolution of type II secretion across a large, medically important genus: the Legionella type II secretion paradigm. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31166887 PMCID: PMC6617341 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II secretion system (T2SS) plays a major role in promoting bacterial survival in the environment and in human hosts. One of the best characterized T2SS is that of Legionella pneumophila, the agent of Legionnaires’ disease. Secreting at least 25 proteins, including degradative enzymes, eukaryotic-like proteins and novel effectors, this T2SS contributes to the ability of L. pneumophila to grow at low temperatures, infect amoebal and macrophage hosts, damage lung tissue, evade the immune system, and undergo sliding motility. The genes encoding the T2SS are conserved across the genus Legionella, which includes 62 species and >30 pathogens in addition to L. pneumophila. The vast majority of effectors associated with L. pneumophila are shared by a large number of Legionella species, hinting at a critical role for them in the ecology of Legionella as a whole. However, no other species has the same repertoire as L. pneumophila, with, as a general rule, phylogenetically more closely related species sharing similar sets of effectors. T2SS effectors that are involved in infection of a eukaryotic host(s) are more prevalent throughout Legionella, indicating that they are under stronger selective pressure. The Legionella T2SS apparatus is closest to that of Aquicella (another parasite of amoebae), and a significant number of L. pneumophila effectors have their closest homologues in Aquicella. Thus, the T2SS of L. pneumophila probably originated within the order Legionellales, with some of its effectors having arisen within that Aquicella-like progenitor, while other effectors derived from the amoebal host, mimiviruses, fungi and less closely related bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C White
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas P Cianciotto
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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